Sir Thomas Blamey | |
|---|---|
 Blamey in 1942 | |
| Born | (1884-01-24)24 January 1884 Wagga Wagga,Colony of New South Wales |
| Died | 27 May 1951(1951-05-27) (aged 67) Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia |
| Buried | Fawkner Memorial Park, Victoria |
| Allegiance | Australia |
| Service | Australian Army |
| Years of service | 1906–1950 |
| Rank | Field marshal |
| Service number | VX1 (2nd AIF) |
| Commands |
|
| Battles / wars | |
| Awards | |
| 10th Chief Commissioner of Victoria Police | |
| In office 1 September 1925 – 9 July 1936 | |
| Monarchs | |
| Governor | |
| Preceded by | Alexander Nicholson |
| Succeeded by | Alexander Duncan |
Field MarshalSir Thomas Albert Blamey, (24 January 1884 – 27 May 1951) was an Australian general of theFirst andSecond World Wars. He is the only Australian to attain the rank of field marshal.
Blamey joined the Australian Army as a regular soldier in 1906, and attended theStaff College at Quetta. During the First World War, he participated in thelanding at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915, and served as a staff officer in theGallipoli campaign, where he wasmentioned in despatches for a daring raid behind enemy lines. He later served on theWestern Front, where he distinguished himself in the planning for theBattle of Pozières. He rose to the rank ofbrigadier general, and served as chief of staff of theAustralian Corps underLieutenant General SirJohn Monash, who credited him as a factor in the Corps' success in theBattle of Hamel, theBattle of Amiens and theBattle of the Hindenburg Line.
After the war Blamey became theDeputy Chief of the General Staff, and was involved in the creation of theRoyal Australian Air Force. He resigned from the regular Army in 1925 to becomeChief Commissioner of theVictoria Police, but remained in theMilitia, rising to command the3rd Division in 1931. As chief commissioner, Blamey set about dealing with the grievances that had led to the1923 Victorian police strike, and implemented innovations such as police dogs and equipping vehicles with radios. His tenure as chief commissioner was marred by a scandal in which his police badge was found in abrothel, and a later attempt to cover up the shooting of a police officer led to his forced resignation in 1936.
During the Second World War Blamey commanded theSecond Australian Imperial Force and theI Corps in the Middle East. In the latter role he commanded Australian and Commonwealth troops in the disastrousBattle of Greece. He attempted to protect Australian interests against British commanders who sought to disperse his forces. He was appointed deputy commander-in-chief ofMiddle East Command, and was promoted togeneral in 1941. In 1942, he returned to Australia as commander-in-chief of theAustralian Military Forces and commander of Allied Land Forces in theSouth West Pacific Area under AmericanGeneralDouglas MacArthur. On the orders of MacArthur and Prime MinisterJohn Curtin, he assumed personal command ofNew Guinea Force during theKokoda Track campaign, and relieved Lieutenant GeneralSydney Rowell under controversial circumstances. He planned and carried out the significant and victoriousSalamaua–Lae campaign but during the final campaigns of the war he faced criticism of the Army's performance. He signed theJapanese Instrument of Surrender on behalf of Australia at Japan's ceremonial surrender in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945, and personally accepted the Japanese surrender onMorotai on 9 September.
The seventh of ten children, Blamey was born on 24 January 1884 inLake Albert, nearWagga Wagga,New South Wales. He was the son of Richard Blamey, a farmer who had emigrated fromCornwall at the age of 16 in 1862, and his Australian-born wife, Margaret (née Murray). After farming failures in Queensland and on theMurrumbidgee River near Wagga Wagga, his father Richard moved to a small 20-acre (8.1 ha) property in Lake Albert, where he supplemented his farm income working as a drover and shearing overseer.[1]
Blamey acquired the bush skills associated with his father's enterprises and became a sound horseman. He attended Wagga Wagga Superior Public School (now Wagga Wagga Public School), where he playedAustralian football, and was a keen member of theArmy Cadet unit. He transferred to Wagga Wagga Grammar when he was 13, and was head cadet of its unit for two years.[2]
Blamey began his working life in 1899 as a trainee school teacher at Lake Albert School. He transferred to South Wagga Public School in 1901, and in 1903 moved to Western Australia, where he taught for three years atFremantle Boys' School. He coached the rifle shooting team of its cadet unit there to a win in the Western Australian Cup.[3] He was raised in theMethodist faith and remained involved with his church. By early 1906 he was a lay preacher, and church leaders in Western Australia offered him an appointment as an associate minister inCarnarvon, Western Australia.[4]
With the creation of the Cadet Instructional Staff of theAustralian Military Forces, Blamey saw a new opportunity. He sat the exam and came third in Australia, but failed to secure an appointment as there were no vacancies in Western Australia. After correspondence with the military authorities he persuaded the Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, MajorJulius Bruche, that he should be given the option of taking up an appointment for one of the vacancies in another state. He was appointed to a position in Victoria with the rank oflieutenant, commencing duty in November 1906 with responsibility for school cadets in Victoria,[4] and was confirmed in his rank and appointment the following 29 June.[5]
In Melbourne, Blamey met Minnie Millard, the daughter of aToorak stockbroker who was involved in the Methodist Church there. They were married at her home on 8 September 1909. His first child was born on 29 June 1910, and named Charles Middleton after a friend of Blamey's who had died in a shooting accident; but the boy was always called Dolf by his family. A second child, a boy named Thomas, was born four years later.[6]
Blamey was promoted tocaptain on 1 December 1910,[6] and becamebrigade major of the 12th Brigade Area. He then set his sights on attending staff college. There were two British staff colleges, atCamberley in England andQuetta in India, and from 1908 one position was set aside for the Australian Army at each every year. No Australian officers managed to pass the demanding entrance examinations, but this requirement was waived to allow them to attend. In 1911, Blamey became the first Australian officer to pass the entrance examination.[7] He commenced his studies at Quetta in 1912, and performed very well, completing the course in December 1913.[8]
The usual practice was for Australian staff college graduates to follow their training with a posting to aBritish Army orBritish Indian Army headquarters. He was initially attached to the 4th Battalion,King's Royal Rifle Corps atRawalpindi, and then the staff of theKohat Brigade on theNorth-West Frontier. Finally, he was assigned to the General Staff at Army Headquarters atShimal. In May 1914, he was sent to Britain for more training, while his family returned home to Australia. He visited Turkey (including the Dardanelles), Belgium, and the battlefields of theFranco-Prussian War en route. In England he spent a brief time on attachment to the4th Dragoon Guards atTidworth before taking up duties on the staff of theWessex Division, at that time entering its annual camp. On 1 July 1914, he was promoted tomajor.[9]
Following the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, Blamey was transferred to theWar Office, where he worked in theIntelligence Branch preparing daily summaries for theKing and theSecretary of State for War,Lord Kitchener. Fully trained staff officers were rare and valuable in the Australian Army, and while still in Britain, Blamey was appointed to theAustralian Imperial Force (AIF) as general staff officer, Grade 3 (Intelligence), on the staff of Major GeneralWilliam Bridges's1st Division. As such, he reported to the 1st Division's GSO1,Lieutenant ColonelBrudenell White. In November 1914 he sailed for Egypt withColonelHarry Chauvel, to join the Australian contingent there.[10] His appointment as GSO 3 was confirmed with effect from 10 December.[11]
Along with Bridges, White, and other members of 1st Division headquarters, Blamey left the battleshipHMS Prince of Wales in a trawler andlanded on the beach at Anzac Cove at 07:20 on 25 April 1915.[12] He was sent to evaluate the need for reinforcements by ColonelJames McCay's 2nd Brigade on the400 Plateau. He confirmed that they were needed, and the reinforcements were sent.[13]
On the night of 13 May 1915, Blamey, in his capacity as 1st Division intelligence officer, led a patrol consisting of himself,Sergeant J. H. Will andBombardier A. A. Orchard, behind the Turkish lines in an effort to locate the Olive Grove guns that had been harassing the beach. Near Pine Ridge, an enemy party of eight Turks approached; when one of them went to bayonet Orchard, Blamey shot the Turk with his revolver. In the action that followed, six Turks were killed. He withdrew his patrol back to the Australian lines without locating the guns.[14] For this action, he wasmentioned in despatches.[15][16]
Blamey was always interested in technical innovation, and was receptive to unorthodox ideas. He was instrumental in the adoption of theperiscope rifle at Gallipoli, a device which he saw during an inspection of the front line. He arranged for the inventor,Lance Corporal W. C. B. Beech, to be seconded to division headquarters to develop the idea. Within a few days, the design was perfected and periscope rifles began to be used throughout the Australian trenches.[17]
On 21 July 1915 Blamey was given a staff appointment as a general staff officer, Grade 2 (GSO2),[18] with the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel.[19] and with effect from 2 August joined the staff of the newly formed2nd Division in Egypt as its assistant adjutant and quartermaster general (AA&QMG) – the senior administrative officer of the division.[20] Its commander, Major GeneralJames Gordon Legge, preferred to have an Australian colonel in this post as he felt that a British officer might not take such good care of the troops. The 2nd Division Headquarters embarked for Gallipoli on 29 August 1915, but Blamey was forced to remain in Egypt as he had just had an operation forhaemorrhoids. He finally returned to Anzac on 25 October 1915, remaining for the rest of the campaign.[21]
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After the Australian forces moved to theWestern Front in 1916, Blamey returned to the 1st Division as GSO1 on 10 July.[22] At theBattle of Pozières, he developed the plan of attack which captured the town,[23] for which he received another mention in despatches,[24] and was awarded theDistinguished Service Order in the1917 New Year Honours.[25]
He was considered as a possible brigade commander, but he had never commanded a battalion, which was usually regarded as a prerequisite for brigade command. He was therefore appointed to command the2nd Infantry Battalion on 3 December 1916. On 28 December, Blamey, as senior ranking battalion commander, took over as acting commander of the1st Infantry Brigade. On 9 January 1917, he went on leave, handing over command to Lieutenant ColonelIven Mackay. However, when General Headquarters (GHQ)BEF found out about this use of a staff college graduate, it remindedI ANZAC Corps that "it is inadvisable to release such officers for command of battalions unless they have proved to be unequal to their duties on staff".[26]
Blamey therefore returned to 1st Division Headquarters.Lieutenant General SirWilliam Birdwood did, however, promote Blamey to full colonel, backdated to 1 December 1916, thereby making him technically senior to a number of recently promotedbrigadier generals, that rank being only held temporarily. His division commander, Major GeneralH. B. Walker, had Blamey mentioned in despatches for this period of battalion and brigade command,[27][28] although the battalion had spent most of the time out of the line and there had been no significant engagements.[26] Blamey was also acting commander of the 2nd Brigade during a rest period from 27 August to 4 September 1917.[29]
On 8 September he was hospitalised with vomiting and coughing. He was sent to England where he was admitted to the 3rd London General Hospital for treatment for debilitatingpsoriasis on 22 September, and did not return to duty until 8 November 1917,[30] by which time he had been promoted to brevet lieutenant-colonel on 24 September.[31] He was made aCompanion of St Michael and St George in the 1918 New Year's list,[32] and received another mention in despatches in May 1918.[33]
On 1 June 1918, Lieutenant GeneralJohn Monash succeeded Birdwood as commander of theAustralian Corps, and Blamey was promoted to the rank of brigadier general to replace White as the corps Brigadier General General Staff (BGGS).[29] He played a significant role in the success of the Australian Corps in the final months of the war. He remained interested in technological innovation. He was impressed by the capabilities of the new models oftanks and pressed for their use in theBattle of Hamel, where they played an important part in the success of the battle.[34] Monash acknowledged Blamey's role in the Australian Corps' success in theBattle of Amiens in August and theBattle of the Hindenburg Line in September.[35]
The Major General General Staff (MGGS) of theBritish Fourth Army, of which the Australian Corps was a part during these battles, Major GeneralArchibald Montgomery-Massingberd, was a former instructor of Blamey's at Quetta. He declared himself "full of admiration for the staff work of the Australian Corps."[36] Monash later wrote:
No reference to the staff work of the Australian Corps during the period of my command would be complete without a tribute to the work and personality [of] Brigadier General T. A. Blamey, my Chief of Staff. He possessed a mind cultured far above the average, widely informed, alert and prehensile. He had [an] infinite capacity for taking pains. A Staff College graduate, but not on that account a pedant, he was thoroughly versed in the technique of staff work, and in the minutiae of all procedure.
He served me with an exemplary loyalty, for which I owe a debt of gratitude which cannot be repaid. Our temperaments adapted themselves to each other in a manner which was ideal. He had an extraordinary faculty for self-effacement, posing always and conscientiously as the instrument to give effect [to] my policies and decisions. Really helpful whenever his advice was invited, he never obtruded his own opinions, although I knew that he did not always agree with me.[35]
Blamey's loyalty to Monash would continue after the latter's death in 1931.[36] For his services as Corps Chief of Staff, Blamey was appointedCompanion of the Order of the Bath in 1919,[37] mentioned in despatches twice more,[38][39] and was awarded the FrenchCroix de guerre.[40]
Blamey arrived back in Australia on 20 October 1919 after an absence of seven years, and became director of Military Operations at Army Headquarters in Melbourne. His AIF appointment was terminated on 19 December 1919, and on 1 January 1920, he was simultaneously confirmed in the rank of lieutenant-colonel and promoted to substantive colonel, also receiving the honorary rank of brigadier-general with effect from 1 June 1918.[41] In May 1920, he was appointedDeputy Chief of the General Staff.[42]
His first major task was the creation of theRoyal Australian Air Force (RAAF). The government established a joint Army–Navy board to provide recommendations on the matter, with Blamey and Lieutenant ColonelRichard Williams as the Army representatives. Blamey supported the creation of a separate air force, albeit one still subordinate to the Army and Navy. He refused to yield, however, on his opposition to the Navy's demand that Lieutenant ColonelStanley Goble become its first chief.[43]
In November 1922 Blamey embarked for London to be the Australian representative on theImperial General Staff. He reported that the "conception of an Imperial General Staff ... was absolutely dead".[44] The British Army saw little use in the concept of a combined staff which could coordinate the defence of the British Empire.[44] He became involved with the development of theSingapore strategy, and he briefed Prime MinisterStanley Bruce on it for the1923 Imperial Conference, at which it was formally adopted. Even in 1923, though, Blamey was sceptical about the strategy.[45]
When White retired as Chief of General Staff in 1923, Blamey was widely expected to succeed him, as he had as chief of staff of the Australian Corps in France, but there were objections from more senior officers, particularly Major GeneralVictor Sellheim, at being passed over. Instead, the Inspector General, Lieutenant General Sir Harry Chauvel, was made Chief of General Staff as well, while Blamey was given the new post of Second CGS, in which he performed most of the duties of Chief of General Staff.[46]
Seeing no immediate prospects for advancement, Blamey transferred from the Permanent Military Forces to theMilitia on 1 September 1925. For the next 14 years he would remain in the Army as a part-time soldier. On 1 May 1926 he assumed command of the10th Infantry Brigade, part of the3rd Division. Blamey stepped up to command the 3rd Division on 23 March 1931, and was promoted to major general, one of only four Militia officers promoted to this rank between 1929 and 1939. In 1937 he was transferred to the unattached list.[47]
In 1923, theVictoria Policewent on strike, and Monash and McCay established a Special Constabulary Force to carry out police duties. After the Chief Commissioner, Alexander Nicholson, resigned for ill-health in 1925, Chauvel recommended Blamey for the post. He became Chief Commissioner on 1 September 1925 for a five-year term, with a salary of £1,500 per annum (equivalent to AUD$276,000 in 2022).[48]
Blamey set about addressing the grievances that had caused the strike, which he felt "were just, even if they went the wrong way about them".[49] Blamey improved pay and conditions, and implemented the recommendations of the Royal Commission into the strike.[48] He attempted to introduce faster promotion based on merit, but this was unpopular with thePolice Association, and was abandoned by his successors.[50]
As in the Army, he showed a willingness to adopt new ideas. He introduced police dogs,[51] and increased the number of police cars equipped with two-way radios from one in 1925 to five in 1930.[50] He also boosted the numbers of policewomen on the force.[52]
Blamey became involved in his first and greatest scandal soon after taking office. During a raid on a brothel inFitzroy on 21 October 1925, the police encountered a man who produced Blamey's police badge, No. 80. Blamey later said that he had given his key ring, which included his badge, to a friend who had served with him in France, so that the man could help himself to some alcohol in Blamey's locker at the Naval and Military Club. His story was corroborated by his friendStanley Savige, who was with him at the time. Blamey protected the man in question, who he said was married with children, and refused to identify him. The man has never been identified, but the description given by the detectives and the brothel owner did not match Blamey.[53][54]
During the 1920s, Victoria had repressive and restrictive drinking laws, including the notorioussix o'clock closing. Blamey took the position that it was the job of the police to enforce the laws, even if they did not support them. Many members of the public did not agree with this attitude, maintaining that the police should not uphold such laws. Almost as controversially, Blamey drew a sharp distinction between his personal life and his job. His presence in a hotel after closing time was always welcome, as it meant that drinking could continue, for it was known that it would not be raided while he was there; but other citizens felt that it was unjust when they were arrested for breaking the same laws.[55]
As Police Commissioner Blamey defended the actions of the police during the 1928Waterside Workers' Federation dispute, during which police opened fire, killing a striking worker who was also a Gallipoli veteran, and wounding several others. His treatment of the unionists was typical of his hard line anti-communist beliefs and as such his relations with left-wing governments were tense.[56]
Blamey was re-appointed as Chief Commissioner in 1930 but at a reduced salary of £1,250 per annum (equivalent to AUD$233,000 in 2022). A year later it was reduced still further, to £785 (equivalent to AUD$163,000 in 2022), due to cutbacks as a result of theGreat Depression.[57] His wife Minnie became an invalid, and by 1930 no longer accompanied him in public.[58] His son Dolf, now anRAAFflying officer, was killed in an air crash atRAAF Base Richmond in October 1932,[59] and Minnie died in October 1935.[58] Blamey wasknighted in the1935 New Year Honours,[60][61] and in 1936 he was appointed aCommander of the Venerable Order of Saint John.[62]
A second scandal occurred in 1936 when Blamey attempted to cover up details of the shooting of the superintendent of the Criminal Investigation Branch, John O'Connell Brophy, whom Blamey had appointed to the post. The story put about was that Brophy had taken two women friends and a chauffeur along with him to a meeting with a police informant. While they were waiting for the informant, they had been approached by armed bandits, and Brophy had opened fire and had himself been wounded. In order to cover up the identities of the two women involved, Blamey initially issued a press release to the effect that Brophy had accidentally shot himself (three times). ThePremier,Albert Dunstan, gave Blamey the choice of resigning or being dismissed. The latter meant the loss of pension rights and any future prospects of employment in the Public Service or the Army. He reluctantly submitted his resignation on 9 July 1936.[63]
From March 1938 Blamey supplemented his income by making weekly broadcasts on international affairs on Melbourne radio station3UZ under the pseudonym "the Sentinel". Like the station's general manager,Alfred Kemsley, Blamey felt that Australians were poorly informed about international affairs, and set about raising awareness of matters that he believed would soon impact them greatly.[64]
He was appalled atNazi Germany'spersecution of Jews, and saw a clear and growing menace to world peace from both Germany and theEmpire of Japan. His 15-minute weekly talks continued until the end of September 1939, by which time the war that he had warned was coming had started.[65]
On 5 April 1939 he married Olga Ora Farnsworth, a 35-year-old fashion artist, at St John's Anglican Church, Toorak.[66]
Blamey was leader of the clandestine far right-wingLeague of National Security, also known as the "White Army", described as afascist paramilitary group.[56] The group, which existed for about eight years from 1931, comprised several senior army officers, including ColonelFrancis Derham, a Melbourne lawyer, and Lieutenant ColonelEdmund Herring, laterChief Justice of Victoria.[67]
Some members had been members of theNew South Wales-basedNew Guard, and both groups were involved in street fights with leftist groups. This was reportedly a response to the rise of communism in Australia. Its members stood ready to take up arms to stop a Catholic or communist revolution.[67]
In November 1938, Blamey was appointed chairman of the Commonwealth Government's Manpower Committee and Controller General of Recruiting. As such, he laid the foundation for the expansion of the Army in the event of war with Germany or Japan, which he now regarded as inevitable.[68] He headed a successful recruiting campaign which doubled the size of the part-time volunteer Militia from 35,000 in September 1938 to 70,000 in March 1939.[69]
Henry Somer Gullett andRichard Casey, who had served with Blamey at Gallipoli and in France, put Blamey's name forward toPrime MinisterJoseph Lyons as a possible commander in chief in the event of a major war.[70] "We've got some brilliant staff officers", Casey told Lyons, "but Blamey is a commander. That's the difference."[71]
Lyons initially had concerns about Blamey's morals, but Casey and Lyons summoned Blamey to a meeting in Canberra, after which Lyons designated him for the job. Lyons died on 7 April 1939, and was replaced as prime minister byRobert Menzies, another prominent supporter of Blamey's.[70] Two other officers, Major GeneralsGordon Bennett andJohn Lavarack, were considered, and also had strong and well-connected supporters, but unlike Blamey they were public critics of the government's defence policies.[72]
On 13 October 1939, a month after the outbreak of the Second World War, Blamey was promoted to lieutenant general, and appointed to command the6th Division, the first formation of the newSecond Australian Imperial Force, and received the AIF service number VX1. Menzies limited his choice of commanders by insisting that they be selected from the Militia rather than the Permanent Military Forces (PMF), the Army's full-time, regular component. For brigade commanders he choseBrigadiersArthur Allen,Leslie Morshead and Stanley Savige. He selected BrigadierEdmund Herring to command the 6th Division artillery, ColonelSamuel Burston for its medical services, and Lieutenant ColonelsClive Steele andJack Stevens for its engineers and signals. All except Allen had previously served with him during his time commanding the 3rd Division in Melbourne. For his two most senior staff officers, he chose two PMF officers, ColonelSydney Rowell as GSO1 and Lieutenant ColonelGeorge Alan Vasey as AA&QMG.[74]
In February 1940, theWar Cabinet decided to form a second AIF division, the7th Division, and group the 6th and 7th Divisions together asI Corps, with Blamey as its commander.[75] On Blamey's recommendation, Major General Iven Mackay was appointed to succeed him in command of the 6th Division, while Lieutenant General John Lavarack, a PMF officer, assumed command of the 7th Division. Blamey took Rowell with him as his corps chief of staff, and picked Major GeneralHenry Wynter as his administrative officer.[76] Blamey flew toPalestine on aQantasflying boat in June 1940.[77] He refused to allow his troops to perform police duties in Palestine, and established warm relations with the Jewish community there, becoming a frequent guest in their homes.[78]
As commander of the AIF, Blamey was answerable directly to theMinister of Defence, rather than to the Military Board, with a charter based on that given to Bridges in 1914. Part of this required that his forces remain together as cohesive units, and that no Australian forces were to be deployed or engaged without the prior consent of the Australian government.[79] Blamey was not inflexible, and permitted Australian units to be detached when there was a genuine military need. Because the situation in the Middle East lurched from crisis to crisis, this resulted in his troops becoming widely scattered at times. When the crises had passed, however, he wanted units returned to their parent formations.[80] This resulted in conflicts with British commanders. The first occurred in August 1940 when the BritishCommander in ChiefMiddle East Command, General SirArchibald Wavell, andPrime Minister of the United Kingdom,Winston Churchill, ordered the16th Infantry Brigade to move to Egypt. Blamey refused on the grounds that the brigade was not yet fully equipped, but eventually compromised, sending it on the understanding that it would soon be joined by the rest of the 6th Division.[81]
I Corps assumed responsibility for the front inCyrenaica on 15 February 1941, but within days Blamey was informed that his troops would be sent on theexpedition to Greece. Blamey has been criticised for allowing this when he knew it was extremely hazardous, after he was told that Menzies had approved.[83] He insisted, however, on sending the veteran 6th Division first instead of the 7th Division, resulting in a heated argument with Wavell, which Blamey won.[84] He was under no illusions about the odds of success, and immediately prepared plans for an evacuation.[85][86][87] His foresight and determination saved many of his men, but he lost credibility when he chose his son Tom to fill the one remaining seat on the aircraft carrying him out of Greece.[88] The campaign exposed deficiencies in the Australian Army's training, leadership and staff work that had passed unnoticed or had not been addressed in theLibyan Campaign. The pressure of the campaign opened a rift between Blamey and Rowell, which was to have important consequences. While Rowell and BrigadierWilliam Bridgeford were extremely critical of Blamey's performance in Greece, this opinion was not widely held.[89] Wavell reported that "Blamey has shown himself a fine fighting commander in these operations and fitted for high command."[90]
The political fallout from the disastrous Battle of Greece led to Blamey's appointment as Deputy Commander in Chief Middle East Command in April 1941.[91][92] However, to ensure that command would not pass to Blamey in the event of something happening to Wavell, the British government promoted SirHenry Maitland Wilson togeneral in June.[93] Soon afterwards, Wavell was replaced by General SirClaude Auchinleck.[94] Blamey was subsequently promoted to the same rank on 24 September 1941, becoming only the fourth Australian to reach this rank, after Monash, Chauvel and White.[94] During theSyrian campaign against theVichy French, Blamey took decisive action to resolve the command difficulties caused by Wilson's attempt to direct the fighting from theKing David Hotel inJerusalem by interposing Lavarack's I Corps headquarters.[95]
During Blamey's absence in Greece, AIF units had become widely scattered, with forces being deployed toCyprus, and the9th Division and the18th Infantry Brigade coming undersiege in Tobruk. Blamey would spend the rest of the year attempting to reassemble his forces.[93] This led to a clash with Auchinleck over the relief of Tobruk, where Blamey accepted Burston's advice that the Australian troops there should be relieved on medical grounds. Menzies, and later his successors,Arthur Fadden andJohn Curtin, backed Blamey, and Auchinleck and Churchill were forced to give way resulting in the relief of most of the Australian troops by the British70th Division.[96][97][98][99] For his campaigns in the Middle East, Blamey was created aKnight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 1 January 1942.[100][101] He was Mentioned in Despatches for the eighth time,[102] and was awarded theGreek War Cross, First Class.[103]
The defence of Australia took on a new urgency in December 1941 with the entry of Japan into the war. Within the Army there was a concern that Bennett or Lavarack would be appointed as commander-in-chief. In March 1942, Vasey, Herring and Steele approached theMinister for the Army,Frank Forde, with a proposal that all officers over the age of 50 be immediately retired and Major GeneralHorace Robertson be appointed commander-in-chief. This "revolt of the generals" collapsed with the welcome news that Blamey was returning from the Middle East to become commander-in-chief of Australian Military Forces.[105][106]
GeneralDouglas MacArthur arrived in Australia in March 1942 to becomeSupreme CommanderSouth West Pacific Area (SWPA). In addition to his duties as commander-in-chief, Blamey became commander of Allied Land Forces, South West Pacific Area. In the reorganisation that followed his return to Australia on 23 March, Blamey appointed Lavarack to command theFirst Army, Mackay to command theSecond Army, and Bennett to command theIII Corps in Western Australia. Vasey became deputy chief of the general staff (DCGS), while Herring took over Northern Territory Force, and Robertson became commander of the1st Armoured Division.[107][108] Blamey's Allied Land Forces Headquarters (LHQ) was established in Melbourne, but after MacArthur's General Headquarters (GHQ) moved to Brisbane in July 1942, Blamey established an Advanced LHQ in nearbySt Lucia, Queensland.[109]
The Allied command structure was soon put under strain by Australian reverses in theKokoda Track campaign. MacArthur was highly critical of the Australian performance, and confided to theChief of Staff of the United States Army, GeneralGeorge Marshall, that "the Australians have proven themselves unable to match the enemy in jungle fighting. Aggressive leadership is lacking."[110] MacArthur told Curtin that Blamey should be sent up to New Guinea to take personal command of the situation.[111] Curtin later confessed that "in my ignorance (of military matters) I thought that the Commander in Chief should be in New Guinea."[112]Jack Beasley suggested that Blamey would make a convenient scapegoat: "Moresby is going to fall. Send Blamey up there and let him fall with it!"[112]
Blamey felt he had no choice,[113] but his assumption of command of New Guinea Force sat uneasily with Rowell, the commander of I Corps there, who saw it as displaying a lack of confidence in him. A petulant Rowell would not be mollified, and, after a series of disagreements, Blamey relieved Rowell of his command, replacing him with Herring.[114] More reliefs followed. Herring relieved BrigadierArnold Potts of the21st Infantry Brigade, replacing him with BrigadierIvan Dougherty on 22 October. Five days later, Blamey replaced Allen as the 7th Division's commander with Vasey.[115] Nor were generals the only ones to be removed. Blamey cancelledChester Wilmot's accreditation as awar correspondent in October 1942 for spreading a false rumour that Blamey was taking payments from the laundry contractor atPuckapunyal.[116] Wilmot was reinstated, but on 1 November 1942, Blamey again terminated Wilmot's accreditation, this time for good.[117]
Blamey made a controversial speech to the 21st Infantry Brigade on 9 November 1942. According to the official historian,Dudley McCarthy:
[Blamey] said that the Jap was like a gorilla; he would get into a hole and he would not surrender; while in his hole and protected by it he would kill; to be dealt with he had to be got out of his holes and put on the run. Blamey added that it was like shooting rabbits: while the rabbits were in their burrows they could not be shot; they had to be got on the run and then the man with the gun could get them. "It never entered my head as I stood there on parade that the general had any idea he was being offensive, or that he intended to be so", wrote Brigadier Dougherty (then a newcomer to the brigade) afterwards. "But the brigade gave to what he said the interpretation that 'they ran like rabbits'. This interpretation of what he said spread throughout New Guinea and indeed back home, and resulted in bitter feelings. Following his address to the whole brigade [General Blamey] addressed the officers separately. He was direct with them and said that a few officers in the brigade had failed. This caused bitterness. But after both addresses Blamey told me that he thought highly of the brigade, and repeated to me what he had told the whole brigade—that I, as their new brigade commander, would be very proud of them."[118]
The implication of cowardice was seen as contrasting with his own inability to stand up to MacArthur and the Prime Minister. Rowell felt that Blamey "had not shown the necessary 'moral courage' to fight the Cabinet on an issue of confidence in me."[119] When American troops suffered serious reverses in theBattle of Buna–Gona, Blamey turned the tables on MacArthur. According toLieutenant GeneralGeorge Kenney, the commander of Allied Air Forces, Blamey "frankly said he would rather send in more Australians, as he knew they would fight ... a bitter pill for MacArthur to swallow".[120] In January 1943, he visited the Buna–Gona battlefield, surprising Vasey at how far forward he went, seemingly unconcerned about his safety. Blamey was impressed by the strength of the Japanese fortifications that had been captured, later telling correspondents that Australian and American troops had performed miracles.[121]
At theBattle of Wau in January 1943, Blamey won the battle by acting decisively on intelligence, shifting the 17th Infantry Brigade fromMilne Bay in time to defeat the Japanese attack.[122] The official historian, Dudley McCarthy, later wrote:
At the very peak of this leadership development was General Blamey himself. His greatness was demonstrated almost daily by a knowledge unparalleled in Australia of how an army should be formed and put to work; by his exercise of the vital field command at the same time as he kept within his grasp a vastly detailed control of the Australian Army as a whole; by his sagacity and strength in meeting the rapidly changing demands of a difficult political situation; by his ability speedily to encompass the requirements of the new war and plan far ahead of the events of the day as he controlled them; by his generally unappreciated humanity.[123]
For the Papuan Campaign, MacArthur awarded Blamey the AmericanDistinguished Service Cross,[124] and Blamey was created aKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire on 28 May 1943.[125] This was unusual as it was theAustralian Labor Party's policy not to award knighthoods, but was done as a response to the British government's awards to British and American officers for theNorth African campaign. Blamey's and Herring's knighthoods would be the last that the Labor government would award to Australian soldiers.[126]
The relationship between MacArthur and Blamey was generally good, and they had great respect for each other's abilities. MacArthur's main objection was that as commander-in-chief of AMF as well as commander of Allied Land Forces, Blamey was not wholly under his command.[127] Official historianGavin Long argued that:
Nothing substantial would have been gained by this arrangement and much would have been lost: notably the existence of a single commander who could advise the Australian Government on all the problems of its army and be answerable to that Government for the manner in which it was employed both at home and in the field.[128]
The next operation was MacArthur'sOperation Cartwheel, an advance on the major Japanese base at Rabaul. The Australian Army was tasked with the capture of theHuon Peninsula. Blamey was ordered to again assume personal command of New Guinea Force. His concept, which he developed with Herring andFrank Berryman, who had replaced Vasey as DCGS, was to draw the Japanese forces away from Lae with a demonstration againstSalamaua, and then captureLae with a double envelopment. Blamey remained a devotee of new technology. His plan called for the use of the landing craft of the2nd Engineer Special Brigade, and he intended to cross theMarkham River with the aid of paratroops.[129] Supplies would be brought across the river usingDUKWs, a relatively new invention.[130] He also attempted to acquire helicopters, but met resistance from the RAAF, and they were never delivered.[131] MacArthur accepted a number of changes that Blamey made to his strategy, probably the most notable of which was putting thelanding on New Britain before Blamey's attack onMadang.[129]
The campaign started well; Lae was captured well ahead of schedule. Blamey then handed over command of New Guinea Force to Mackay and returned to Australia. The 7th Division thenadvanced through the Ramu Valley while the 9th Divisionlanded at Finschhafen. The campaign then slowed owing to a combination of logistical difficulties and Japanese resistance. Blamey responded to a request from Mackay to relieve Herring, whose chief of staff had been killed in an aircraft accident. He immediately sent Morshead.[132] In February 1944 there was criticism in Parliament of the way that Blamey had "side tracked" various generals; the names of Bennett, Rowell, Mackay, Wynter, Herring, Lavarack, Robertson, Morshead and Clowes were mentioned.[133] Blamey responded,
We had twelve divisions to fight the Jap. On arrival of other equipment, other considerations came in and we now have six divisions. Can you tell me what should have been done with the surplus generals? I do know that on every occasion I proposed to terminate a general's appointment, politicians have tried to stop it.[134]
Frank Forde criticised Blamey for having too many generals. Blamey could only reply that the Australian Army had one general for 15,741 men and women compared to one per 9,090 in the British Army.[135]
Blamey was annoyed by the media campaign run against him byWilliam Dunstan andKeith Murdoch ofThe Herald and Weekly Times newspaper group, but success in New Guinea led to a change of heart at the newspaper, and Blamey even accepted a dinner invitation from Murdoch in 1944.[136] There was another victory, though, far more significant. The Army had taken heavy casualties frommalaria in the fighting in 1942. Blamey took the advice ofEdward Ford andNeil Hamilton Fairley, and strongly backed their ultimately successful efforts to control the disease. To acquaint himself with the issues, Blamey read throughManson's Tropical Diseases, the standard medical textbook on the subject.[137] He promoted the work ofHoward Florey on the development ofpenicillin, and wrote to Curtin urging that £200,000 (equivalent to AUD$36,800,000 in 2022) be earmarked for Florey's vision of a national institute for medical research in Canberra, which ultimately became theJohn Curtin School of Medical Research.[138]
Blamey was involved in discussions with the government over the size of the Army to be maintained. Now that the danger of invasion of Australia had passed, the government reconsidered how the nation's resources, particularly of manpower, should be distributed. Blamey pressed for a commitment to maintain three AIF divisions, as only they could legally be sent north of the equator where the final campaigns would be fought. He urged that theEmpire Air Training Scheme be curtailed, and opposed MacArthur's proposal to use the Australian Army primarily for logistic support and leave combat roles principally to American troops.[139]
On 5 April 1944, Blamey departed for San Francisco on boardSS Lurline for the first leg of a voyage to attend the 1944Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference in London as part of Curtin's party. The journey was made by sea and rail due to Curtin's fear of flying. Also on board the ship were American military personnel returning to the United States, and some 40 Australian war brides.[140] Blamey "was always attractive to women and attracted by them. Advancing years had not reduced either his taste for amorous adventures or his capacity to enjoy them",[141] and he brought with him several cases of spirits. The rowdy goings-on in Blamey's cabin did not endear him to the Prime Minister, who was a reformed alcoholic. The party travelled by train to Washington, D.C., where Blamey was warmly greeted by theJoint Chiefs of Staff, and briefed theCombined Chiefs of Staff on the progress of the war in SWPA.[140] In London Blamey had a series of meetings with theChief of the Imperial General Staff, Field Marshal SirAlan Brooke, and was briefed onOperation Overlord by General SirBernard Montgomery andAir Chief Marshal SirArthur Tedder. Blamey was disappointed to have to turn down an offer to accompany the invasion as a guest of GeneralDwight Eisenhower because Curtin feared that the invasion would lead to retaliatory German bombing, and wanted to be far away before it started.[142][143]
As a matter of policy, Curtin wanted Australian forces to be involved in liberating New Guinea. MacArthur therefore proposed that Australian troops relieve the American garrisons onNew Britain,Bougainville andNew Guinea. However, MacArthur balked at Blamey's proposal to replace the seven American divisions with just seven Australian brigades, resulting in the 6th Division being employed as well. The larger garrisons permitted offensive operations, and demanded them if the 6th Division was to be freed for employment elsewhere.[144] These operations aroused considerable criticism on the grounds that they were unnecessary, that the troops should have been employed elsewhere, and that the Army's equipment and logistics were inadequate. Blamey vigorously defended his aggressive policy to reduce the bypassed Japanese garrisons and free the civilian population, but some felt that he went too far in putting his case publicly in a national radio broadcast. He was also criticised for not spending enough time in forward areas, although he spent more than half his time outside Australia in 1944, and between April 1944 and April 1945 travelled 65,000 miles (105,000 km) by air, 7,000 miles (11,000 km) by sea and 7,500 miles (12,100 km) by land.[145] Blamey urged that the 7th Division not be sent toBalikpapan, an operation that he regarded as unnecessary. On this occasion, he was not supported by the government, and the operation went ahead as planned.[146]
Gavin Long wrote:
Some of the reasons for Blamey's lack of popularity with several of the Ministers and part of the public can probably be discovered only by exploring traits in the Australian national character of those days; other reasons are easier to unearth. Throughout the war Blamey commanded an army whose senior appointments were shared between regular and citizen officers. In some places this created tensions and rivalry which adversely affected Blamey's reputation, through no fault of his own; also the ambiguous relationship between his headquarters and MacArthur's led to disagreements of which at least the Ministers were aware. A man of greater tact, however, could have managed these problems more smoothly. But Blamey was not a man of great tact.[147]
On 2 September 1945, Blamey was with MacArthur onUSS Missouri and signed the Japanese surrender document on behalf of Australia. He then flew toMorotai and personally accepted the surrender of the remaining Japanese in the South West Pacific.[148] He insisted that Australia should be represented in theAllied occupation of Japan.[149]
MacArthur abolished SWPA on 2 September 1945, and on 15 September Blamey offered to resign. The war was over, and the post of commander-in-chief was now a purely administrative one. His offer was not accepted, but on 14 November, the government abruptly announced that it had accepted his resignation, effective 30 November. A farewell party was held in Melbourne, which was attended by 66 brigadiers and generals. Blamey was given time to write up his despatches, and was formally retired on 31 January 1946.[150] Forde asked Blamey if he wanted anything in way of recognition for his services, and Blamey asked for knighthoods for his generals, but Forde could not arrange this. In the end, Forde decided to give Blamey the Buick staff car he had used during the war, which had clocked up 50,000 miles (80,000 km) in the Middle East and the South West Pacific.[151]
Blamey returned to Melbourne, where he devoted himself to business affairs, to writing, and to promoting the welfare of ex-service personnel.[152] In September 1948, Blamey paid a visit to Japan, where he was warmly greeted on arrival atIwakuni by Horace Robertson, the commander of theBritish Commonwealth Occupation Force, who also provided an RAAF honour guard. MacArthur sent his own aircraft, theBataan, to collect Blamey and bring him to Tokyo, where he met Blamey at the airport and gave him another warm greeting.[153] In the late 1940s Blamey became involved with The Association, an organisation similar to the earlier League of National Security, which was established to counter a possible communist coup. He was the head of the organisation until ill health forced him to stand down in favour of Morshead in 1950.[154]
Menzies became prime minister again in December 1949, and he resolved that Blamey should be promoted to the rank of field marshal,[155] something that had been mooted in 1945.[156] The recommendation went via theGovernor-General,William McKell, toBuckingham Palace in London, which appeared to reply that adominion officer could not be promoted to the rank. Menzies pointed out thatJan Smuts already had.[155] The King's Official Secretary, SirAlan Lascelles, then claimed that Blamey could not be promoted to field marshal because he was a retired officer,[157] which was not true. Menzies then restored Blamey to active duty.[158] Blamey was duly promoted to field marshal in theKing's Birthday Honours of 8 June 1950.[159] He is the only Australian to attain the rank of field marshal.[160]
A few days afterwards, Blamey became seriously ill and on 16 September 1950 received his field marshal's baton from McKell in a bedside ceremony at theHeidelberg Repatriation Hospital. Blamey died there of hypertensivecerebral haemorrhage on 27 May 1951. His body lay in state at theShrine of Remembrance, where 20,000 people filed past.[161] Crowds estimated at 300,000 lined the streets of Melbourne at his state funeral. Ten of his lieutenant generals served as pallbearers: Frank Berryman, William Bridgeford, Edmund Herring, Iven Mackay, Leslie Morshead,John Northcott, Sydney Rowell, Stanley Savige,Vernon Sturdee andHenry Wells. His body was cremated at theFawkner Crematorium and Memorial Park.[162]
Blamey is honoured in Australia in various ways, including a square named after him which is situated outside theRussell Offices headquarters of theAustralian Defence Force andDepartment of Defence in the national capital,Canberra.[163] Blamey Crescent and Blamey Place in the Canberra suburb ofCampbell are also named in his honour.[164] A statue of Blamey stands inKings Domain, Melbourne, on the corner of Government House Drive and Birdwood Avenue, opposite that of John Monash. It was sculpted from granite and bronze byRaymond B. Ewers and presented to the city in February 1960. Controversially, the statue portrays Blamey clutching half of a Jeep windscreen, rather than mounted on the traditional horse or simply standing.[82]Blamey Barracks atKapooka, where theArmy Recruit Training Centre is located, is also named in his honour,[165] as are Blamey Street and Blamey Park inNorth Ryde, New South Wales.[166] His papers are held in theAustralian War Memorial,[167] where his field marshal's baton is on display.[168]
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| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| New title Newly activated organisation | GOC-in-CAustralian Military Forces 1942–1945 | Succeeded by Lieutenant GeneralVernon Sturdee |
| New title I Corps activated | GOCI Corps 1940–1941 | Succeeded by Lieutenant GeneralJohn Lavarack |
| New title Division activated | GOC6th Division 1939–1940 | Succeeded by Major GeneralIven Mackay |
| Preceded by Major GeneralHarold Elliott | GOC3rd Division 1931–1937 | Succeeded by Major GeneralEdmund Drake-Brockman |
| Police appointments | ||
| Preceded by Alexander Nicholson | Chief Commissioner ofVictoria Police 1925–1936 | Succeeded by |
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