The Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government is a book critical of theReconstruction era, black legislators, andUlysses S. Grant written byJames Shepherd Pike in 1873. It alleges widespread corruption and misrule during the period.
In 1873James Shepherd Pike touredSouth Carolina and wrote a series of newspaper articles, reprinted in newspapers across the country and republished in book form in 1874 asThe Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government. During February and March,[1] Pike closely observed theSouth Carolina General Assembly inColumbia, the sessions of which he described as a "huge system of brigandage".[2] It was a widely read and highly influential first hand account of the details ofReconstruction government in South Carolina, that systematically exposed what Pike considered to be corruption, incompetence, bribery, financial misdeeds and misbehavior in the state legislature. His critics argued that the tone and emphasis was distorted and hostile toward African Americans and Grant Republicans.
The Prostrate State painted a lurid picture of corruption. HistorianEric Foner writes:
HistorianJohn Hope Franklin said, "James S. Pike, the Maine journalist, wrote an account of misrule in South Carolina, appropriately calledThe Prostrate State, and painted a lurid picture of the conduct of Negro legislators and the general lack of decorum in the management of public affairs.[citation needed] Written so close to the period and first published as a series of newspaper pieces,The Prostrate State should perhaps not be classified as history at all.[citation needed] For many years the book was regarded as authoritative—contemporary history at its best.[citation needed]
According toRobert Franklin Durden, Pike did not really attempt to tell what he saw or even what happened in South Carolina during Reconstruction. By picking and choosing from his notes those events and incidents that supported his argument, he sought to place responsibility for the failure ofReconstruction on the Grant administration and on the freedmen, whom he despised with equal passion.[4]
Durden wrote that the fundamental clue to Pike's hostile characterization of African Americans in his bookThe Prostrate State was that "in the 1850s no less than in the 1870s, . . . [we see] his constant antipathy toward the Negro race."[5]
In his biographical study of Pike, Durden concluded that Pike had been ardently "free soil" before the American Civil War because he thought that the West should belong to the white man. Durden said Pike despaired of living alongside arrogant slaveholders and their repulsive human property, and that he urged peaceful secession during the 1860-61 crisis partly because he had one eye cocked on the chance of getting rid of a "mass of barbarism" and that during some of the Civil War's darker days he would have settled for a compromise peace if it meant only that a Gulf coast or Deep South "negro pen" would be lost to the Federal Union. Durden wrote thatThe Prostrate State makes sense only in this context, and to the extent that Pike's racial views were representative, "the Civil War andReconstruction take on a new dimension of tragedy."[6]
Historian Mark Summers concludes that Pike stressed the sensational, but "however maliciously and mendaciously he shaded his evidence, his accounts squared with those of his colleaguesCharles Nordhoff of theNew York Herald andH. V. Redfield of theCincinnati Commercial.[7]James Freeman Clarke, a leading Boston abolitionist, visited South Carolina and reported back to his Boston congregation that the facts presented by Pike, "were confirmed by every man whom I saw."[8]
Durden (2000) reports: