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Third Way in Germany

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Centrist political movement
Not to be confused withThird Way (Germany).
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This articleis missing information about Konrad Adenauer and Willy Brandt. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on thetalk page.(January 2026)
(from left to right, top to bottom)Konrad Adenauer,Willy Brandt andGerhard Schröder were affiliated with theThird Way movement inGermany.
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Third Wayin Germany has been influential onGerman politics mostly duringGerhard Schröder, while the most of modern German history is influenced bycentre-left andcentre-right ideologies and politicians, there were times in thatThird Way politics influenced the country outside of Schröder.

Background

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DuringWorld War II, economists tried to find a third way betweencapitalism andsocialism, the results weresocial market economy andordoliberalism.

Social market economy

[edit]

Alfred Müller-Armack, who coinded the term "social market economy", used the term "Third Way" to describe the social market economy, for Müller-Armack the social market economy was neitherlibertarian norsocialist.[1][2][3] UnlikeLudwig Erhard, he promotedsocial liberalism,[4] and rejected the term of "Third Way" and alsosocial democracy.[5][6][7]Alfred Schüller also rejected the term "Third Way".[8]Franz Oppenheimer, a friend of Erhard, described the social market economy asliberal andsocialist,[9] and later publishedWeder so – noch so. Der dritte Weg (1933) where he described the social market economy as a Third Way.[10]

Konrad Adenauer Foundation on the social market economy

[edit]

TheKonrad Adenauer Foundation described thesocial market economy as a Third Way.[11]

Ordoliberalism

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TheFreiburg school embraced the social market economy and developed their own variant ofliberal economic thought called "ordoliberalism" byHero Moeller [de] in 1950.[12] InCivitas Humana (1947), ordoliberalWilhelm Röpke saw ordoliberalism asliberal conservatism against capitalism. While not part of the Freiburg school,Alexander Rüstow influenced ordoliberalism and wrote inDas Versagen des Wirtschaftsliberalismus (1950) hat economic liberalism failed. Before Rüstow also wrote a book with the name "Zwischen Kapitalismus und Kommunismus" which is translated in Between Capitalism and Communism.[13] Ordoliberalism supports configuration of vital resources andprogressive taxation.[14] The ordoliberal emphasis on theprivatization ofpublic services and other public firms such astelecommunication services,[15] andwealth redistribution andminimum wage laws asregulative principles makes clear the links between thiseconomic model and the social market economy.[16][17]Philipp Ther defined ordoliberalism as followed "combination ofneoliberalism with awelfare state" and the combination of "promarket liberalism with a regulatorywelfare state".[18]

While ordoliberalism is often compared to Third Waysocial democracy, there are still differences Both adhere to the idea of providing a moderate stance between socialism and capitalism; the ordoliberal social market model often combinesprivate enterprise with governmentregulation to establish faircompetition (although German network industries are known to have beenderegulated),[15] whereas advocates of the Third Way social democracy model have been known to oversee multiple economicderegulations. The Third Way social democracy model has also foreseen a clash of ideas regarding the establishment of thewelfare state, in comparison to the ordoliberal's idea of asocial market model being open to the benefits ofsocial welfare.[19] Despite this, it is still often seen as a third way betweencollectivism andclassical liberalism.[20] Ordoliberalism repersents the German form ofsocial liberalism.[21] Ordoliberals advocated for there own variant ofsupply-side economics, ordoliberals also embracemonetarism.[22][23][24] Röpke later described ordoliberalism as the "First Way".[25] Other ordoliberals continued to see it as a "Third Way",[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] includingAlexander Rüstow.[34] The non-Third Way Erhard is also considered by some as ordoliberal.[35][36] TheFDP 1977 Kiel Theses and 1985 Liberal Manifesto returned the FDP towards its traditional free-market, ordoliberal approach, even while former Chairmen were more proponents ofsocial liberalism or onlysocial market economy.[37][38]

Later economists likeRoland Baader [de] were influenced by ordoliberalism, however he saw himself more as aclassical liberal.[39][40]

Ordoliberalism and the term Neoliberalism

[edit]

In the ordoliberal Alexander Rüstow used the term neoliberalism to describe ordoliberalism,[41] later ordoliberalism was often referred as "German neoliberalism", however this led to frequent confusion and mix-ups of terms and ideas in the discourse, due the term was then used forFriedrich August von Hayek and forMilton Friedman and his economic school, theChicago School of economics, which is against state intervention. Due this, debate and criticism of both economic schools accured. In 1991 political economist Michel Albert published Capitalisme Contre Capitalisme, and in 2001 Peter A. Hall and David Soskice published Varieties of Capitalism, and both separated the concepts and developed the new terms "liberal market economy" and "coordinated market economy" to distinguish neoliberalism and ordoliberalism.[42][43][44]

In the early 2000s bothWilhelm Röpke andWalter Eucken got seen to embrace something called "Soziologischer Neoliberalismus" or "Soziologischer Liberalismus" or also as "Religiös/Humanistisch begründeter Neoliberalismus".[45][46] The non-ordoliberalHans-Dietrich Genscher was for aclasical neoliberalism but with social aspects.[47]

Some people seeFriedrich August von Hayek as an ordoliberal, however this theory got criticized due the point that Hayek wasn't againstclassical liberalism and even saw himself as a classical liberal and that Hayek didn't want to find a "Third Way" like ordoliberals want.[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61]

German and American think tanks on ordoliberalism

[edit]

The Konrad Adenauer Foundation and theFriedrich Naumann Foundation both see ordoliberalism as Third Way.[62][63] The Konrad Adenauer Foundation also criticized South Korean former PresidentKim Young-sam for embracingneoliberalism rather than ordoliberalism.[64] The right-libertarianFoundation for Economic Education links ordoliberalism toBill Clinton's Third Way.[65]

History

[edit]

1949–1963

[edit]

In the beginning of theFederal Republic of Germany, the term was not used; however,Konrad Adenauer, the first Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, saw himself as a supported of the Third Way as he rejected Westernliberalism andSoviet Communism.Franz Josef Strauss, theMinister-President of Bavaria from 1978 until 1988, also embraced the Third Way.[66]

1969–1974

[edit]

The firstSPD chancellor of GermanyWilly Brandt is considered to be a supporter of the Third Way by Konrad Sziedat, who argued that likeGerhard Schröder andTony Blair he was for a third way between capitalism and socialism.[67] Brandt saw himself as ademocratic socialist.[68][69]

1982–1983

[edit]
Main article:First Kohl cabinet

During his first cabinet,Helmut Kohl advocated for ordoliberal economic policies and reforms; however, he later supportedKeynesian economic policies mixed withneoliberal ones.[70][71][72][73][74][75] At the time when he was the chancellor candidate for the CDU in 1983, he was influenced byLudwig Erhard and also byAlfred Müller-Armack.[76]Otto Graf Lambsdorff, Federal Economic Minister at that time, was an ordoliberal, which also embracedmarket liberalism.[77]

1998–2005

[edit]

Schröder is the most known German that embraced the Third Way.[78] He called his variant "Neue Mitte" and later wrote together with Blair a paper about the Third Way, which has three different names (Schröder-Blair-Papier,Der Weg nach vorne für Europas Sozialdemokraten. andEurope: The Third Way/Die Neue Mitte). They called on Europe'scentre-left governments tocut taxes, pursue labour andwelfare reforms, and encourage entrepreneurship. The joint paper said European governments needed to adopt a "supply-side agenda" to respond toglobalisation, the demands of capital markets, and technological change.[79][80][81] Schröder portrayed himself as a pragmatic new social democrat.[82] Schröder advocated for the economic ideas of Otto Graf Lambsdorff.[73]

Domestic policies

[edit]

HisAgenda 2010 reform programme included cuts in the social welfare system (national health insurance,unemployment payments, and pensions), lower taxes, and reformedregulations on employment and payment. He also eliminatedcapital gains tax on the sale of corporate stocks and thereby made the country more attractive toforeign investors.[83]

2020s

[edit]

Sahra Wagenknecht sees ordoliberalism as an alternative to neoliberalism.[84][85] SomeAlternative for Germany members like Dimitrios Kisoudis and Jurij.C. Kofner are embracing ordoliberalism.

Persons

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Alfred Müller-Armack: Stil und Ordnung der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft (1952). In: Alfred Müller-Armack: Wirtschaftsordnung und Wirtschaftspolitik. Studien und Konzepte zur Sozialen Marktwirtschaft und zur Europäischen Integration. Rombach. Freiburg i. B. 1966, S. 242.
  2. ^Alfred Müller-Armack: Stil und Ordnung der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft (1952). In: Alfred Müller-Armack: Wirtschaftsordnung und Wirtschaftspolitik. Studien und Konzepte zur Sozialen Marktwirtschaft und zur Europäischen Integration. Rombach, Freiburg i. B. 1966, S. 236.
  3. ^https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/4344/1/04_12bw.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  4. ^Erhard, L., Franz Oppenheimer, dem Lehrer und Freund (1964), in: Hohmann, K. (ed.), Ludwig Erhard. Gedanken aus fünf Jahrzehnten, Reden und Schriften, Düsseldorf/ Vienna/ New York, 1988b, p. 861.
  5. ^Regarding the influence of Oppenheimer on Erhard, see Wünsche, H. F., Der Einfluss Oppenheimers auf Erhard und dessen Konzeption von der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, in: Caspari, V.; Schefold, B. (eds.), Franz Oppenheimer und Adolph Lowe, Zwei Wirtschaftswissenschaftler der Frankfurter Universität, Marburg, 1996, pp. 141-161; Haselbach, D., Franz Oppenheimer's Theory of Capitalism and of a Third Path, in: Koslowski, P. (ed.), The Theory of Capitalism in the German Economic Tradition. Historism, Ordo-Liberalism, Critical Theory, Solidarism, Berlin et al., 2000, pp. 54-86.
  6. ^https://iea.org.uk/blog/ludwig-erhards-social-market-economy-a-liberal-not-a-social-democratic-concept/
  7. ^"A German Approach to Liberalism? Ordoliberalism, Sociological Liberalism, and Social Market Economy | Cairn.info".
  8. ^Alfred Schüller stellt Freie Marktwirtschaft und Soziale Marktwirtschaft als Formen des Ersten Weges der zentral geplanten Sozialverwaltungswirtschaft als Zweitem Weg und dem Marktsozialismus (wozu Schüller auch den Wohlfahrtsstaat zählt) schließlich als Dritten Weg gegenüber. Schüller verweist dabei auf Wilhelm Röpke, der zeitweilig zwar von einem Dritten Weg sprach, sich später jedoch von dieser Bezeichnung nachdrücklich distanzierte. Alfred Schüller: Soziale Marktwirtschaft und Dritte Wege. In: ORDO – Jahrbuch für die Ordnung von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Band 51. Lucius & Lucius, Stuttgart 2000, S. 169–202.
  9. ^Oppenheimer, F., System der Soziologie (III/1). Band 3: Theorie der reinen und politischen Ökonomie, Teil 1: Grundlagen, Jena, 1910, p. 9. The economist Franz Oppenheimer (1864–1943) also published his economic conception in Sprung über ein Jahrhundert, Bern/ Leipzig, 1935 under the pseudonym F. D. Pelton.
  10. ^Oppenheimer, F., Weder so – noch so. Der dritte Weg, Potsdam, 1933.
  11. ^"6 0 years of social market economy formation , Development and perspectives of a peacemaking formula". Archived fromthe original on 2024-06-27.
  12. ^Ptak, Ralf (2004).Vom Ordoliberalismus zur Sozialen Marktwirtschaft: Stationen des Neoliberalismus in Deutschland (in German). VS Verlag. p. 23.ISBN 978-3-8100-4111-1.
  13. ^Zwischen Kapitalismus und Kommunismus, 1949
  14. ^"Von Hayek and Ordoliberalism on Justice"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-12-03. Retrieved2012-11-09.
  15. ^abSiebert, Horst (28 May 2003),"Germany's Social Market Economy: How Sustainable is the Welfare State?"(PDF),Paper presented at the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Johns Hopkins University, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 9 March 2013, retrieved9 November 2012
  16. ^Kingston, Suzanne (2011).Greening EU Competition Law and Policy.Cambridge University Press.ISBN 9781139502788. Retrieved1 August 2013 – viaGoogle Books.
  17. ^"The 'third way' between state intervention and the free market - Taipei Times". 3 March 2015.
  18. ^https://dokumen.pub/qdownload/europe-since-1989-a-history-9781400882892.html
  19. ^"Soziale Marktwirtschaft" [Social market economy].Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon (in German).Archived from the original on 2018-03-16. Retrieved2013-08-01.
  20. ^Bonefeld, Werner (2012)."Freedom and the Strong State: On German Ordoliberalism".New Political Economy.17 (5):633–656.doi:10.1080/13563467.2012.656082.ISSN 1469-9923.S2CID 154374055.Archived from the original on 2022-12-15. Retrieved2022-12-15.
  21. ^"(PDF) THE INFLUENCE OF ORDOLIBERALISM IN EUROPE".
  22. ^https://books.google.de/books?id=iPpZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
  23. ^So etwa Helmut Kohl in einer Regierungserklärung 1983. Hermann Adam: Von der Inflationsphobie bis zur „schwarzen Null“. In: Wirtschaftsdienst. Band 2016, Nr. 7, 2016, S. 492–500 (wirtschaftsdienst.eu [abgerufen am 20. Oktober 2021]).
  24. ^Zur Abgrenzung der „Amerikaner“ von den sozialpolitischen Grundfesten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland s. auch Michel Foucault: Die Geburt der Biopolitik. Geschichte der Gouvernementalität II. Vorlesung am Collège de France 1978–1979. Frankfurt am Main 2006, S. 205 f.
  25. ^Röpke, Wilhelm (1951). Die Lehre von der Wirtschaft, Erlenbach-Zürich [The teaching of the economy, Erlenbach-Zürich] (in German). pp. 56–59.
  26. ^Dale, Gareth (2019)."Justificatory Fables of Ordoliberalism: Laissez-faire and the "Third Way"".Critical Sociology.45 (7–8):1047–1060.doi:10.1177/0896920519832638.
  27. ^"Thomas F. Remington: The Ordoliberalism Debate".
  28. ^"A climate fit for capitalism: ordoliberalism's political ecology and German environmental politics".www.tandfonline.com.
  29. ^"Ordoliberalism Revisited"(PDF).thomasremington.com.
  30. ^Anchustegui, Ignacio Herrera (2015)."Competition Law through an Ordoliberal Lens".Oslo Law Review.2 (2):139–174.doi:10.5617/oslaw2568.hdl:1956/12260.
  31. ^"Redeeming the State: political crisis and the emergence of German Ordoliberalism from 1919 to 1949"(PDF).www.st-hughs.ox.ac.uk.
  32. ^"Ordoliberalism, the social-market economy, and keynesianism in Germany, 1945- 1974 | Request PDF".
  33. ^"Historic origins of austerity and the ordoliberal school of thought"(PDF).www.etd.ceu.edu.
  34. ^"Ordoliberalism and the Social Market Economy"(PDF).www.eucken.de.
  35. ^"The ordoliberalism that never was | Request PDF".
  36. ^https://fee.org/articles/japan-germany-and-the-end-of-the-third-way/
  37. ^Frank Titpon (2003).A History of Modern Germany Since 1815. A&C Black. p. 656.ISBN 978-0-82-644910-8.
  38. ^Frank B. Tipton, A History of Modern Germany since 1815 (2003) 596-99
  39. ^https://seyerlein.de/shop/item/9783939562931/totgedacht-von-roland-baader-e-book-epub
  40. ^http://mp-ckm.de/downloads/Baader_Eurokatastrophe_Eb.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  41. ^Boas, Taylor C.; Gans-Morse, Jordan (2009)."Neoliberalism: From New Liberal Philosophy to Anti-Liberal Slogan".Studies in Comparative International Development.44 (2):137–61.doi:10.1007/s12116-009-9040-5.ISSN 0039-3606.
  42. ^Taylor C. Boss, Jordan Gans-Morse: Neoliberalism: From New Liberal Philosophy to Anti-Liberal Slogan. In: Studies in Comparative International Development. Band 44, Nr. 2, 2009, ISSN 0039-3606, S. 150, doi:10.1007/s12116-009-9040-5.
  43. ^Andreas Renner: Die zwei Neoliberalismen. In: Fragen der Freiheit. Nr. Heft 256, Okt./Dez. 2000.
  44. ^Peter Ulrich: Zivilisierte Marktwirtschaft. Eine wirtschaftsethische Orientierung. Haupt, Bern / Stuttgart / Wien 2010, S. 155.
  45. ^Wilga Föste: Grundwerte in der Ordnungskonzeption der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft. Metropolis-Verlag, Marburg 2006, ISBN 3-89518-576-0, S. 147.
  46. ^Andreas Renner: Die zwei Neoliberalismen. In: Ingo Pies, Martin Leschke: Walter Euckens Ordnungspolitik. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2002, ISBN 3-16-147919-X, S. 176.
  47. ^http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-115560213.html
  48. ^Dagmar Schiek: European Economic and Social Constitutionalism After the Treaty of Lisbon. Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-1-107-00681-2, S. 96
  49. ^Lüder Gerken: Von Freiheit und Freihandel: Grundzüge einer ordoliberalen Aussenwirtschaftstheorie. Mohr Siebeck, 1999, ISBN 3-16-147280-2, S. 2.
  50. ^Lars Gertenbach: Die Kultivierung des Marktes: Foucault und die Gouvernementalität des Neoliberalismus. Parodos Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-938880-09-8, S. 71.
  51. ^Manfred E. Streit: Freiburger Beiträge zur Ordnungsökonomik. Mohr Siebeck, 1995, ISBN 3-16-146454-0, S. 71–72.
  52. ^Andreas Renner: Neoliberalismus – Versuch einer Begriffsklärung. In: Walter Bührer (Hrsg.): Die Schweiz unter Globalisierungsdruck. Sauerländer, Aarau 1999, S. 40.
  53. ^Nils Goldschmidt, Michael Wohlgemuth: Grundtexte zur Freiburger Tradition der Ordnungsökonomik. Mohr Siebeck, 2008, ISBN 978-3-16-148297-7, S. 11.
  54. ^Stefan Kolev: F. A. Hayek as an Ordo-Liberal. (PDF; 332 kB) S. 2.
  55. ^Manfred E. Streit, Michael Wohlgemuth: The Market Economy and the State. Hayekian and Ordoliberal Conceptions. In: Peter Koslowski: The Theorie of Capitalism in the German Economic Tradition. ISBN 3-540-66674-5, S. 227.
  56. ^Ingo Pies: Eucken und von Hayek im Vergleich: zur Aktualisierung der ordnungspolitischen Konzeption. Mohr Siebeck, 2001, ISBN 3-16-147636-0, S. 134.
  57. ^Nils Goldschmidt, Michael Wohlgemuth: Grundtexte zur Freiburger Tradition der Ordnungsökonomik. Mohr Siebeck, 2008, ISBN 978-3-16-148297-7, S. 8.
  58. ^Iris Karabelas: Freiheit statt Sozialismus: Rezeption und Bedeutung Friedrich August von Hayeks in der Bundesrepublik. Campus Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-593-39289-9, S. 211.
  59. ^Stefan Kolev: Macht und Wissen als Determinanten: Zur Rolle des Staates in der Wirtschaftspolitik bei Walter Eucken und Friedrich August von Hayek.
  60. ^Lars Gertenbach: Die Kultivierung des Marktes: Foucault und die Gouvernementalität des Neoliberalismus. Parodos Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-938880-09-8, S. 66–67.
  61. ^Hans Otto Lenel u. a. (Hrsg.): ORDO – Jahrbuch für die Ordnung von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Bd. 62, Lucius & Lucius, Stuttgart 2011, S. 574.
  62. ^"Principles and Core Values of the Social Market Economy".www.kas.de.
  63. ^"Third Way? Social Market Economy: Between Laissez-Faire and Interventionism". 24 September 2021.
  64. ^"Economic system and social justice global perspectives".www.kas.de.
  65. ^"Germany and the Third Way".
  66. ^"DLF-Sendung Essay und Diskurs vom 12. Februar 2012, Der andere Westen".www.dradio.de.
  67. ^"Event – GHI Washington".
  68. ^"Willy Brandt 1913 - 1992 - Socialist International".
  69. ^"Democratic Socialism - Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung".
  70. ^Vjenceslav Rupčić (2016)."Historic origins of austerity and the ordoliberal school of thought"(PDF).
  71. ^Bruno, Federico (2023)."Ordoliberal ideas on Europe: Two paradigms of European economic integration".History of European Ideas.49 (4):737–756.doi:10.1080/01916599.2022.2151494.hdl:2434/951241.
  72. ^""Kohl war Keynesianist"".
  73. ^abhttps://www.zeit.de/wirtschaft/2017-06/helmut-kohl-chancellor-economic-policy#:~:text=Helmut%20Kohl%2C%20the%20former%20German%20chancellor%2C%20was,network%20and%20provided%20his%20party%20with%20cash.
  74. ^https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644008.2012.655012
  75. ^https://budrich-journals.de/index.php/gwp/article/download/12558/10924/12953
  76. ^"Brauchen wir eine „neue Soziale Marktwirtschaft"?" [Do we need a “new social market economy”?].d-nb.info (in German).
  77. ^Aurélie Dianara Andry (2022).Social Europe, the Road Not Taken: The Left and European Integration in the Long 1970s. Oxford University Press. p. 223.ISBN 9780192867094.
  78. ^Edmund L. Andrews (20 October 1998),British-German Agenda Marks Break With Left : Manifesto Maps Out 'Third Way'Archived 5 October 2017 at theWayback MachineInternational Herald Tribune.
  79. ^Rachel Sylvester (29 May 1999),We say Third Way, you say die neue mitteArchived 5 October 2017 at theWayback MachineThe Independent.
  80. ^Tony Blair and Gerhard Schröder, (19 August 1999)Europe: The Third Way/Die Neue Mitte
  81. ^"New Statesman - the New Statesman Essay - Whatever happened to liberty?". Archived fromthe original on 6 July 2008.
  82. ^Edmund L. Andrews (20 October 1998),Choice for Economics Post Spurns Offer by SchroderArchived 5 October 2017 at theWayback MachineThe New York Times.
  83. ^Claus Christian Malzahn (14 October 2005),The Modern Chancellor: Taking Stock of Gerhard SchröderArchived 23 October 2012 at theWayback MachineSpiegel Online.
  84. ^"Are we all ordoliberals now?".
  85. ^Thorsten Holzhauser."Nicht links oder rechts, sondern beides? Das Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht nach der Europawahl" [Not left or right, but both? The Sahra Wagenknecht alliance after the European elections](PDF) (in German). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2024-07-05.
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