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Tibet developed a distinct culture due to its geographic and climatic conditions. While influenced by neighboring cultures fromChina,India, andNepal, theHimalayan region's remoteness and inaccessibility have preserved distinct local influences, and stimulated the development of its distinct culture.
Tibetan Buddhism has exerted a particularly strong influence onTibetan culture since its introduction in the seventh century. Buddhist missionaries who came mainly from India, Nepal and China introduced arts and customs from India and China. Art, literature, and music all contain elements of the prevailing Buddhist beliefs, andBuddhism itself has adopted a unique form in Tibet, influenced by theBön tradition and otherlocal beliefs.
Several works onastronomy,astrology and medicine were translated fromSanskrit andClassical Chinese. The general appliances of civilization have come from China, among many things and skill imported were the making of butter, cheese, barley-beer, pottery,watermills and the national beverage,butter tea.
Tibet's specific geographic and climatic conditions have encouraged reliance onpastoralism, as well as the development of a different cuisine from surrounding regions, which fits the needs of the human body in these high altitudes.
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The Tibetan language is spoken in a variety of dialects in all parts of the Tibetan-inhabited area which covers half a million square miles. Some of these dialects are tonal like theChinese language, while others remain atonal. Historically Tibet was divided into three cultural provinces calledU-Tsang,Kham andAmdo. Each one of these three provinces has developed its own distinct dialect of Tibetan. Most widely spoken is the Lhasa dialect, also calledStandard Tibetan, which is spoken in Central Tibet and also in Exile by most Tibetans. In Kham theKhams Tibetan dialect is spoken and in Amdo theAmdo Tibetan dialect. The Tibetan dialects are subject to theTibetic languages which are part of theTibeto-Burman languages.Modern Tibetan derives fromClassical Tibetan, which is the written norm, and fromOld Tibetan.The official language ofBhutan,Dzongkha, is also closely related to Tibetan.
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Tibetan art is deeply religious in nature, a form ofreligious art. It spreads over a wide range of paintings, frescos, statues, ritual objects, coins, ornaments and furniture.
Tibetan rug making is an ancient art and craft in the tradition ofTibetan people. Theserugs are primarily made from Tibetan highlandsheep's virgin wool. The Tibetan uses rugs for almost any domestic use from flooring to wall hanging to horse saddles. Traditionally the best rugs are fromGyantse, a city which is known for its rugs.
The process of making Tibetan rugs is unique in the sense that almost everything is done by hand. But with the introduction of modern technology, a few aspects of the rug making processes have been taken over by machine primarily because of cost, the disappearance of knowledge etc. Moreover, some new finishing touches are also made possible by machine.
Tibetan rugs[1] are big business in not only Tibet, but also Nepal, where Tibetan immigrants brought with them their knowledge of rug making. Currently in Nepal the rug business is one of the largest industries in the country and there are many rug exporters.
Thangkas, a syncrestistic art of Chinesehanging scrolls withNepalese andKashmiri painting, first survive from the eleventh century. Rectangular and intricately painted on cotton or linen, they are usually traditional compositions depicting deities, famous monks, and other religious, astrological, and theological subjects, and sometimesmandalas. To ensure that the image will not fade, the painting is framed in colorful silk brocades, and stored rolled up. The wordthangka means "something to roll" and refers to the fact that thangkas can easily be rolled up for transportation.
Besides thangkas,Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings can be found on temple walls as frescos and furniture and many other items have ornamental painting.
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There is a rich ancient tradition of lay Tibetan literature which includes epics, poetry, short stories, dance scripts and mime, plays and so on which has expanded into a huge body of work - some of which has been translated into Western languages. Tibetan literature has a historical span of over 1300 years.[2] Perhaps the best known category of Tibetan literature outside of Tibet are theepic stories - particularly the famousEpic of King Gesar.
Tibetan architecture contains Chinese and Indian influences, and reflects a deeply Buddhist approach. Theprayer wheel, along with two deer or dragons, can be seen on nearly everygompa inTibet. The design ofstupas (chörtens) can vary, from roundish walls inKham to squarish, four-sided walls inLadakh.
The most unusual feature of Tibetan architecture is that many of the houses and monasteries are built on elevated, sunny sites facing the south, and are often made of a mixture of rocks, wood, cement and earth. Little fuel is available for heat or lighting, so flat roofs are built to conserve heat, and multiple windows are constructed to let in sunlight. Walls are usually sloped inwards at 10 degrees as a precaution against frequent earthquakes in the mountainous area.
Standing at 117 meters in height and 360 meters in width, thePotala Palace, designated as aWorld Heritage Site in 1994 and extended to include theNorbulingka area in 2001, is considered a most important example of Tibetan architecture.[3] Formerly the residence of the Dalai Lamas, it contains over a thousand rooms within thirteen stories, and houses portraits of the past Dalai Lamas and statues of the Buddha. It is divided into the outer White Palace, which serves as the administrative quarters, and the inner Red Quarters, which houses the assembly hall of the Lamas, chapels, 10,000 shrines and a vast library of Buddhist scriptures.
Tibetans have a unique culture, and diversity only otherwise seen in ethnicity groups regions such as Xinjiang. Traditional Kham architecture is seen in most dwellings inKangding. Kham houses tend to be spacious and fit in well with their environment. Their floors and ceilings are wooden, as houses are throughout in Kangding. [This article is dated. Modern Kangding city is now rebuilt, eliminating the earlier fire-prone wooden architecture]. Horizontal timber beams support the roof and these in turn are supported by wooden columns. Although the area has been heavily logged, wood is imported and used abundantly for housing. TheGarzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Kham, surrounded by forests, is known for its beautiful wooden houses built in a range of styles and lavishly decorated with wooden ornamentation. The interiors of houses are usually paneled with wood and the cabinetry is ornately decorated. Although various materials are used in the well-built houses, it is the skilfulcarpentry that is striking. This skill is passed down from father to son and there appear to be plenty of carpenters. However a threat to traditional Tibetan carpentry is the growing use of concrete structures. Some consider the increased use of concrete as a deliberate infiltration of the Chinese influence into Tibet. InGaba Township, where there are fewHan Chinese, almost all the structures are traditional.[4]
The events that took place in Tibet in the twentieth century exacted a heavy toll on Tibetan monastic architecture.
Under the13th Dalai Lama, the Tengyeling monastery was demolished in 1914 for seeking to come to terms with the Chinese.[5] Under Regent Taktra, theSera monastery was bombarded with howitzers and ransacked by theTibetan army in 1947 for siding with former regent Reting.[6]
It is important to see that Sera monastery was by no means destroyed but only looted partially. The major destruction happened during theCultural Revolution. China's Cultural Revolution resulted in the deterioration or loss of Buddhist monasteries, both by intentional destruction and through lack of protection and maintenance.
Starting in the 1980s, Tibetans have begun to restore those monasteries that survived. This has become an international effort. Experts are teaching the Tibetans how to restore the building and save the remaining monasteries on the eastern plateau.[7]
Monasteries such as theKumbum Monastery continue to be affected by Chinese politics.Simbiling Monastery was completely flattened in 1967, although it has to some degree been restored.
Tashi Lhunpo Monastery shows the influence ofMongol architecture.Tradruk Temple is one of the oldest in Tibet, said to have been first built in the 7th century during the reign ofSongtsen Gampo of theTibetan Empire (605?-650).Jokhang was also originally built under Songsten Gampo. Jokhang Temple is the most splendid surviving building of the Tubo period in Tibet and also the earliest civil structural building in Tibet. It integrated the architectural styles of Tibet,Tang dynasty of China, Nepal, and India, and has become a model of Tibetan religious architecture for thousands of years.Tsurphu Monastery was founded byDüsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama (1110–1193) in 1159, after he visited the site and laid the foundation for an establishment of a seat there by making offerings to the local protectors, dharmapalas andgenius loci.[8] In 1189 he revisited the site and founded his main seat there. The monastery grew to hold 1000 monks.Tsozong Gongba Monastery is a smallshrine built around the fourteenth centuryPalcho Monastery was founded in 1418 and known for itskumbum which has 108 chapels on its four floors.Chokorgyel Monastery, founded in 1509 the2nd Dalai Lama once housed 500 monks but was completely destroyed during theCultural Revolution.
Ramoche Temple is an important temple in Lhasa. The original building complex was strongly influenced byTang dynasty architectural style as it was first built by Han Chinese architects in the middle of the 7th century.Princess Wencheng took charge of this project and ordered the temple be erected facing east to show her homesickness.
SeeList of Tibetan monasteries.
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Tibetans tend to be conservative in their dress, and though some have taken to wearing Western clothes, traditional styles still abound. Women wear dark-colored wrap dresses over a blouse, and a colorfully striped, woven wool apron, calledpangden signals that she is married. Men and women both wear long sleeves even in summer months.
In his 1955 book,Tibetan Marches,André Migot describes Tibetan clothing as follows:
Except for the lamas and for certain laymen who shave their heads, the Tibetans wear their hair either long or in a braid wound around their heads and embellished with a complicated pattern of lesser braids which make the whole thing look like some sort of crown. They often wear a huge conical felt hat, whose shape varies according to the district they come from; sometimes its peak supports a kind of mortarboard from which dangles a thick woolen fringe. In order to prevent their hats being blown away, they attach them to their heads with the long braid I have just described, and which has to be unwound for the purpose. In their left ear they wear a heavy silver ring decorated with a huge ornament of either coral or turquoise.Their costume is not elaborate. It normally consists only of achuba, a long capacious robe with wide, elongated sleeves which hang almost to the ground. This is caught up at the waist by a woolen girdle, so that its skirts reach only to the knees and its upper folds form an enormous circular pocket round its wearer's chest. This is called theampa, and in it are stowed a wide range of implements — an eating bowl, a bag oftsampa, and many other small necessities. Manychubas are made of wool, either the plain gray wool they spin inSikang or the splendid, warm, soft stuff from Lhasa, dyed a rich dark red. The nomads, on the other hand, generally wear a sheepskinchuba, hand-sewn and crudely tanned in butter, with the fleece on the inside. The town-dwelling Tibetans, prosperous merchants for the most part, supplement this garment with cotton or woolen drawers and a cotton or silk undershirt with long sleeves, but the nomads normally wear nothing at all underneath it, though in winter they sometimes put on sheepskin drawers. The Tibetans hardly ever do theirchubas up over their chests. The right shoulder and arm are almost always left free, and when they are on the march or at work the whole top part of the robe is allowed to slip down so that it is supported only by the belt. This leaves them naked above the waist and clad in a very odd-looking sort of skirt below it. They hardly feel the cold at all and in the depth of winter, heedless of frost or snow or wind, they trudge imperturbably along with their bosoms bared to the icy blast. Their feet, too, are bare inside their great high boots. These have soft soles of raw, untanned leather; the loose-fitting leg of the boot, which may be red or black or green, has a sort of woolen garter around the top of it which is fastened to the leg above the knee with another, very brightly colored strip of woolen material.
— André Migot (1953),Tibetan Marches[9]
A chab chab is a piece ofjewellery which wealthyTibetan ladies attached to their clothes beneath the right shoulder.
TheCuisine of Tibet is quite distinct from that of its neighbours. Tibetan crops must be able to grow at high altitudes, although a few areas in Tibet are low enough to grow such crops as rice, oranges, lemon and bananas.[10] The most important crop in Tibet isbarley. Flour milled from roasted barley, calledtsampa, is thestaple food of Tibet. It is eaten mostly mixed with the national beverage, thebutter tea. Butter tea perfectly fits the needs of the human body in these high altitudes[citation needed] as it contains butter (protein and fat), milk (protein, fat and calcium), salt and tea. Tibetan cuisine contains a wide variety of dishes. The most famous areMomos (Tibetan dumplings).Balep is Tibetan bread eaten for breakfast and lunch. There many other types of balep bread and fried pies.Thukpa is noodle soup. It consists of noodles of various shapes, vegetables, and meat in broth. Tibetan cuisine is traditionally served with bamboochopsticks, in contrast to otherHimalayan cuisines which are eaten by hand. Small soup bowls are also used by Tibetans, and the rich are known to have used bowls of gold and silver.[11]Since only a few crops grow at such high altitudes, many features of Tibetan cuisine are imported, such as tea, rice and others.Meat dishes are likely to beyak,goat, ormutton, often dried, or cooked into a spicystew withpotatoes. Tibetans would never eat dogs and fish only in special cases as dogs are regarded as domestic animals and also guard dogs, and fishes are one of the Eight Auspicious Symbols of Buddhism.
Mustard seed is cultivated in Tibet, and therefore features strongly in its cuisine. Yakyogurt,butter andcheese are frequently eaten, and well-prepared yogurt is considered something of a prestige item.
In larger Tibetan towns and cities many restaurants nowadays serveSichuan-style Chinese food. Western imports and fusion dishes, such as fried yak and chips, are also popular. Nevertheless, many small restaurants serving traditional Tibetan dishes persist in both cities and the countryside.
Jasminetea and yakbutter tea are drunk. Alcoholic beverages include:
Tibetans traditionally venerate their elders within their families.[12]
Tibetans used to practicepolyandry widely.[13] In his memoirs about his life in Tibet in the 1940s, Austrian writerHeinrich Harrer reports encountering nomads practising polyandry: "We were astonished to find polyandry practised among the nomads." "When several brothers share the same wife, the eldest is always the master in the household and the others have rights only when he is away or amusing himself elsewhere."[14]
Harrer also mentions the practice ofpolygyny in one particular case: a man marrying "several daughters of a house in which there is no son and heir." "The arrangement prevents the family fortune from being dispersed."[15]
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TheTibetan calendar is thelunisolar calendar, that is, the Tibetan year is composed of either 12 or 13lunar months, each beginning and ending with anew moon. A thirteenth month is added approximately every three years, so that an average Tibetan year is equal to thesolar year. The name of the months are ༼ མཆུ་ཟླ་བ།༽ January, ༼ དབོ་ཟླ་བ།༽ February, ༼ ནག་པ་ཟླ་བ།༽་ March, ༼ ས་ག་ཟླ་བ།་༽ April, ༼ སྣྲོན་ཟླ་བ།༽ May, ༼ ཆུ་སྟོད་ཟླ་བ།༽ June, ༼ གྲོ་བཞིན་ཟླ་བ།༽ July, ༼ ཁྲུམས་སྟདོ།༽ August, ༼ དབྱུ་གུ་ཟླ་བ།༽ September, ༼ སྨིན་དྲུག་ཟླ་བ།༽ October, ༼ གོ་ཟླ་བ།༽ November and ༼ རྒྱལ་ཟླ་བ།༽ December.|-, but the fourth month which is called the saka dawa, celebrating the birth and enlightenment of Buddha.[16]
The TibetanNew Year celebration isLosar.
Each year is associated with an animal and anelement. The animals alternate in the following order:
| Rabbit | Dragon | Snake | Horse | Goat | Monkey | Rooster | Dog | Pig | Rat | Ox | Tiger |
The elements alternate in the following order:
| Fire | Earth | Iron | Water | Wood |
Each element is associated with two consecutive years, first in its male aspect, then in its female aspect. For example, amale Earth-Dragon year is followed by afemale Earth-Snake year, then by amale Iron-Horse year. The sex may be omitted, as it can be inferred from the animal.
The element-animal designations recur in cycles of 60 years, starting with a (female)Fire-Rabbit year. These big cycles are numbered. The first cycle started in 1027. Therefore, 2005 roughly corresponds to the (female)Wood-Rooster year of the 17th cycle, and 2008 corresponds to a (male)Earth-Rat year of the same cycle.
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The days of the week are named forcelestial bodies.
| Day | Tibetan (Wylie) | THL | Object |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sunday | གཟའ་ཉི་མ་ (gza' nyi ma) | za nyima | Sun |
| Monday | གཟའ་ཟླ་བ་ (gza' zla ba) | za dawa | Moon |
| Tuesday | གཟའ་མིག་དམར་ (gza' mig dmar) | za mikmar | Mars |
| Wednesday | གཟའ་ལྷག་པ་ (gza' lhak pa) | za lhakpa | Mercury |
| Thursday | གཟའ་ཕུར་པུ་ (gza' phur bu) | za purpu | Jupiter |
| Friday | གཟའ་པ་སངས་ (gza' pa sangs) | za pasang | Venus |
| Saturday | གཟའ་སྤེན་པ་ (gza' spen pa) | za penpa | Saturn |
Nyima "Sun", Dawa "Moon" and Lhakpa "Mercury" are common personal names for people born on Sunday, Monday or Wednesday respectively.
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A gift traditionally given at the time of a new birth is that of anibex figurine, as described below by August Hermann Francke.
"Our Christian evangelist atKhalatse had become a father a few weeks before, and the people of the village had made presents of "flour-ibex" to him and his wife. He gave me one of those figures, which are made of flour and butter, and told me that it was a custom in Tibet and Ladakh, to make presents of "flour-ibex" on the occasion of the birth of a child. This is quite interesting information. I had often wondered why there were so many rock carvings of ibex at places connected with the pre-Buddhist religion of Ladakh. Now it appears probable that they are thank offerings after the birth of children. As I have tried to show in my previous article, people used to go to the pre-Buddhist places of worship, in particular, to pray to be blessed with children."[17]
Themusic of Tibet reflects the cultural heritage of the trans-Himalayan region, centered inTibet but also known wherever ethnicTibetan groups are found inIndia,Bhutan,Nepal and further abroad. Thereligious music of Tibet reflects the profound influence ofTibetan Buddhism on the culture.
Tibetan music often involveschanting in Tibetan or Sanskrit as an integral part of the religion. These chants are complex, often recitations ofsacred texts or in celebration of variousfestivals.Yang chanting, performed without metrical timing, is accompanied by resonantdrums and low, sustained syllables. Other styles include those unique to the various schools of Tibetan Buddhism, such as the classical music of the popularGelug school and the romantic music of theNyingma,Sakya andKagyu schools.
Secular Tibetan music has been promoted by organizations like the14th Dalai Lama'sTibetan Institute of Performing Arts. This organization specialized in thelhamo, anoperatic style, before branching out into other styles, includingdance music liketoeshey andnangma. Nangma is especially popular in thekaraoke bars of the urban center of Tibet,Lhasa. Another form of popular music is the classicalgar style, which is performed at rituals and ceremonies. Lu are a type of songs that feature glottal vibrations and high pitches which are typically sung by nomads. There are also epic bards who sing of Tibet's national hero, Gesar.
Tibetans are well represented in Chinese popular culture. Tibetan singers are particularly known for their strong vocal abilities, which many attribute to the high altitudes of the Tibetan Plateau. Tseten Dolma (才旦卓玛) rose to fame in the 1960s for her music-and-dance suite "The Earth is Red". Kelsang Metok (格桑梅朵) is a popular singer who combines traditional Tibetan songs with elements of Chinese and Western pop. Purba Rgyal (Pubajia or 蒲巴甲) was the 2006 winner of Haonaner, the Chinese version ofAmerican Idol. In 2006, he starred inSherwood Hu'sPrince of the Himalayas, an adaptation ofShakespeare'sHamlet, set in ancient Tibet and featuring an all-Tibetan cast.
Tibetan music has influenced certain styles of Western music, such asnew-age.Philip Glass,Henry Eichheim and other composers are known for Tibetan elements in their music. The first Western fusion with Tibetan music wasTibetan Bells in 1971. The soundtrack toKundun, by Glass, has also popularized Tibetan music in the West.[18]
Foreign styles of popular music have also had a major impact within Tibet. Indianghazal andfilmi are very popular, as isrock and roll, an American style which has produced Tibetan performers likeRangzen Shonu. Since the relaxation of some laws in the 1980s,Tibetan pop, popularized by the likes ofYadong,Jampa Tsering, 3-member groupAJIA, 4-member groupGao Yuan Hong, 5-member groupGao Yuan Feng, andDechen Shak-Dagsay are well-known, as are the sometimes politicized lyrics ofnangma. Gaoyuan Hong in particular has introduced elements of Tibetan languagerapping into their singles.
The Tibetan folk opera known as(Ache) Lhamo "(sister) goddess", is a combination of dances, chants and songs. The repertoire is drawn from Buddhist stories and Tibetan history. Lhamo was founded in the fourteenth century by theThang Tong Gyalpo, a lama and important historicalcivil engineer. Gyalpo and seven recruited girls organized the first performance to raise funds for building bridges that would facilitate transportation inTibet. The tradition continued, and lhamo is held on various festive occasions such as the Linka and Shoton festivals.
The performance is usually a drama, held on a barren stage, that combines dances, chants and songs. Colorful masks are sometimes worn to identify a character, with red symbolizing a king and yellow indicating deities and lamas.
The performance starts with a stage purification and blessings. A narrator then sings a summary of the story, and the performance begins. Another ritual blessing is conducted at the end of the play.
Thecham dance is a lively masked and costumed dance associated with some sects ofTibetan Buddhism and Buddhist festivals.
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Tibetan festivals such asLosar, Shoton, the Bathing Festival and many more are deeply rooted in indigenous religion, and also contain foreign influences. Tibetan festivals are a high source of entertainment and can include many sports such asyak racing. Tibetans consider festivals as an integral part of their life and almost everyone participates in the festivities.
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Since 2010, thousands of ethnic Tibetans worldwide have called onUnicode Consortium and social media platforms likeFacebook,Twitter andInstagram to approve and also release theTibetan flag emoji. The main purpose of this is to help evoke their sense of belonging to regional and culturalTibet via online means and also to further spread the Tibetan culture and representation across borders.
However, as of August 2019, despite the efforts of members of the Emoji Subcommittee and Unicode's negotiating body (and Unicode's official admission that the flag proposal is strong), the decision-making process of approval and eventual release of the Tibetan flag emoji by Unicode has been and remained stalled. This is probably due to strong opposition by millions ofmainland Chinese citizens, mainland Chinese members of Unicode Consortium and the Chinese government's willingness to place economic sanctions against the company if Unicode ‘unilaterally’ releases the Tibetan flag emoji (unless China returns to a state of democracy and is willing to support the rights and freedoms of Tibetans inTibet Autonomous Region).
Nonetheless, Tibetans across the globe have been pushing on. In light of the ongoing2019–20 Hong Kong protests that have been taking place since June 2019 and subsequent mainland Chinese interference in major social media platforms, Tibetans have called or are calling for Unicode to extend the timeline for at least one more year, to ensure the elimination of mainland Chinese influence in operations conducted by social media platforms and Unicode before prioritising on the eventual acceptance and release of the Tibetan flag emoji to the public. The flag emoji may only be released in Emoji 13.0, 14.0 or later, depending on the socio-political circumstances.
