Thomas Dudley | |
|---|---|
| 3rd, 7th, 11th, and 14th Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony | |
| In office 1634–1635 | |
| Preceded by | John Winthrop |
| Succeeded by | John Haynes |
| In office 1640–1641 | |
| Preceded by | John Winthrop |
| Succeeded by | Richard Bellingham |
| In office 1645–1646 | |
| Preceded by | John Endecott |
| Succeeded by | John Winthrop |
| In office 1650–1651 | |
| Preceded by | John Endecott |
| Succeeded by | John Endecott |
| Commissioner forMassachusetts Bay | |
| In office 1643–1643 Serving with John Winthrop | |
| In office 1647–1647 Serving with John Endicott | |
| In office 1649–1649 Serving with Simon Bradstreet | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 12 October 1576 Yardley Hastings,Northamptonshire, England |
| Died | 31 July 1653(1653-07-31) (aged 76) |
| Spouses | |
| Parent |
|
| Profession | Colonial administrator, governor |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of England |
| Branch/service | Forces ofWilliam Compton, 1st Earl of Northampton |
| Battles/wars | |
Thomas Dudley (12 October 1576 – 31 July 1653) was aNew England colonial magistrate who served several terms as governor of theMassachusetts Bay Colony. Dudley was the chief founder of Newtowne, laterCambridge, Massachusetts, and built the town's first home. He provided land and funds to establish theRoxbury Latin School and signedHarvard College's new charter during his 1650 term as governor. Dudley was a devoutPuritan who opposed religious views not conforming with his. In this, he was more rigid than other early Massachusetts leaders likeJohn Winthrop, but less confrontational thanJohn Endecott.
The son of a military man who died when he was young, Dudley saw military service himself during theFrench Wars of Religion, and then acquired some legal training before entering the service of his likely kinsman, theEarl of Lincoln. Along with other Puritans in Lincoln's circle, Dudley helped establish the Massachusetts Bay Colony, sailing with Winthrop in 1630. Although he served only four one-year terms as governor of the colony, he was regularly in other positions of authority.
Dudley's daughterAnne Bradstreet (1612–1672) was a prominent early American poet. One of the gates ofHarvard Yard, which existed from 1915 to 1947, was named in his honor, and Harvard's Dudley House is named for the family, as is the town ofDudley, Massachusetts.
Thomas Dudley was born inYardley Hastings, a village nearNorthampton, England, on 12 October 1576, toRoger and Susanna (Thorne) Dudley.[1] The family has long asserted connections to the Sutton-Dudleys ofDudley Castle (Duke of Northumberland, Earls ofWarwick andLeicester,Viscounts Lisle, andBarons Dudley); there is a similarity in theircoats of arms,[2] but association beyond probable common ancestry has not yet been conclusively demonstrated.[3][4] Roger Dudley, a captain in the English army, was apparently killed in battle. It was for some time believed he was killed in the 1590Battle of Ivry,[5] but Susanna Dudley is known already to have been widowed by 1588. The 1586battle of Zutphen has also been suggested as the occasion of Roger Dudley's death.[3]
Like many other young men of good birth Thomas Dudley became apage, in his case in the household ofWilliam, Baron Compton at nearbyCastle Ashby.[3] Later he raised a company of men following a call to arms byQueen Elizabeth, and served in the English army led by Sir Arthur Savage fighting withKing Henry IV of France during theFrench Wars of Religion. He fought the Spanish at theSiege of Amiens in 1597, which in September surrendered and was the final action of the war.[3]
After he was discharged from his military service, Dudley returned to Northamptonshire.[6] He then entered the service of SirAugustine Nicolls, a relative of his mother's as a clerk.[7][8] Nicolls, a lawyer and later a judge, was recognized for his honesty at a time when many judges were susceptible tobribery and other misconduct.[9] He was also sympathetic to thePuritan cause; the exposure to legal affairs and Nicolls' religious views probably had a significant influence on Dudley. After Nicolls' sudden death in 1616, Dudley took a position withTheophilus Clinton, 4th Earl of Lincoln, serving as asteward responsible for managing some of the earl's estates. Although there is a likely blood connection, the reason for the appointment may be that Dudley's soldier grandfather Henry had served underEdward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln. The earl's estate inLincolnshire was a center ofNonconformist thought, and Dudley was already recognized for his Puritan virtues by the time he entered the earl's service.[10] According toCotton Mather's biography of Dudley, he successfully disentangled a legacy of financial difficulties bequeathed to the earl, and the earl consequently came to depend on Dudley for financial advice.[11] Dudley's services were not entirely pecuniary in nature: he is also said to have had an important role in securing the engagement of Clinton toLord Saye's daughter.[12] In 1622, Dudley acquired the assistance ofSimon Bradstreet who was eventually drawn to Dudley's daughterAnne. The two were married six years later when she was 16.[13]
Dudley was briefly out of Lincoln's service between about 1624 and 1628. During this time, he lived with his growing family inBoston, Lincolnshire, where he likely was a parishioner atSt Botolph's Church, whereJohn Cotton preached. The Dudleys were known to be back on Lincoln's estate in 1628 when his daughter Anne came down withsmallpox and was treated there.[14]
In 1628 Dudley and other Puritans decided to form theMassachusetts Bay Company, with a view toward establishing a Puritan colony in North America. Dudley's name does not appear on the land grant issued to the company that year. Still, he was almost certainly involved in the company's formative stages, whose investors and supporters included many individuals in the Earl of Lincoln's circle.[15] The company sent a small group of colonists led byJohn Endecott to begin building a settlement, calledSalem, on the shores ofMassachusetts Bay; a second group was sent in 1629.[16] The company acquired a royal charter in April 1629 and later that year made the critical decision to transport the charter and the company's corporate governance to the colony. TheCambridge Agreement, which enabled the emigrating shareholders to buy out those that remained behind, may have been written by Dudley.[17] In October 1629John Winthrop was elected governor, andJohn Humphrey was chosen as his deputy.[16][18] However, as the fleet was preparing to sail in March 1630, Humphrey decided he would not leave England immediately, and Dudley was chosen as deputy governor in his place.[19]
Dudley and his family sailed for the New World on theArbella, the flagship of theWinthrop Fleet, on 8 April 1630 and arrived in Salem Harbour on 12 June.[20] Finding conditions at Salem inadequate for establishing a larger colony, Winthrop and Dudley led forays into theCharles River watershed, but were unable to immediately agree on a site for the capital.[21] With limited time to establish themselves and concerns over rumors of potential hostile French action, the leaders decided to distribute the colonists in several places to avoid presenting a single target for hostilities. The Dudleys probably spent the winter of 1630–31 inBoston, which was where the leadership chose to stay after its first choice,Charlestown, was found to have inadequate water.[22] A letter Dudley wrote to the Countess of Lincoln in March 1631 narrated the first year's experience of the colonists that arrived in Winthrop's fleet in an intimate tone befitting a son or suitor as much as a servant.[23] It appeared in print for the first time in a 1696 compilation of early colonial documents byJoshua Scottow.[24]
In the spring of 1631, the leadership agreed to establish the colony's capital at Newtowne (near present-dayHarvard Square inCambridge), and the town was surveyed and laid out. Dudley, Simon Bradstreet, and others built their houses there, but to Dudley's anger, Winthrop decided to build in Boston. This decision caused a rift between Dudley and Winthrop; it was severe enough that in 1632 Dudley resigned his posts and considered returning to England.[25] After the mediation of others, the two reconciled, and Dudley retracted his resignation. Winthrop reported that "[e]ver after they kept peace and good correspondency in love and friendship."[26] During the dispute, Dudley also harshly questioned Winthrop's authority as governor for several actions without consulting his council of assistants.[27] Dudley's differences with Winthrop came to the fore again in January 1636, when other magistrates orchestrated a series of accusations that Winthrop had been overly lenient in his judicial decisions.[28]
In 1632 Dudley, at his own expense, erected apalisade around Newtowne (which was renamed Cambridge in 1636) that enclosed 1,000 acres (400 ha) of land, principally as a defense against wild animals andNative American raids. The colony agreed to reimburse him by imposing taxes on all area communities.[26] The meetings occasioned by this need are among the first instances of a trulyrepresentative government in North America,[29] when each town chose two representatives to advise the governor on the subject. This principle was extended to govern the colony as a whole in 1634, the year Dudley was first elected governor.[26] During this term, the colony established a committee to oversee military affairs and to manage the colony's munitions.[30]
The colony came under legal threat in 1632, when SirFerdinando Gorges, attempting to revive an earlier claim to the territory, raised issues of the colony's charter and governance with thePrivy Council ofKing Charles I. When the colony's governing magistrates drafted a response to the charges raised by Gorges, Dudley was alone in opposing language, referring to the king as his "sacred majesty", and to bishops of theChurch of England as "Reverend Bishops".[31] Although aquo warranto writ was issued in 1635 calling for the charter to be returned to England, the king's financial straits prevented it from being served, and the issue eventually died out.[32]
In 1635, and for the four following years, Dudley was elected either as deputy governor or as a member of the council of assistants. The governor in 1636 wasHenry Vane, and the colony was split over the actions ofAnne Hutchinson. She had come to the colony in 1634 and began preaching a "covenant of grace" following her mentor,John Cotton, while most of the colony's leadership, including Dudley, Winthrop, and most of the ministers, espoused a moreLegalist view ("covenant of works"). This split divided the colony since Vane and Cotton supported her.[33] At the end of this colonial strife, called theAntinomian Controversy, Hutchinson was banished from the colony, and a number of her followers left the colony as a consequence.[34] She settled inRhode Island, whereRoger Williams, alsopersona non-grata in Massachusetts over theological differences, offered her shelter.[35] Dudley's role in the affair is unclear, but historians supportive of Hutchinson's cause argue that he was a significant force in her banishment,[36] and that he was unhappy that the colony did not adopt a more rigid stance or ban more of her followers.[37]
Vane was turned out of office in 1637 over the Hutchinson affair and his insistence on flying theEnglish flag over thecolony's fort; many Puritans felt that theCross of St George on the flag was a symbol ofpopery and was thus anathema to them.[38] Vane was replaced by Winthrop, who served three terms.[39] According to Winthrop, concerns over the length of his service led to Dudley's election as governor in 1640.[40]
Although Dudley and Winthrop clashed with each other on several issues, they agreed on banning Hutchinson, and their relationship had some significant positive elements. In 1638 Dudley and Winthrop were each granted a tract of land "about six miles fromConcord, northward".[41] Reportedly, Winthrop and Dudley went to the area together to survey the land and select their parcels. Winthrop, then governor, graciously deferred to Dudley, then deputy governor, to make the first choice of land. Dudley's land becameBillerica, and Winthrop'sBedford.[41] The place where the two properties met was marked by two large stones, each carved with the owner's name; Winthrop described the spot as the "'Two Brothers', in remembrance that they were brothers by their children's marriage".[42]
During Dudley's term of office in 1640, many new laws were passed. This led to the introduction the following year of theMassachusetts Body of Liberties, a document that contains guarantees that were later placed in theUnited States Bill of Rights. During this term, he joined moderates, including John Winthrop, in opposing attempts by the local clergy to take a more prominent and explicit role in the colony's governance.[43] When he was again governor in 1645, the colony threatened war against the expansionistNarragansetts, who had been making war against the English-alliedMohegans. This prompted the Narragansett leaderMiantonomi to sign a peace agreement with the New England colonies which lasted untilKing Philip's War broke out 30 years later.[44] Dudley also presided over the acquittal of John Winthrop in a trial held that year; Winthrop had been charged with abuses of his power as a magistrate by residents ofHingham the previous year.[45]
In 1649 Dudley was appointed once again to serve as a commissioner and president of theNew England Confederation, an umbrella organization established by most of the New England colonies to address issues of common interest; however, he was ill (and aging, at 73), and consequently unable to discharge his duties in that office.[46] Dudley was elected governor for the fourth and last time in 1650 despite the illness.[47] The most notable acts during this term were the issuance of a new charter forHarvard College,[48] and the judicial decision to burnThe Meritorious Price of Our Redemption, a book bySpringfield residentWilliam Pynchon that expounded on religious views heretical to the ruling Puritans. Pynchon was called upon to retract his views but returned to England instead of facing the magistrates.[49]
During most of his years in Massachusetts, when not governor, Dudley served as either deputy governor or as one of the colony's commissioners to the New England Confederation.[50] He also served as a magistrate in the colonial courts,[51] and sat on committees that drafted the laws of the colony.[52] His views were conservative, but he was not as strident in them asJohn Endecott. Endecott notoriously defaced theEnglish flag in 1632, an act for which he was censured and deprived of office for one year.[53] Dudley sided with the moderate faction on the issue, which believed the flag's depiction of the Cross of St George had by then been reduced to a symbol of nationalism.[54]
Nathaniel Morton, an early chronicler of thePlymouth Colony, wrote of Dudley, "His zeal to order appeared in contriving good laws, and faithfully executing them upon criminal offenders, heretics, and underminers of true religion. He had a piercing judgment to discover the wolf, though clothed with a sheepskin."[55] Early Massachusetts historian James Savage wrote of Dudley that "[a] hardness in public, and rigidity in private life, are too observable in his character".[55] In a more modern historical view, Francis Bremer observes that Dudley was "more precise and rigid than the moderate Winthrop in his approach to the issues facing the colonists".[56]
One of thy founders, him New-England know,
Who staid thy feeble sides when thou wast low,
Who spent his state, his strength, and years with care,
That after comers in them might have share.
In 1637, the colony established a committee "to take order for a new college at Newtown".[58] The committee consisted of most of the colony's elders, including Dudley. In 1638,John Harvard, a childless colonist, bequeathed to the colony his library and half of his estate as a contribution to the college, which was consequentlynamed in his honor. The college charter was first issued in 1642, and a second charter was issued in 1650, signed by then-Governor Thomas Dudley,[58] who also served for many years as one of the college's overseers. Harvard University's Dudley House, now only an administrative unit located in Lehman Hall after the actual house was torn down, is named in honor of the Dudley family.[59]Harvard Yard once had a Dudley Gate bearing words written by his daughter Anne;[57] it was torn down in the 1940s to make way for construction ofLamont Library.[60] A fragment remains in Dudley Garden, behind Lamont Library, including a lengthy inscription in stone.[61][62]
In 1643, ReverendJohn Eliot established a school atRoxbury. Dudley, who was then living in Roxbury, gave significant donations of both land and money to the school, which survives to this day as theRoxbury Latin School.[63]
Dudley married Dorothy Yorke in 1603 and had five or six children. Samuel, the first, also came to the New World and married Winthrop's daughter Mary in 1633, the first of several alliances of the Dudley-Winthrop family.[65] He later served as the pastor inExeter, New Hampshire.[66] Daughter Anne marriedSimon Bradstreet, and became the first poet published in North America.[67][68] Patience, Dudley's third child, married a colonial militia officerDaniel Denison. The fourth child, Sarah, married Benjamin Keayne, a militia officer. This union was unhappy, resulting in the first reported instance ofdivorce in the colony; Keayne returned to England and repudiated the marriage. Although no formal divorce proceedings are known, Sarah eventually married again,[69] to Job Judkins, by whom she bore five children. Mercy, the last of his children with Dorothy, married ministerJohn Woodbridge.[67]
Dudley may have had another son, though most historians think the evidence is too slim. A “Thomas Dudley” was awarded degrees from Emmanuel College, Cambridge University, in 1626 and 1630, and some historians have argued this is a son of Dudley. Also, Dudley was referred to as “Thomas Dudley Senior” on a lone occasion in 1637.[70]
Dorothy Yorke died on 27 December 1643 at 61 years of age, and was remembered by her daughter Anne in a poem:[71]
Here lies,
A worthy matron of unspotted life,
A loving mother and obedient wife,
A friendly neighbor, pitiful to poor,Whom oft she fed and clothed with her store;
Dudley married his second wife, the widow Katherine (Deighton) Hackburne, a descendant of the noble Berkeley, Lygon, and Beauchamp families,[72] in 1644. She is also a direct descendant of eleven of the twenty-five barons who acted as sureties forJohn Lackland on theMagna Carta.[73] They had three children, Deborah,Joseph, and Paul.[67] Joseph served as governor of theDominion of New England and of theProvince of Massachusetts Bay.[74] Paul (not to be confused with Joseph's sonPaul, who served as provincial attorney general) was for a time the colony's register of probate.[67]
In 1636, Dudley moved from Cambridge toIpswich, and in 1639, moved toRoxbury.[75][76] He died in Roxbury on 31 July 1653, and was buried in theEliot Burying Ground there.Dudley, Massachusetts is named for his grandsons Paul and William, its first proprietors.[77]
TheMassachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation owns a parcel of land in Billerica called Governor Thomas Dudley Park.[78] The "Two Brothers" rocks are located in theGreat Meadows National Wildlife Refuge in Bedford, in an area that has been listed on theNational Register of Historic Places as theTwo Brothers Rocks-Dudley Road Historic District.[79]
Dudley Square in Boston'sRoxbury neighborhood was named after Dudley.[80] Proponents of an effort to rename the square noted that Dudley was "a leading politician in 1641", when the colony became the first to sanction slavery legally.[81] Conversely,Byron Rushing, former president of theMuseum of African American History in Boston, stated, “I’ve really searched, and I’ve found no evidence that Dudley ever owned slaves."[82]
A non-binding advisory question was added to the 5 November 2019 municipal ballot for all Boston residents asking, "Do you support the renaming/changing of the name of Dudley Square to Nubian Square?"[80] Election night results show that the question was defeated.[83]
Mayor of BostonMarty Walsh subsequently announced that the question had "passed in the surrounding areas" near the square, and could be considered further by the city's Public Improvement Commission.[84] On 19 December 2019, the Public Improvement Commission unanimously approved changing the name of Dudley Square toNubian Square.[85][86] Dudley station was renamedNubian station in June 2020.[87]
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)The Dudley–Winthrop family tree | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
