"The captain goes down with the ship" is themaritimetradition that asea captain holds the ultimate responsibility for both theship and everyone embarked on it, and in an emergency they will devote their time to save those on board or die trying. Although often connected to thesinking of RMSTitanic in 1912 and her captain,Edward Smith, the tradition precedesTitanic by many years.[1] In most instances, captains forgo their own rapid departure of a ship in distress, and concentrate instead on saving other people. It often results in either the death or belated rescue of the captain as the last person on board.
The tradition is related to another protocol from the 19th century: "women and children first". Both reflect theVictorian ideal ofchivalry, in which the upper classes were expected to adhere to a morality tied to sacred honor, service, and responsibility for the disadvantaged. The actions of the captain and men during the sinking ofHMS Birkenhead in 1852 prompted praise from many, due to the sacrifice of the men who saved the women and children by evacuating them first.Rudyard Kipling's poem "Soldier an' Sailor Too" andSamuel Smiles's bookSelf-Help both highlighted the valour of the men who stood at attention and played in the band as their ship was sinking.[2]
The tradition says that the captain should be the last person to leave their ship alive before its sinking, and if they are unable to evacuate the crew and passengers from the ship, the captain will refuse self-rescue even with an opportunity to do so.[3] In a social context, especially as amariner, the captain will feel compelled to take this responsibility as asocial norm.[a]
Inmaritime law, the ship's master's responsibility for their vessel is paramount, no matter what its condition, so abandoning a ship has legal consequences, including the nature ofsalvage rights.[4]
Abandoning a ship in distress may be considered a crime that can lead to imprisonment.[3] CaptainFrancesco Schettino, who left his ship in the midst of theCosta Concordia disaster of 2012, was not only widely reviled for his actions, but received a 16-year sentence including one year for abandoning his passengers. Abandoning ship has been recorded as amaritime crime for centuries in Spain, Greece, and Italy.[5] South Korean law may also require captains to rescue themselves last.[6] In Finland, the Maritime Law (Merilaki) states that the captain must do everything in their power to save everyone on board the ship in distress, and that unless the captain's life is in immediate danger, they shall not leave the vessel as long as there is reasonable hope that it can be saved.[7] In the United States, abandoning the ship is not explicitly illegal, but the captain could be charged with other crimes, such asmanslaughter, which encompasscommon law precedent passed down through centuries. It is not illegal underinternational maritime law.[8]
September 27, 1854: James F. Luce was in command of theCollins Line steamerSS Arctic when itcollided withSS Vesta off the coast of Newfoundland. Captain Luce was able to escape the wreck and swim to the surface after initially going down with the ship. He was rescued two days later drifting on wreckage of the same paddle-wheel box that killed his youngest son Willie.[9]
September 12, 1857:William Lewis Herndon was in command of the commercial mail steamerCentral America when it encountered a hurricane. Two ships came to the rescue, but could save only a fraction of the passengers, so Captain Herndon chose to remain with the rest.
September 17, 1894: CaptainDeng Shichang, in command of theZhiyuan during theBattle of the Yalu River, went down with the ship and refused to be rescued, after the ship was struck by a Japanese shell, causing a massive explosion.
March 27, 1904: CommanderTakeo Hirose, in command of theblockshipFukui Maru at theBattle of Port Arthur, went down with the ship while searching for survivors, after the ship sustained a direct strike from Russian coastal artillery, causing it to explode.
April 15, 1912: CaptainEdward Smith, in command ofRMS Titanic when itsank in the North Atlantic after striking an iceberg, was seen returning to the bridge just before the ship began its final plunge.[10] Conflicting accounts of Smith's death followed; initial rumours claimed that Smith shot himself,[11] while others suggest that he died on the bridge when it submerged.[12][13] Some reliable accounts claim that Smith jumped overboard from the bridge,[14] and subsequently perished in the water, possibly near lifeboat Collapsible B.[15][16]
August 26, 1914: Captain Zimro Moore was in command of theSS Admiral Sampson, a U.S. cargo and passenger steamship, when it was rammed by the steamship,Princess Victoria, in fog near Seattle, Washington. He refused to leave the ship and with other crew managed to help most passengers to safety on thePrincess Victoria. He went down with the ship.
December 30, 1917: The troop transportHMTAragon was torpedoed outsideAlexandria,Egypt, after being ordered by the senior naval officer on depot shipHMSHannibal to turn around when having just entered the entrance channel. Confusion over mine clearance and communication procedures resulted in the loss of approximately 610 men fromAragon andHMSAttack, her escort, which had just rescued approximately 700 men fromAragon. Captain Francis Bateman had overseen the full evacuation and is reported as shouting his last words demanding an inquiry as to why he was ordered out to sea after reaching safe channel. He then jumped overboard going down with his ship. Both ships were torpedoed by the same German U-boat,SM UC-34, within less than thirty minutes.
May 27, 1918: HMTLeasowe Castle was torpedoed and sunk carrying ~2900 troops and ship's company 104 miles (167 km) out of Alexandria. Captain Edward John Holl went down with his ship with the exhortation to his crew "...they must be saved!"[17]
May 30, 1918: When the ItaliansteamerPietro Maroncelli was torpedoed by the German submarineUB-49 and started to sink, Italian Rear Admiral Giovanni Viglione, who was on board as the convoy commodore, ordered all the survivors into the lifeboats, then chose to stay aboard and to go down with the ship.[18]
October 25, 1927. Captain Simone Gulì went down with his shipSS Principessa Mafalda off the coast of Brazil, five hours after a propeller shaft fractured and damaged the hull; there were 314 fatalities out of the 1,252 passengers and crew on board the ship.
June 27, 1940. WhenItalian submarine Console Generale Liuzzi was forced to surface by British destroyers in theMediterranean, her commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander Lorenzo Bezzi, ordered his crew to abandon ship and then scuttled the submarine, going down with it.
May 27, 1941: CaptainErnst Lindemann of theGerman battleship Bismarck was said to be with his combat messenger, a leading seaman, and apparently trying to persuade his messenger to save himself. In this account, his messenger took Lindemann's hand and the two walked to the forward flagmast. As the ship turned over, the two stood briefly to attention, then Lindemann and his messenger saluted. As the ship rolled to port, the messenger fell into the water. Lindemann continued his salute while clinging to the flagmast, going under with the ship.[19][20]
February 28, 1942: Rear AdmiralKarel Doorman was killed in action when his flagshipHNLMS De Ruyter was torpedoed in theBattle of the Java Sea. Part of the crew was rescued before the sinking, but the Dutch admiral chose to go down with the ship. Captain LieutenantEugène Lacomblé also died in the sinking.
Japanese painting, "Last Moments of Admiral Yamaguchi"
June 5, 1942: Rear AdmiralTamon Yamaguchi, on board the aircraft carrierHiryū, insisted on staying with the stricken ship during theBattle of Midway. The ship's commander, Captain Tomeo Kaku, followed his example. Yamaguchi refused to allow his staff officers to stay with them. Yamaguchi and Kaku were last seen on the bridge waving to the crew who were abandoning ship.[21] In addition, CaptainRyusaku Yanagimoto chose to remain with his shipSōryū when it was scuttled after being destroyed in the same battle.
February 3, 1943: Captain Preston Krecker of theSS Dorchester went down with the ship after it was struck by a German U-boat. He was last seen on the deck assisting his men into lifeboats. The sinking was made famous by the story of theFour Chaplains. Captain Krecker's body was never found.
February 7, 1943: CommanderHoward W. Gilmore, captain of the American submarineUSS Growler, gave the order for crew to "clear the bridge" and leave the exposed deck of the submarine, as his crew was being attacked by a Japanese gunboat. Two men had been shot dead; Gilmore and two others were wounded. After all others had entered the sub and Gilmore found that time was critically short, he gave hislast order: "Take her down." The executive officer, hearing his order, closed the hatch and submerged the crippled boat, saving the rest of the crew from the attack of the Japanese convoy escort. Commander Gilmore, who was never seen again, received theMedal of Honor posthumously for his "distinguished gallantry", making him the second submariner to receive this award.
U-459 sinking
July 24, 1943: Author Norman Franks writes thatKapitänleutnant Georg von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff was seen on the bridge of German submarineU-459, saluting his crew before disappearing into the conning tower hatch to complete thescuttling. He seemingly made no attempt to escape, going down with his boat.[22]
January 10, 1952: After his ship was struck by a pair of rogue waves, CaptainKurt Carlsen of theSS Flying Enterprise remained aboard his ship once her passengers and crew had been evacuated in order to oversee attempts to tow the crippled vessel into port. He was eventually joined by Ken Dancy, a member of the salvage tug's crew. When the time came to abandon ship, Carlsen said to Dancy that they would jump together; Dancy refused, saying he should go first so that Carlsen could be the last to leave the ship. TheFlying Enterprise sank 48 minutes later.
July 26, 1956:Piero Calamai, the captain of the Italian linerAndrea Doria, after satisfying himself that all 1,660 passengers and crew had been safely evacuated following a collision with theMS Stockholm had determined to go down with the ship. During his supervision of the rescue operation, one of the largest in maritime history, Calamai turned to one of his officers and said softly, "If you are saved, maybe you can reachGenoa and see my family. ... Tell them I did everything I could." His officers finally convinced him to reluctantly board a lifeboat by refusing to leave him behind; nevertheless, Calamai made certain he was the last person off his doomed ship.[25][26] Captain Calamai, who never commanded another vessel, reportedly asked repeatedly on his deathbed in 1972, "Are the passengers safe? Are the passengers off?".[27]
December 9, 1971:CaptainMahendra Nath Mulla,MVC, the captain of the Indian frigateINS Khukri, went down with the ship after it was attacked by a submarine in theIndo-Pakistani War of 1971. At least 194 members of the crew died in the sinking, which reportedly took two minutes.
September 28, 1994: Captain Arvo Andresson sank withMS Estonia off the coasts ofEstonia andFinland. Of the 989 people on board, 137 were rescued and 95 were later found dead in freezing waters or rafts.
July 19, 1996: Lieutenant Commander Parakrama Samaraweera,RSP, the captain of theSri Lanka Navy shipSLNSRanaviru, went down with the ship after it was attacked byLTTE during thefirst battle of Mullaitivu. Samaraweera was last seen on the bridge firing a rifle; his body was never recovered.[28]
October 29, 2012: Captain Robin Walbridge of theBounty, a replica ofHMS Bounty, stayed on the ship until itcapsized duringHurricane Sandy. Walbridge and one crew member died, while the fourteen crew members who made it to liferafts survived.[29][30][31]
October 2, 2015: Captain Michael Davidson, master of the cargo shipEl Faro, was recorded on the voyage data recorder encouraging the ship's helmsman, not moving due to fear and exhaustion, to join him in abandoning the vessel, before the recording ended with both still on the bridge of the sinking ship.
In some cases the captain may choose toscuttle the ship and escape danger rather than die as it sinks. This choice is usually available only if the damage does not immediately imperil a vast portion of the ship's company and occupants. If adistress call was successful and the crew and occupants, the ship's cargo, and other items of interest are rescued, then the vessel may not be worth anything asmarine salvage and be allowed to sink. In other cases a military organization ornavy might wish to destroy a ship to prevent it being taken as aprize – typically an abandoned warship would be torpedoed to make sure it sinks before an enemy can arrive to board it. Commodities and warmateriel carried ascargo might also need to be destroyed to prevent capture by the opposing side.
In other cases a captain may decide to save themselves to the detriment of their crew, the vessel, or its mission. A decision that shirks the responsibilities of the command of a vessel will usually bring upon the captain a legal, criminal, or social penalty, with military commanders often facing dishonor.
July 17, 1880: The captain and crew ofSS Jeddah abandoned the ship and their passengers in a storm expecting it would sink, but the ship was found with nearly all passengers alive three days later. A key part ofJoseph Conrad's 1899–1900 novelLord Jim is based on this incident; Conrad had been a captain in the merchant marine before turning to writing.
June 15, 1904: Captain William H. Van Schaick of the paddle boat steamshipGeneral Slocum escaped with an injured eye after the vessel caught fire in sight ofManhattan. The burning ship sank into theEast River next toNew York City, killing 955 passengers and 2 crewmen. Several hundred more were injured. The ferry had been carrying mostly women and children who were on a chartered church picnic. Van Schaick received a 10-year prison sentence for his part in the disaster.
September 10, 1941: When theGerman submarineU-501 was forced to surface alongside a Canadian corvette,Korvettenkapitän Hugo Förster surrendered himself by jumping onto the Canadian ship. The First Watch Officer took over and had the U-boat scuttled just as the Canadians boarded. One Canadian and 11 Germans died.
May 8, 1942: TheUSSLexington was sunk during theBattle of the Coral Sea. TheLexington was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes.Lexington listed but was still afloat. A previously undetected leak of aircraft fuel resulted in multiple explosions and uncontrollable fires, dooming the ship. In the afternoon,CaptainFrederick C. Sherman gave the order to abandon ship. SoLexington would not be captured as a war prize for the Japanese, theUSSPhelps was ordered to scuttle theLexington with torpedoes. Frederick Sherman abandoned ship as well and would later be promoted to flag rank. He was onboard theUSSMissouri when theJapanese surrendered.
June 7 1942: CaptainElliot Buckmaster had the USSYorktown evacuated except a skeleton crew to try to control damage and keep the listing ship afloat after repeated attacks during theBattle of Midway.Yorktown along with theUSSHammann were later torpedoed and sunk by theJapanese submarineI-168. Buckmaster was promoted to Rear Admiral after the Battle of Midway. He later played a pivotal role in the rescue of the survivors of theUSSIndianapolis after it too was sunk by a Japanese submarine.
September 15, 1942: TheUSSWasp was scuttled after being attacked byJapanese submarineI-19. After conferring with his commander, AdmiralLeigh Noyes, CaptainForrest Sherman gave the order to abandon ship. He was the last one to leave the ship once he was certain no survivors were left on board.Wasp was later scuttled by theUSSLansdowne. Sherman retired from the Navy at the rank ofAdmiral after having served as theChief of Naval Operations.
October 27, 1942: The USSHornet was attacked during theBattle of the Santa Cruz Islands by Japanese naval aircraft.Hornet had been ordered abandoned by CaptainCharles P. Mason and US Navy destroyers tried scuttling her afterwards but the faultyMark 15 torpedoes wouldn't detonate. The US fleet gave up and fled when Japanese destroyers approached then successfully scuttled theHornet with theirType 93 torpedoes. Charles Mason retired at the rank ofVice Admiral and would later serve as theMayor of Pensacola, Florida twice.
October 1944:Lieutenant CommanderRichard O'Kane of theUSS Tang (SS-306) was one of nine survivors of theTang during its sinking by its own torpedo. With his submarine scuttled, he was one of three survivors to have made it off the bridge and up to the surface, before being captured by a Japanese destroyer crew later that morning. O'Kane was at first secretly held captive at the Ōfuna navy detention center, then later moved to the regular army Omori POW camp. Following his release, O'Kane was awarded the Medal of Honor for "conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity" during his submarine's final operations against Japanese shipping.
November 12, 1965: When a fire broke out aboardSS Yarmouth Castle, Captain Byron Voustinas was on the first lifeboat, which had only crew and no passengers aboard. 90 people died.
August 3–4, 1991: CaptainYiannis Avranas of the cruise shipMTS Oceanos abandoned ship without informing passengers that the ship was sinking. All 571 people on the ship survived. A Greek board of inquiry found Avranas and four officers negligent in their handling of the disaster.[32][33]
September 26, 2000: Captain Vassilis Giannakis and the crew abandoned theMS Express Samina after the ship hit the rocks off the Portes Inlets. 82 people died. The captain was sentenced to 16 years in prison while the first officer received a 19-year sentence.
January 13, 2012: CaptainFrancesco Schettino abandoned his ship before hundreds of passengers had been evacuated during theCosta Concordia disaster. 32 people died in the accident. Schettino, who was reviled in the media over his actions, was sentenced to 16 years in prison for his role in the disaster.[34][35]
April 16, 2014: Captain Lee Joon-seok abandoned the South Korean ferryMVSewol. The captain and much of the crew were saved, while hundreds of students fromDanwon High School embarked for their trip remained in their cabins, according to instructions provided by the crew.[36][6] Many passengers apparently remained on the sinking vessel and died. Following this incident, the captain was arrested and put on trial beginning in early June 2014, when video footage filmed by some survivors and news broadcasters showed him being rescued by a coast guard vessel. Orders to abandon ship never came, and the vessel sank with alllife rafts still in their stowage position. The captain was subsequently sentenced to 36 years in prison for his role in the deaths of the passengers, and was also given a life sentence, after being found guilty of murder of the 304 passengers that did not survive.
When used metaphorically, the "captain" may be simply the leader of a group of people, "the ship" may refer to some other place that is threatened by catastrophe, and "going down" with it may refer to a situation that implies a severe penalty or death. It is common for references to be made in the case of the military and when leadership during the situation is clear. So when a raging fire threatens to destroy a mine, the mine's supervisor, the "captain", may perish in the fire trying to rescue their workers trapped inside, and acquaintances might say that they went down with their ship or that they "died trying".
In other metaphorical use, the phrase "Going down with the ship" may imply a person who is displaying stubborn defiance in a hopeless situation, even if this situation is not a matter of life and death. For example a stockholder might say "This company is on the verge of going bankrupt, but I'm not selling my stock. I'm going down with the ship."
Pan Am Flight 6 successfully ditches in the Pacific Ocean with Captain Ogg on the second of two life rafts. The airplane sank a few minutes after this photo was taken.
The concept has been explicitly extended in law to thepilot in command of an aircraft, in the form of laws stating that they "[have] final authority and responsibility for the operation and safety of the flight".[37][38]Jurisprudence has explicitly interpreted this by analogy with the captain of a sea vessel.[citation needed]
This is particularly relevant when an aircraft is forced toditch in the ocean and becomes a floating vessel that will almost certainly sink. For example, following the water landing ofUS Airways Flight 1549 on theHudson River in 2009,pilot in commandChesley Sullenberger was the last person to exit the partially submerged aircraft, and performed a final check for any others on board, walking the length of the plane twice, before doing so. All 155 passengers and crew survived.[39][40][41]
Similarly, on October 16, 1956,Pan Am Flight 6 was aBoeing 377 Stratocruiser (en route from Honolulu to San Francisco) that was forced to ditch in the Pacific Ocean due to multiple engine failures. The airliner broke apart when one of its wings collided with a wave swell. Airline Captain Richard N. Ogg was the last to exit the airplane during the successful mid-ocean ditching and rescue of all 31 on board by the US Coast Guard cutterUSCGC Pontchartrain.[42] The airplane fuselage sank with no one on board a few minutes later.[42]
Kohei Asoh, the captain of aDouglas DC-8 conductingJapan Air Lines Flight 2, gained notoriety for his honest assessment of his mistake (the "Asoh defense") in the 1988 bookThe Abilene Paradox. Asoh was the pilot in command during the 1968 accidental ditching inSan Francisco Bay a few miles short of the runway.[43] With the plane resting on the shallow bottom of the bay, he was the last one of the 107 occupants to exit the airplane; all survived with no injuries.[44]
On June 2, 1983,Air Canada Flight 797, aDouglas DC-9, was enroute from Dallas-Fort Worth to Toronto when a fire began in the washroom, filling the cabin with smoke, forcing the pilots to divert toCincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport. Captain Donald Cameron was the last to leave the plane before a flash fire engulfed the cabin 90 seconds after the plane came to a stop, killing 23 out of the 46 passengers and crew that had yet to exit the plane.[citation needed]
During the2024 Haneda Airport runway collision, the captain was the last to leave the on-fire Japan AirlinesAirbus A350 on runway 34R atHaneda Airport. All 367 passengers and 12 crew members on board Flight 516 survived, with 15 people on board surviving with minor injuries.[45]
After amajor sexual assault scandal atBaylor University, the university fired PresidentKenneth Starr and appointed him chancellor. A week later, Starr resigned as chancellor and "willingly accepted responsibility" for the actions at Baylor that "clearly fell short". He stated that his resignation for the scandal was "a matter of conscience", and said, "The captain goes down with the ship."[46] He indicated that his resignation was necessary even though he "didn't know what was happening".
^There is no equivalent law or tradition in aviation disaster, yetNeerja Bhanot, a female flight attendant, laid down her life trying to save passengers during the Pan Am Flight 73 hijacking in 1986.
^Alice Jones, pen nameJohn, Alix (1901).The Night-hawk: A Romance of the '60s. New York: Frederick A. Stokes. pp. 249....for, if anything goes wrong a woman may be saved where a captain goes down with his ship.
^Grützner, Jens (2010).Kapitän zur See Ernst Lindemann: Der Bismarck-Kommandant – Eine Biographie [Captain at Sea Ernst Lindemann: The Bismarck-Commander – A Biography] (in German). Zweibrücken: VDM Heinz Nickel. p. 202.ISBN978-3-86619-047-4.
^García Fernández, Javier (coord.) (2011).25 militares de la República; "El Ejército Popular de la República y sus mandos profesionales. Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa.
^"참사 2주째 승무원도 제대로 파악 안돼" [Exact Number of Crew still not known 2 weeks after the ferry disaster].The Hankyoreh (in Korean). April 20, 2014. RetrievedMay 3, 2014.
