Tim Flannery | |
|---|---|
 Tim Flannery at the 5th World Conference of Science Journalists, 2007 | |
| Born | Timothy Fridtjof Flannery (1956-01-28)28 January 1956 (age 69) |
| Alma mater | La Trobe University,Monash University,University of New South Wales |
| Occupations | |
| Organisation(s) | Climate Council University of Melbourne Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies |
| Known for | Writing and speaking aboutclimate change |
| Notable work | |
| Spouses | Paula Kendall,Alexandra Szalay |
| Children | 3 |
| Awards | Australian of the Year (2007) Full list |
Timothy Fridtjof FlanneryFAA (born 28 January 1956) is an Australianmammalogist,palaeontologist,environmentalist,conservationist,explorer, author,science communicator, activist, and public scientist. He is especially known for his 1994 bookThe Future Eaters, on the natural history of Australasia, which was adapted for television in 2006, and his 2006 bookThe Weather Makers, about the effects ofclimate change in Australia.
As a researcher, Flannery had roles at several universities and museums in Australia, specialising in fossilmarsupials andmammal evolution. He made notable contributions to the palaeontology of Australia andNew Guinea during the 1980s, including reviewing the evolution and fossil records ofPhalangeridae andMacropodidae. While mammal curator at theAustralian Museum, he undertook a survey of the mammals ofMelanesia, where he identified 17 previously undescribed species. He has published widely on the systematics, zoogeography, and biochronology of the mammals of Australia and New Guinea.
He has since written many more books on natural history and environmental topics, includingThrowim Way Leg andChasing Kangaroos, and has appeared on television and in the media. He was awardedAustralian of the Year in 2007 for his work and advocacy on environmental issues.
Flannery became prominent for his role incommunication, research and advocacy around the issue, particularly in his native Australia. In 2011, he was appointed the Chief Commissioner of theClimate Commission, a federal government body providing information onclimate change to the Australian public, until its abolition by theAbbott government in 2013. Flannery and other sacked commissioners later formed the independentClimate Council, which continues to communicate independent climate science to the Australian public. An environmentalist andconservationist, Flannery is a supporter ofclimate change mitigation,renewable energy transition,phasing out coal power, andrewilding.
Timothy Fridtjof Flannery was born on 28 January 1956 inMelbourne,Victoria.[1][2] He was raised in aCatholic family along with his two sisters in theMelbourne suburb ofSandringham, close toPort Phillip Bay.[3] He described himself as a "solitary" child, spending time looking forfossils and learning to fish andscuba dive. He said he first became aware ofmarine pollution and its effects on living organisms during this period.[3][4] He attendedCatholic school, and later said that he did not enjoy it and became anatheist. He was expelled in year 12 for suggesting a prominentabortion activist be invited to speak to counter the anti-abortionist views at the school, but was later allowed to return after an intervention from his father.[5]
After failing to achieve the required school marks to studyscience,[3] Flannery first studied English literature atLa Trobe University,[1] graduating in 1977 with a Bachelor of Arts.[6][7] After being impressed by Flannery's knowledge ofnatural history, palaeontologistTom Rich and his wife encouraged him to pursue the subject.[5] After doing some postgraduate studies ingeology,[1] while tutoring at the School of Earth Sciences atMonash University,[6] he changed focus tozoology andpaleontology, earning a Master of Science (MSc) from Monash in 1981.[6][1]
In 1984[6] or 1985,[1][2] after also tutoring in zoology at the School of Biological Sciences at theUniversity of New South Wales for three years, he earned his PhD fromUNSW Sydney.[6]
He then left Melbourne forSydney, enjoying its subtropical climate and species diversity.[8] In 1984, Flannery earned aPhD at theUniversity of New South Wales inPalaeontology for his work on the evolution and fossils ofmacropods under palaeontologistMike Archer.[3]
In 1984 Flannery was appointed principal research scientist and head of the Department of Mammalogy at the Australian Museum.[6] He then undertook his first trips toPapua New Guinea, theSolomon Islands and elsewhere, later becoming mammal curator at the museum.[9][5] He took 15 trips in total toNew Guinea (bothPapua New Guinea andIrian Jaya) starting in 1981 and into the 1990s, working closely with local tribes to undertake fieldwork, which he later recounted inThrowin Way Leg (1998).[9][10] Atapeworm he sent to a parasitologist following one trip was revealed to be a new species, and was later namedBurtiela flanneryi after him.[10] During this time he also worked to save thebandicoot population onNorth Head.[11]
From 1997 until 2001 he was also conjoint professor in Faculty of Science and Mathematics at theUniversity of Newcastle, NSW.[6] In 1998 to 1999 he was a visiting professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, as well as chair ofAustralian studies atHarvard University.[11][6] He left the post at the Australian Museum in 1999.[6]
From 1999 until 2006 he was a professor at theUniversity of Adelaide, at the same time serving as director of theSouth Australian Museum inAdelaide, South Australia.[6]
In 2007, Flannery became professor in the Climate Risk Concentration of Research Excellence atMacquarie University.[12] He held the Panasonic Chair in Environmental Sustainability.[13] He left Macquarie University in mid-2013.[12] He has contributed to over 143 scientific papers.[14][11]
As of November 2024[update] Flannery is a professor at the Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute at theUniversity of Melbourne.[15]
In 2021 he was a visiting lecturer at theGraduate Institute of International and Development Studies inGeneva, Switzerland,[16] as the Fondation Segré Distinguished Visiting Professor.[17]
In 1980, Flannery discovered anAllosauriddinosaur fossil on the southern coast ofVictoria, the first from the family known from Australia.[18] In 1985, he had a role in the ground-breaking discovery ofCretaceous fossil monotremeSteropodon, the firstMesozoic mammal fossil discovered in Australia.[19] This find extended the Australian mammal fossil record back 80 million years.[19] During the 1980s, Flannery described most of the knownPleistocene megafaunal species inNew Guinea as well as the fossil record of thephalangerids, a family of possums.[20] As part of his doctoral studies, he reviewed theevolution ofMacropodidae and described 29 new fossil species, including 11 new genera and three new subfamilies.[20]
Through the 1990s, Flannery surveyed the mammals ofMelanesia—identifying more than 30 species—and took a leading role inconservation efforts in the region.[20] He also identified at least 17 previously undescribed species[10][21] during his 15 trips,[9] includes theDingiso,[22]Sir David's long-beaked echidna,[23] and theTelefomin cuscus.[24] and severaltree kangaroos.[25] He also found living specimens of theBulmer's fruit bat, which were previously thought extinct.[10] In the 1990s, Flannery publishedThe Mammals of New Guinea (Cornell Press) andPrehistoric Mammals of Australia and New Guinea (Johns Hopkins Press), the most comprehensive reference works on the subjects.[10]
Thespecific name of thegreater monkey-faced bat (Pteralopex flanneryi),described in 2005, honours Flannery.[26]
Flannery's work prompted SirDavid Attenborough to describe him as being "in the league of the all-time great explorers like DrDavid Livingstone".[27]
In 2022, Flannery was a co-author on new research on the origins ofmonotremes.[28]
In the 1990s, Flannery observed a change in the elevational range of trees while doing fieldwork inNew Guinea, and realised it was likely to be aclimate change impact. He subsequently began working onclimate change more seriously[29] and shifted to campaigning andpublicly communicating about climate change from the 2000s.[9]
Flannery's prominence in raising awareness around the subject, and efforts to opposeclimate change denial, have occasionally attracted hostility from the media.[9][30] Some of Flannery's academic peers were also initially critical of Flannery for speaking outside of his primary area of expertise.[9] When discussing this in 2009, Flannery said that climate change science was a less established field earlier in his career and experts from multiple fields had shifted to respond to the issue, and said he feels publicly funded scientists are obliged to communicate their work and be vocal on important issues.[9] In 2015, the Jack P. Blaney Award for Dialogue recognised Flannery for using dialogue and authentic engagement to build global consensus foraction around climate change.[31] As of 2021, he had attended sixUnited Nations Climate Change conferences in official government roles and as an observer.[29]
In 2002, Flannery was appointed as chair ofSouth Australia's Environmental Sustainability Board and was an advisor onclimate change to South Australian PremierMike Rann.[32] He was a member of the Queensland Climate Change Council established by the Queensland Minister for Sustainability, Climate Change and InnovationAndrew McNamara.[33]
He was chairman of theCopenhagen Climate Council, an international group of business and other leaders that coordinated abusiness response to climate change and assisted the Danish government in the lead up toCOP15.[34][29]
Flannery has frequently discussed theeffects of climate change, particularly onAustralia, and advocated for itsmitigation.[35] During the devastatingBlack Summer bushfires of 2019–20, Flannery frequently appeared in the media[36][37][38] to discussthe links between climate change and the unprecedented bushfires, stating, "I am absolutely certain that [the bushfires are] climate change caused."[39]
In February 2011, it was announced that Flannery had been appointed to head theClimate Commission established by Prime MinisterJulia Gillard to explainclimate change and the need for acarbon price to the public.[40] The commission was a panel of leading scientists and business experts whose mandate was to provide an "independent and reliable" source of information for all Australians.[41]
Following the election of theAbbott government in the2013 Australian federal election, on 19 September 2013 Flannery was sacked from his position as head of the Climate Commission in a phone call from new Federal Environment MinisterGreg Hunt. "It was a short and courteous conversation," Flannery recalls. "I'm pretty sure that cabinet hadn't been convened when they did it. My very strong recollection is that it was [the Abbott Government's] very first act in government... The website that we'd spent a lot of time building was taken down with absolutely no justification as far as I could see. It was giving basic information that was being used by many, many people—teachers and others—just to gain a better understanding of what climate science was actually about."[42] It was also announced that the commission would be dismantled and its remit handled by theDepartment of Environment.[43][44]
By 6 October 2013, Flannery and the other commissioners had launched a new body called theClimate Council. Flannery told ABC News that the organisation stated that it had the same goals as the former Climate Commission, to provide independent information on the science of climate change.Amanda McKenzie was appointed as CEO. Between 24 September and 6 October the new Climate Council had raised $1 million in funding from a public appeal, sufficient to keep the organisation operating for 12 months.[45] The Climate Council continues to exist based on donations from the general public.
In 1994, Flannery publishedThe Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People, which became a bestseller.[9][22] The synopsis of the work regards three waves of human migration in these regions. These waves of people Flannery describes as "future eaters". The first wave was the migration toAustralia andNew Guinea fromSoutheast Asia approximately 40,000 to 60,000 years ago. The second wasPolynesian migration to New Zealand and surrounding islands 800 to 3,500 years ago.[46] The third and final wave Flannery describes isEuropean colonisation at the end of the 18th century.
Flannery describes the evolution of the first wave of future-eaters:
Sixty thousand or more years ago human technology was developing at what we would consider to be an imperceptible pace. Yet it was fast enough to give the first Australasians complete mastery over the 'new lands'. Freed from the ecological constraints of their homeland and armed with weapons honed in the relentless arms race of Eurasia, the colonisers of the 'new lands' were poised to become the world's first future eaters.[47]
In contrast with other hypotheses thatclimate variability and change had shaped theevolutionary history of Australia, he instead attributed the continent's nutrient-poor soil as a driver.[22] He also proposed thatAboriginal Australians had shaped the continent's ecosystems through theirfire-stick farming and unique practices.[22] It also advocates for modern societies of the Australasian region adapt to its unique ecological conditions, including managing the environment, consuming local rather than imported species, andlimiting human population growth.[9][48]
The Future Eaters enjoyed strong sales and critical acclaim. Redmond O'Hanlon, aTimes Literary Supplement correspondent said that "Flannery tells his beautiful story in plain language, science popularising at its antipodean best". Fellow activistDavid Suzuki praised Flannery's "powerful insight into our current destructive path". Some experts disagreed with Flannery's thesis, however, concerned that his broad-based approach, ranging across multiple disciplines, ignored counter-evidence and was overly simplistic.[49]
The Future Eaters was adapted into a documentary series forABC Television.[50]
While reading scientific journals more widely during his tenure atSouth Australian Museum, Flannery became increasingly alarmed by anthropogenicclimate change.[9] He spent five years writing a book on the topic.[9] This culminated inThe Weather Makers: The History & Future Impact of Climate Change published in 2005, in which he outlined the science behind climate change for a general audience.[9] "With great scientific advances being made every month, this book is necessarily incomplete," Flannery writes, but "That should not, however, be used as an excuse for inaction. We know enough to act wisely."
The book broadly discussedlonger-term patterns of climatic change and its influence on evolution. It also discussed contemporarygreenhouse gas emissions andeffects of climate change, such assea level rise,impacts on large storms andspecies extinction. Flannery also provided guidance onmitigation, such as reducing emissions and increasingsolar andwind power.[51] Other points include:
The book won international acclaim.Bill Bryson concluded that "It would be hard to imagine a better or more important book."The Weather Makers was honoured in 2006 as 'Book of the Year' at theNew South Wales Premier's Literary Awards.[54]James Hansen reviewed the book positively.[55] Released not long beforeAn Inconvenient Truth, the book came at a time when climate change was becoming more prominent topic inpublic opinion and increased Flannery's profile.[9] A review inNPR outlined how Flannery had sought to settledebate and controversy about climate change that was prominent at the time.[51]
Flannery has published many other books.[56] He recounted his scientific fieldwork and experiences with local tribal people inNew Guinea inThrowim Way Leg (1999).[10] He later released an account of his work in Australia inChasing Kangaroos (2007).[57]
In 2010'sHere on Earth, Flannery criticises elements ofDarwinism while endorsingJames Lovelock'sGaia hypothesis.[22] In 2015, Flannery publishedAtmosphere of Hope, which discussedclimate change mitigation,carbon sequestration andtechnological solutions and acts as a follow-up toThe Weather Makers.[58] He published another work about climate change in 2020,The Climate Cure, which calls for the Australian government to address the issue and argues its response to theCOVID-19 pandemic could be used as a model for this.[59][60]
FollowingThe Future Eaters on Australasia, he has published popular science books recounting the natural histories ofNorth America inThe Eternal Frontier (2001)[61] andEurope inEurope: A Natural History (2018).[62]
Flannery has appeared in several series forABC Television, including severaltravel documentary collaborations with comedianJohn Doyle.Two Men In A Tinnie focused on the pair travelling down theMurray River, andTwo in the Top End inthe Kimberley.[3]
In August 2017 Flannery hosted an episode ofABC Catalyst investigating how carefully managed seaweed growth could contribute tocombating climate change via thesequestration of atmospheric carbon to the ocean floor. This explored the details of the book he published in July 2017,Sunlight and Seaweed: An Argument for How to Feed, Power and Clean Up the World.[63] In January 2018, Flannery appeared on the ABC's Science program exploring whether humans are becoming a new 'Mass Extinction Event',[64] in addition to outlining the '5 Things You Need to Know About Climate Change'.[65] Flannery also appeared in the 2021 documentary filmBurning, about theBlack Summer bushfires.[66]
I've always attracted a lot of negative publicity. One of the things I do, I think, is challenge the status quo – whether it be climate change, or interpreting Australia's past. And the status quo is there for a good reason: a lot of people benefit from it, and in challenging it, you inevitably make enemies.[9]
Flannery's work in raising the profile ofenvironmental issues was key to his being namedAustralian of the Year in 2007.[67][68] Awarding the prize, then Prime MinisterJohn Howard said that the scientist "has encouraged Australians into new ways of thinking about our environmental history and future ecological challenges."[35] That said, Howard, aclimate denier, was unconvinced as to some of Flannery's views.[9]
Flannery has long spoken out about the impacts ofclimate change in Australia and internationally.[35][69][70]
In May 2004, Flannery said in light of the city's water crisis that "I think there is a fair chancePerth will be the 21st century's first ghost metropolis",[71] a warning reiterated in 2007.[72] In 2005, he issued several warnings aboutwater issues in Australia, saying "water is going to be in short supply across theeastern states".[73] In June 2005 warning that "theongoing drought could leaveSydney's dams dry in just two years".[69][74]
In October 2006 Flannery quoted a US Navy study stating that, there may be, "no Arctic icecap in Summer in the next five to 15 years. He also quoted NASA's ProfessorJames Hansen, "arguably the world authority on climate change" who said, "we have just a decade to avert a 25-metre rise of the sea".[75] In February 2007, as he explained how increased soil evaporation impacts on runoff, he said "even the [existing amount of] rain that falls isn't actually going to fill our dams and our river systems"[76] and in June 2007, he said that, "Adelaide, Sydney and Brisbane, water supplies are so low they needdesalinated water urgently, possibly in as little as 18 months".[77]
In May 2008, Flannery suggested that sulphur could be dispersed into the atmosphere to helpblock the sun leading toglobal dimming, in order to counteract the effects of global warming.[78]
In 2019, Flannery said, "Sadly, I've been aware of [the urgency to act] for a long time. We have to reduce emissions as hard and fast as possible... The speed and scale of impacts have been something that is really shocking." He continued to warn people that, "People are shocked, but they should be angry...The consequences will grow year by year, and stuff we were warning people about 20 years ago is now coming to fruition and is impossible to deny, unless you are wilfully blind."[79] He also said thatclimate activism during the previous two decades had been a "colossal failure", but praisedGreta Thunberg,school strikes for climate andExtinction Rebellion for their impact on theclimate movement during the 2010s.[70]
In response to the introduction of proposedclean coal technology, Flannery has stated: "Globally there has got to be some areas where clean coal will work out, so I think there will always be a coal export industry [for Australia] ... Locally in Australia because of particular geological issues and because of the competition from cleaner and cheaper energy alternatives, I'm not 100 per cent sure clean coal is going to work out for our domestic market."[80]
Flannery has advocated for arenewable energy transition inAustralia.[81] He joined calls for thecessation or reduction of conventionalcoal-fired power generation in Australia in the medium term, at a time when it was the source of most of the nation's electricity. Flannery's view is that conventional coal burning will lose its social license to operate, comparing it toasbestos.[82]
In 2006 Flannery was in support ofnuclear power as a possible solution for reducingAustralia's carbon emissions;[83][84] however, in 2007 changed his position against it.[85] In May 2007 he told a business gathering in Sydney that while nuclear energy does have a role elsewhere in the world, Australia's abundance ofrenewable resources rule out the need for nuclear power in the near term. He does, however, feel that Australia should and will have to supply itsuranium to those other countries that do not have access to renewables like Australia does.[86]
In September 2005 Flannery said, "There arehot rocks inSouth Australia that potentially have enough embedded energy in them to run Australia's economy for the best part of a century".[87][88] For theCooper Basin, he proposed the establishment of a fullysustainable city where, "hundreds of thousands of people would live", utilising thesegeothermal energy reserves. He named the hypothetical city "Geothermia".[53][89] Subsequently, in 2007, an exploration company was established. The company expected to raise at least $11.5m on theAustralian Stock Exchange.[90] Flannery took up shares in the company.[91] In 2010, the Federal Government provided the company with another $90m for the development work.[92] In August 2016, the geothermal energy project closed as it was not financially viable.[93][94]
When, in the concluding chapters ofThe Future Eaters (1994), Flannery discusses how to "utilise our few renewable resources in the least destructive way", he remarks that
A far better situation for conservation in Australia would result from a policy which allows exploitation ofall of our biotic heritage, provided that it all be donein a sustainable manner. .... [I]f it is possible to harvest for example, 10mountain pygmy-possums (Burramys parvus) or 10southern right whales (Balaena glacialis) per year, why should we not do it? ... Is it more moral to kill and consume a whale, without cost to the environment, than to live as a vegetarian in Australia, destroying seven kilograms of irreplaceable soil, ... for each kilogram of bread we consume?[95]
In late 2007, Flannery suggested that theJapanese whaling involving the relatively commonminke whale may besustainable:
In terms of sustainability, you can't be sure that the Japanese whaling is entirely unsustainable... It's hard to imagine that the whaling would lead to a new decline in population [...][96]
This raised concerns among some environmental groups such asGreenpeace,[97][98] fearing it could add fuel to the Japanese wish of continuing its annual cull. In contrast to his stance on the minke whale quota, Flannery has expressed relief over the dumping of the quota of the rarerhumpback whale,[96] and further was worried howwhales were slaughtered, wishing them to be "killed as humanely as possible".[99] Flannery suggested thatkrill and other smallcrustaceans, the primary food source for many large whales and an essential part of the marinefood chain, were of greater concern than the Japanese whaling.[99]
InThe Future Eaters, Flannery was critical of the European settlersintroducingnon-native wild animals into Australia's ecosystem. At the same time, he suggested that if one wanted to reproduce, in some parts of Australia, the ecosystems that existed there around 60,000 years ago (before the arrival of the humans on the continent), it may be necessary to introduce into Australia, in a thoughtful and careful way, some non-native species that would be the closest substitutes to the continent's lostmegafauna. In particular, he proposed theKomodo dragon be brought into Australia as a replacement for its extinct relative,Megalania, "the largestgoanna of all time". He also suggested theTasmanian devil could be allowed to re-settle the mainland Australia from its Tasmanian refuge area.[100][non-primary source needed]
InThe Eternal Frontier, Flannery made a proposal for what later became nicknamed "Pleistocene rewilding": restoring the ecosystems that existed in North America before the arrival of theClovis people and the concomitant disappearance of the North AmericanPleistocene megafauna 13,000 years ago. He proposed if, in addition to the wolves that have been already re-introduced toYellowstone National Park,ambush predators, such asjaguars andlions should be reintroduced as well, in order to bring the number ofelk under control. Furthermore, the closest extant relatives of the species that became extinct around the Clovis period could be introduced to North America's nature reserves as well. In particular, theIndian andAfrican elephants could substitute, respectively, for themammoth and themastodon; theChacoan peccary, for its extinct cousin the flat-headed peccary (Platygonus compressus).Llamas andpanthers, which still survive outside of the US, should too be brought back to that country.[101][non-primary source needed]
Flannery advocated forhuman population planning in Australia in the 1990s.[48] He has been a patron ofSustainable Population Australia since 2000.[102] He said in 2007 that he had stopped discussing population issues, as he said he did not think curbing population growth was a solution to climate change.[81] In 2009, Flannery called for an inquiry intopopulation growth in Australia, to better elucidate the potential environmental impacts of the country's growing population.[103]
In 2009, Flannery joined the project "Soldiers of Peace", a move against all wars and for a global peace.[104][105]
In July 2018 he played a role in the Kwaio Reconciliation programme in theSolomon Islands, which put an end to a 91-year-old cycle of killings that stemmed from the murders in 1927 of British Colonial officers Bell and Gillies byKwaio leaderBasiana and his followers.[106]
In addition to writing non-fiction, Flannery has also written unpublished works of fiction.[81]
In 1995 he became a member of the editorial board of theJournal of Zoology.[6]From 1997 until 1999, he was a board member of the New South Wales National Parks Service Foundation as well as on the editorial board ofTropical Biodiversity inJakarta, Indonesia.[6]
In 2000 he was a member of the National Environmental Education Council, and in 2003 a member of the International Advisory Council for Research and Education at theNational Geographic Society.[6] In 2007 he was a member of theQueensland Government's Council of Climate Change.[6]
As of 2015[update], Flannery was a member of theWentworth Group of Concerned Scientists, and a governor ofWWF-Australia. He was also for a time director of theAustralian Wildlife Conservancy.[12]
Flannery has described himself as anon-political person,[5] and ahumanist rather thanatheist.[3]
Flannery rarely discusses his personal life publicly.[5][9] He met his first wife Paula Kendall while at La Trobe in the 1970s.[9] Flannery and Kendall's house south of Sydney was destroyed in abushfire in 1994.[9] He has two children with Kendall; the couple separated in 1996.[9][5]
His second wife is anthropologistAlexandra Szalay.[9] He has a third child with his partner Kate Holden, an author. He moved toVictoria to be with her in 2014.[5]
As of 2018[update] he owned a house with asolar hot water system at Coba Point on theHawkesbury River, 40 km (25 mi) north of Sydney, accessible only by boat;[116] after this living location was revealed by broadcasterRay Hadley he received threats and was given police protection.[5]
 |
| Year | Review article | Work(s) reviewed |
|---|---|---|
| 2007 | Flannery, Tim (28 June 2007). "We're living on corn!".The New York Review of Books.54 (11):26–28.PMID 17595729. |
|
| 2019 | Flannery, Tim (7–20 March 2019). "Our twisted DNA".The New York Review of Books.66 (4):38–39. |
|
| 2020 | "The First Mean Streets",The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVII, no. 4 (12 March 2020), pp. 31–32 |
|
| 2020 | Flannery, Tim (3 December 2020). "In the Soup".The New York Review of Books.LXVII (19):37–38. | Marshall, Michael (2020).The Genesis Quest: The Geniuses and Eccentrics on a Journey to Uncover the Origins of Life on Earth. University of Chicago Press. |
review ofAtmosphere of Hope: Searching for Solutions to the Climate Crisis
