| The Woman King | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Gina Prince-Bythewood |
| Screenplay by | Dana Stevens |
| Story by |
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| Produced by |
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| Starring | |
| Cinematography | Polly Morgan |
| Edited by | Terilyn A. Shropshire |
| Music by | Terence Blanchard |
Production companies |
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| Distributed by | Sony Pictures Releasing |
Release dates |
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Running time | 135 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $50 million[2] |
| Box office | $97.6 million[3][4] |
The Woman King is a 2022 Americanhistoricalaction-adventure film about theAgojie, the all-female warrior regiment that protected theWest AfricanKingdom of Dahomey during the 17th to 19th centuries. Set in the 1820s, the film starsViola Davis as a general who trains the next generation of female warriors to fight their enemies. It is directed byGina Prince-Bythewood and written byDana Stevens, based on a story she wrote withMaria Bello. The film also starsThuso Mbedu,Lashana Lynch,Sheila Atim,Hero Fiennes Tiffin, andJohn Boyega.
Bello conceived the idea forThe Woman King in 2015 after visitingBenin, where the kingdom used to be located, and learning the history of the Agojie. She recruitedCathy Schulman to develop it into a feature film, pitching it to several studios, who turned it down due to financial concerns. After they met withTriStar Pictures in 2017, the film wasgreenlit in 2020. Production began in South Africa in November 2021, shut down due to theCOVID-19Omicron variant a few weeks later, and resumed in early 2022.Polly Morgan was the cinematographer. During post-production, the musical score was composed byTerence Blanchard, and the editing was completed byTerilyn A. Shropshire.
The Woman King had its world premiere at theToronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2022, andSony Pictures Releasing released the film in theaters in the United States on September 16, 2022. Following the festival screening, the film received generally positive reviews from critics,[5][6] with praise directed towards Davis's performance and the action choreography. However, it received criticism forhistorical distortion of slavery.[7] It was named one of the top ten films of 2022 by theAmerican Film Institute and theNational Board of Review. At the28th Critics' Choice Awards the film received nominations forBest Costume Design,Best Acting Ensemble,Best Director, andBest Actress for Davis. Furthermore, Davis also earned Best Actress nominations at theGolden Globes,Screen Actors Guild,BAFTA Film Awards, andNAACP Image Awards.
It was the last film to be distributed byEntertainment One in Canada before the distributor's Canadian division was shut down on June 29, 2022, along with its Spanish distribution shortly before its release.
In theWest African kingdom ofDahomey in 1823,[8] General Nanisca, leader of the all-female regiment of warriors, theAgojie, liberates Dahomean women who were abducted byslavers from theOyo Empire. This provokes KingGhezo of Dahomey to prepare for an all-out war with the Oyo.
Nanisca begins to train a new generation of warriors to join the Agojie to protect the kingdom. Among these warriors is Nawi, a strong-willed girl who was offered by her father to the king when she refused to marry men who would beat her. Nawi befriends Izogie, a veteran Agojie. She also reveals to Nanisca that she is adopted and shows a scar on her left shoulder, shocking her.
Portugueseslave traders led by Santo Ferreira and accompanied by the half-Dahomean Malik arrive as part of an alliance with the Oyo, led by General Oba Ade. Nawi encounters Malik while the latter is bathing, and the two become friends.
Shortly after graduating from training to become a full-fledged Agojie, Nawi sneaks off to speak with Malik and learns that the Oyo are planning to attack. She reports this to Nanisca, who tells her off for her recklessness. Amidst a heated argument between the two, Nanisca reveals that in her youth, she was captured by Oba, raped, and impregnated. After giving birth to a daughter, Nanisca embedded ashark tooth in her left shoulder before giving her away. Nanisca helps Nawi extract the tooth, confirming that she is her biological daughter.
Nanisca leads the Agojie in an attack on the Oyo. The attack is successful, but Oba escapes and Nawi, Fumbe and Izogie are captured. With Nawi's advice, Fumbe escapes and reports the others' fate to Nanisca. Ghezo prepares to bestow the title ofWoman King, his partner and equal in ruling Dahomey, upon Nanisca, but refuses to authorise a rescue mission for the captive Agojie.
Meanwhile, Izogie is killed in an escape attempt and Malik buys Nawi to protect her. Nanisca defies orders and sets out with a group of like-minded warriors to rescue the captives. The chaos allows Nawi to escape and rejoin Nanisca. Malik frees several other slaves who drown Ferreira, and Nanisca kills Oba in single combat.
The triumphant Agojie return to Dahomey, where Ghezo privately and briefly admonishes Nanisca for disobeying him, before crowning her the Woman King. After the festivities, Nanisca and Nawi privately acknowledge their familial relationship.
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The Woman King was produced byMaria Bello andCathy Schulman, written byDana Stevens with contributions byGina Prince-Bythewood, and directed by Prince-Bythewood.[20] It is a co-production betweenTriStar Pictures andEntertainment One.[1]
In 2015, Bello went to the West African nation ofBenin to learn the history of the Agojie. Convinced she had found a story worth telling, she returned to Los Angeles and recruited Schulman, then head of organization Women in Film, to help her make the film.[2] On September 19, 2015,[21][22] Bello used a moment when she was presenting actressViola Davis with an award at theSkirball Cultural Center in Los Angeles to pitch her idea for the movie in front of the crowd, who cheered at the notion of seeing Davis in the lead role.[2][20]
Schulman first tried to set up the film atSTXfilms, where she was the head of the production, but the studio was only willing to offer an unsatisfactory $5 million.[23] After leaving STX in 2016, Schulman worked with Bello, Davis, and Julius Tennon, Davis's husband and producing partner at JuVee Productions, to take the idea elsewhere.
Studios who turned it down cited an unlikely chance for the film to turn a profit; others, according to Davis, wanted to cast light-skinned, well-known actresses, which they refused to do for historical accuracy and the audience's sake. Prince-Bythewood, also in 2016, was approached to write the screenplay but could not commit due to a scheduling conflict withSilver & Black.[23][24] In 2017, without a script or director, the producers met with TriStar's then-chiefHannah Minghella and then-senior vice presidentNicole Brown. Within two years, Brown had taken over Minghella's position and madeThe Woman King one of TriStar's top priorities.[2]
In early 2018, the commercial success of the superhero movieBlack Panther, which featured a fictionalized version of the Agojie, further motivated the crew to move forward with the project. In March 2018, Davis andLupita Nyong'o were announced to star;[9] Nyong'o's role was ultimately played byThuso Mbedu. Lupita dropped out after learning about Dahomey's "legacy of violence."[25] Prince-Bythewood read the screenplay once it was completed and came on board to direct, and in 2020,The Woman King wasgreenlit with a $50 million budget.[2][24]
Prince-Bythewood referenced epic films likeThe Last of the Mohicans (1992),Braveheart (1995), andGladiator (2000) as influences. Her background in sports gave her a perspective on the realism of fight scenes.[2] In crafting the story, she sought for the women to be multi-faceted in both their fighting ability and their emotional reactions.[20] She worked with production designer Akin McKenzie to learn about the Agojie. Their research included books, out-of-print texts, photographs, and writings byPrinceton professorLeonard Wantchekon. "The biggest eye-opener," she said, "was how much misinformation there is about these women and this culture, given that so much of their history was written from the colonizer's point of view. So it was really about separating the texts that were from that point of view, which were so disparaging and disrespectful, from the truth."[23]
For four months before the shoot, the cast performed 90 minutes a day of weight lifting with trainer Gabriela Mclain, followed by three-and-a-half hours of fight training with stunt coordinator Danny Hernandez, which included running, martial arts, and working with swords and spears. Davis was inspired by pro boxerClaressa Shields.[2]
In November 2021, the cast and crew flew to South Africa for a five-month shoot. Prince-Bythewood prioritized department heads who were women and people of color,[2] including cinematographerPolly Morgan,[26] production designer Akin McKenzie, costume designer Gersha Phillips, hairstylist Louisa Anthony, visual effects supervisorSara Bennett, and editorTerilyn Shropshire. Makeup was handled by a local, South African artist, Babalwa Mtshiselwa. "The thing is for women and people of color," Prince-Bythewood said, "often the résumés are not long because it's about lack of opportunity, not lack of talent. So when you’re in my position, it's important to look past that résumé."[2]
For a sequence in which a character is remembering a sexual assault, Prince-Bythewood referencedChristine Blasey Ford's testimony atBrett Kavanaugh'sSupreme Court nomination hearing and asked the actress to read theRoxane Gay bookHunger, a memoir about Gay's rape.[2] Filming for the first two weeks took place in the coastal province ofKwaZulu-Natal for the shooting of jungle scenes. They then moved to the coastal city ofCape Town, where the majority of filming would take place.[24] In their third week in South Africa, theCOVID-19omicron variant hit the production; Davis and Tennon were among the infected. Production shut down for a few weeks and resumed in mid-January 2022. This production halt forced them to re-rehearse a battle sequence with hundreds of performers. Prince-Bythewood called it the hardest shoot of her career.[2]
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Editing was completed byTerilyn A. Shropshire, who worked on Prince-Bythewood'sThe Old Guard (2020).[27] The film's musical score was composed byTerence Blanchard, who worked with Prince-Bythewood on her first filmLove & Basketball (2000) and the television showsShots Fired andSwagger.[28][29] For the score, Blanchard enlisted the nine-voice Vox Noire ensemble, who worked with him on his operaFire Shut Up in My Bones, with jazz singerDianne Reeves as hissoloist. They recorded for five days with the 78-memberRoyal Scottish National Orchestra inGlasgow, Scotland. Additional recordings occurred in New York with Vox Noire and Colorado with Reeves. Ghanaian-Americanmezzo-soprano Tesia Kwarteng led the choir. Three numbers by South African composerLebo M of chants and dances were also performed in the film. The song in theend credits, "Keep Rising," was an original piece written byJessy Wilson,Jeremy Lutito, andAngélique Kidjo and performed by Kidjo forWarner Chappell Music in late 2020, and later sold to Sony. The soundtrack album was released on September 16, 2022, byMilan Records.[30][31]
The film premiered at theToronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2022.[32][33] It was released in theaters on September 16, 2022, bySony Pictures Releasing.[34][35] Sony handled distribution worldwide except in Canada and the United Kingdom, where distribution was held byEntertainment One.[1]
The film was released forVOD on November 22, 2022, followed by aBlu-ray,DVD, and4K UHD release bySony Pictures Home Entertainment on December 13, 2022, in the United States.[36] In the United Kingdom, it was released on DVD and Blu-ray, by Entertainment One andUniversal Pictures Home Entertainment on February 13, 2023.
Netflix in the United States receivedThe Woman King 153 days after its theatrical release on February 16, 2023 as part of a first window deal withSony Pictures and a second window deal withDisney+.[37]
It was the last film to be distributed byEntertainment One in Canada before the distributor's Canadian division was shut down on June 29, 2022, along with its Spanish distribution shortly before the film's release.[38]
The Woman King grossed $67.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $27.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $94.4 million[3][4]
In the United States and Canada,The Woman King was projected to gross around $12 million in its opening weekend, with some studios estimating it could reach as much as $16 million.[39] The film made $6.8 million on its first day, including $1.7 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to over-perform and debut at $19.05 million from 3,765 theaters, topping the box office. Of the opening-weekend audience, 60% were female, 58% were over the age of 35, and 59% were African American.[35] In its second weekend, the film made $11.1 million (a drop of 42%), finishing behind newcomerDon't Worry Darling.[40] In its third weekend, the film made $6.8 million, finishing third.[41]
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The Woman King received positive reviews from critics for the cast's performance, including Viola Davis's starring role andThuso Mbedu's breakout performance, and its action choreography, while some minor disappointment was expressed with the script.[7] On thereview aggregator websiteRotten Tomatoes, 94% of 276 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The website's consensus reads: "All hail Viola Davis!The Woman King rules."[42] OnMetacritic the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[43] Audiences polled byCinemaScore gave the film a rare average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale, while those atPostTrak gave the film a 95% overall positive score.[citation needed]
Lovia Gyarkye ofThe Hollywood Reporter wrote, "A crowd-pleasing epic—thinkBraveheart with Black women."[44] Robert Daniels atRogerEbert.com said, "WhenThe Woman King works, it's majestic... The magnitude and the awe this movie inspires are what epics likeGladiator andBraveheart are all about."[45] Kate Erbland ofIndieWire said, "A hell of a time at the movies, a seemingly 'niche' topic with great appeal, the sort of battle-heavy feature that will likely engender plenty of hoots and hollers."[46]/Film's Chris Evangelista said it was "an absolute blast. It's a film that isn't afraid to get you cheering."[47]BBC critic Caryn James wrote, "It is a splashy popcorn movie with a social conscience."[48]
Jamie Broadnax ofBlack Girl Nerds called Viola Davis's performance a career best.[7][49] Gyarkye said, "The Oscar-winning actress, known for digging into her characters' psyches, accesses an impressive level of emotional depth and nuance as Nanisca."[44]The Wrap's Martin Tsai wrote, "Davis truly gets to flex the full range of her acting chops. A performance of this caliber is rare in what's essentially an action flick."[50] Chris Bumbray ofJoBlo wrote, "Her raw intensity is backed up by a newly jacked physique that makes her an imposing action heroine, and she performs exceptionally well in the numerous action scenes."[51] Other cast members who were praised included Lashana Lynch (Evangelista at/Film and Reuben Baron atLooper.com called her the film's standout)[47][52] and Thuso Mbedu, who was called a "breakout star" by several critics;[45][47][52] Tim Grierson atScreen International said that she "nearly steals the show" with an "exceptional supporting performance".[8]
James said that the representation of history and culture "leans toward fantasy in its heroic moments, but is rooted in [the] truth about war, brutality, and freedom."[48] Gyarkye said that it "begins as portraiture and then surrenders to melodrama when faced with the challenges of translating history for the screen and constructing a coherent geopolitical thread."[44] Reuben Baron ofLooper.com wrote, "The Woman King is an 8/10 for entertainment value, and 4/10 for how it deals with history." On the aspect of spectacle, critics said they wanted more action movies likeThe Woman King.[52] Erbland said, "If this is what a Hollywood-ized and -sized blockbuster looks like in 2022, bring it on. Bring them all on."[46] Evangelista concluded in his review, "Maybe one day we'll get to a point where such a movie doesn't feel groundbreaking, but here we are."[47]
The Africa Report describes the response from Benin, where the movie is set, as mixed, with some Beninese reactions pointing out the historical errors and the liberties taken in the representation of the Benin culture by replacing elements such as song and dance with South African substitutes and others responding positively to the depiction of Benin historical events in a major Hollywood production.[53]
The Woman King is set in 1823 in the Kingdom ofDahomey, now southernBenin.[86][87] The kingdom existed from around 1600 through 1904, and theAgojie existed for most of that time; they formed at some point between the mid-1600s and the early 1700s and likely started waging military campaigns in the 1800s.[88][89]
Initially, the Agojie were recruited from among the king of Dahomey's wives. During the rule of KingGhezo, Agojie warriors were recruited from a wider pool, includingprisoners of war captured from neighboring states.[90] Other Agojie served voluntarily, while still others were involuntarily enrolled by their fathers or husbands.[86][88] Under Ghezo's rule, the Agojie grew from 600 warriors to roughly 6,000, comprising one third of the Dahomean military.[88]
Dahomey had been paying tribute to theOyo Empire, its adversary in the film, since 1748.[89] In 1823, Ghezo successfully liberated Dahomey from being a tributary of the Oyo, as depicted in the film.[86]
King Ghezo (played byJohn Boyega) was a historical figure who ruled Dahomey from 1818 to 1858 during the kingdom's political and economic "golden age."[86] However, other characters in the movie, including the Agojie general Nanisca (played byViola Davis), Nanisca's daughter Nawi (played byThuso Mbedu), and the slave trader Santo Ferreira (played byHero Fiennes Tiffin), are fictional.[86][88]
Nanisca's name was likely inspired by an Agojie teenage recruit of the same name, whose fierce execution of a prisoner was recorded by a French naval officer in 1889.[86][88] The character of Nawi was named after the last surviving Agojie warrior to have combat experience, who died in 1979.[86][88][91] Kevin Lang ofHistory vs. Hollywood speculated that Ferreira was loosely inspired byFrancisco Félix de Sousa, a Brazilian slave trader who in reality was an ally of Ghezo and became an important figure in the Dahomey slave trade.[88]
Agojie warriors were considered to be formally married to the king, which made themcelibate.[86][88][91] Lang argued that this made the film's romance subplot between Nawi and Malik (played byJordan Bolger) implausible.[88] However, some Agojie became pregnant (either through consensual sex or rape, as depicted in the film), and some married and had children after their service.[90]
According to Meilan Solly ofSmithsonian, Dahomey was "a key player" in theAtlantic slave trade; it began the sale ofWest African captives to Europeans in the late 17th and the early 18th centuries.[86] In 1727, Dahomey seized the port city ofOuidah, which became the second-largest supplier of captives in the slave trade. Between 1659 and 1863, nearly one million African slaves were sent to the Americas via Ouidah, which was under Dahomean control until 1892.[89][92] In the film, however, Ouidah is depicted as being under control of the Oyo Empire.[92]
InThe Woman King, theMahi people, allies of the Oyo Empire, raid Dahomean villages and sell the subjects into slavery. In reality, the larger Kingdom of Dahomey often led attacks on the Mahi.[89]
During the film, Ghezo tells the story of his half-brotherAdandozan, who was king of Dahomey from 1797 to 1818 after the assassination of his father,Agonglo. Adandozan punished members of the royal family who participated in the plot against Agonglo by selling them into slavery, including one of Agonglo's wives (and Ghezo's mother)Na Agontimé. In the film, Ghezo condemns Adandozan's actions, but when the real-life Ghezo seized power from Adandozan, he sold Adandozan's family members into slavery outside Dahomey.[89]
The character of Nanisca confronts Ghezo about the immorality of selling slaves to the Portuguese and suggests trading inpalm oil instead. However, Nanisca's anti-slavery stance is at odds with the actions of real-life Agojie generals such asSeh-Dong-Hong-Beh, who sought to acquire captives by raiding theEgba fortress ofAbeokuta in 1851.[88] Abeokuta was a rival of Dahomey and had begun to challenge its historical dominance of the slave trade. The historian John C. Yoder suggested that in the mid-1840s, some Agojie began to oppose conflict with Abeokuta and to support a more moderate stance on the slave trade. However, that interpretation was challenged by the historian David Ross.[88][93][94]
While Ghezo briefly explored palm oil production as an alternate revenue source for the kingdom, he quickly resumed the slave trade after the palm oil industry proved less profitable.[86] Ghezo ultimately agreed to end Dahomey's participation in the overseas slave trade in 1852 because of pressure from the British government.[86][95] However, the kingdom continued to use slaves on its palm oil plantations after this date.[87][88] Dahomey also continued to send slaves to Brazilian and Cuban slave traders until the 1860s.[89][90]
Los Angeles Times reported that online critics complained that "the movie seemingly uplifts the women without fully acknowledging that the Dahomey tribe sold other Africans into slavery" though others defended the film.[96]The Conversation said "the film has drawn controversy from many angles." Before the film's release, online commentators commented on the perceived savagery of the kingdom, particularly by spotlighting rituals that involved human sacrifices.[97] That narrative of criticism was broadened by the voices ofAmerican Descendants of Slavery (ADOS), which vehemently called for a boycott of the film by arguing it glorified a kingdom responsible for brutalizing its ancestors. Adding to the chorus of disapproval were specialists in 19th-century Dahomey history, who raised flags over inaccuracies in the film's representation of the slave trade. Moreover, a segment of the social media populace, advocating for the portrayal of more positive black stories, questioned the decision to focus on Dahomey. They suggested that other historical narratives, such as those exemplified by figures likeToussaint Louverture, would have been more appropriate and uplifting subjects for cinematic exploration.[98]
On social media, the hashtag #BoycottWomanKing was trending for days.The Wrap noted, "Critics don’t have an issue with Davis playing a strong Black leader in “The Woman King,” but are alarmed that the history of the Dahomey tribe, who sold other Africans into slavery, has beenwhitewashed."[99] Viola Davis responded to a calls for a boycott of the movie by arguing that "Most of the story is fictionalized. It has to be," while Tennon stated that "We have to entertain people. [...] If people want to learn more, they can investigate more."[96]
