Thrombomodulin functions as acofactor in thethrombin-induced activation ofprotein C in theanticoagulant pathway by forming a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with thrombin. This raises the speed of protein C activation thousandfold. Thrombomodulin-bound thrombin has procoagulant effect at the same time by inhibiting fibrinolysis by cleavingthrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI, aka carboxypeptidase B2) into its active form.[citation needed]
Thrombomodulin is aglycoprotein on the surface of endothelial cells that, in addition to binding thrombin, regulatesC3b inactivation by factor I. Mutations in the thrombomodulin gene (THBD) have also been reported to be associated withatypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (aHUS).[10]
Theantigen described as BDCA-3[11] has turned out to be identical to thrombomodulin.[12] Thus, it was revealed that this molecule also occurs on a very rare (0.02%) subset of humandendritic cells called MDC2. Its function on these cells is unknown.[citation needed]
^Verhagen HJ, Heijnen-Snyder GJ, Pronk A, Vroom TM, van Vroonhoven TJ, Eikelboom BC, et al. (December 1996). "Thrombomodulin activity on mesothelial cells: perspectives for mesothelial cells as an alternative for endothelial cells for cell seeding on vascular grafts".British Journal of Haematology.95 (3):542–549.doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.1996.d01-1935.x.PMID8943899.S2CID8417511.
^Wen DZ, Dittman WA, Ye RD, Deaven LL, Majerus PW, Sadler JE (July 1987). "Human thrombomodulin: complete cDNA sequence and chromosome localization of the gene".Biochemistry.26 (14):4350–4357.doi:10.1021/bi00388a025.PMID2822087.
^Dzionek A, Inagaki Y, Okawa K, Nagafune J, Röck J, Sohma Y, et al. (December 2002). "Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: from specific surface markers to specific cellular functions".Human Immunology.63 (12):1133–1148.doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(02)00752-8.PMID12480257.
Ohlin AK, Norlund L, Marlar RA (July 1997). "Thrombomodulin gene variations and thromboembolic disease".Thrombosis and Haemostasis.78 (1):396–400.doi:10.1055/s-0038-1657559.PMID9198186.S2CID25122238.
Van de Wouwer M, Collen D, Conway EM (August 2004). "Thrombomodulin-protein C-EPCR system: integrated to regulate coagulation and inflammation".Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology.24 (8):1374–1383.doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000134298.25489.92.PMID15178554.
Boffa MC, Jackman RW, Peyri N, Boffa JF, George B (1991). "Thrombomodulin in the central nervous system".Nouvelle Revue Française d'Hématologie.33 (6):423–429.PMID1667949.
Wen DZ, Dittman WA, Ye RD, Deaven LL, Majerus PW, Sadler JE (July 1987). "Human thrombomodulin: complete cDNA sequence and chromosome localization of the gene".Biochemistry.26 (14):4350–4357.doi:10.1021/bi00388a025.PMID2822087.
Shirai T, Shiojiri S, Ito H, Yamamoto S, Kusumoto H, Deyashiki Y, et al. (February 1988). "Gene structure of human thrombomodulin, a cofactor for thrombin-catalyzed activation of protein C".Journal of Biochemistry.103 (2):281–285.CiteSeerX10.1.1.1006.6759.doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122261.PMID2836377.
Yonezawa S, Maruyama I, Tanaka S, Nakamura T, Sato E (August 1988). "Immunohistochemical localization of thrombomodulin in chorionic diseases of the uterus and choriocarcinoma of the stomach. A comparative study with the distribution of human chorionic gonadotropin".Cancer.62 (3):569–576.doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19880801)62:3<569::AID-CNCR2820620322>3.0.CO;2-T.PMID2839283.S2CID28744944.
Srinivasan J, Hu S, Hrabal R, Zhu Y, Komives EA, Ni F (November 1994). "Thrombin-bound structure of an EGF subdomain from human thrombomodulin determined by transferred nuclear Overhauser effects".Biochemistry.33 (46):13553–13560.doi:10.1021/bi00250a007.PMID7947766.
Yasuda K, Espinosa R, Davis EM, Le Beau MM, Bell GI (September 1993). "Human somatostatin receptor genes: localization of SSTR5 to human chromosome 20p11.2".Genomics.17 (3):785–786.doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1410.PMID8244401.
Yamamoto S, Mizoguchi T, Tamaki T, Ohkuchi M, Kimura S, Aoki N (April 1993). "Urinary thrombomodulin, its isolation and characterization".Journal of Biochemistry.113 (4):433–440.doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124063.PMID8390446.
