| "The Whisperer in Darkness" | |
|---|---|
| Short story byH. P. Lovecraft | |
 Cover for "The Whisperer in Darkness" by Alexander Moore (2016). | |
 Text available atWikisource | |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Genres | Horror,science fiction |
| Publication | |
| Published in | Weird Tales |
| Publication type | Periodical |
| Media type | Print (magazine) |
| Publication date | August 1931 |
The Whisperer in Darkness is a 26,000-wordnovella by American writerH. P. Lovecraft. Written February–September 1930, it was first published inWeird Tales, August 1931.[1] Similar toThe Colour Out of Space (1927), it is a blend ofhorror andscience fiction. Although it makes numerous references to theCthulhu Mythos, the story is not a central part of the mythos, but reflects a shift in Lovecraft's writing at this time towards science fiction. The story also introduces theMi-Go, anextraterrestrial race of fungoid creatures.
The story is told by Albert N. Wilmarth, an instructor of literature atMiskatonic University inArkham,Massachusetts. When local newspapers report strange things seen floating in rivers during ahistoric flood inVermont, Wilmarth becomes embroiled in a controversy regarding the reality and significance of the sightings. He sides with the skeptics, blaming old legends about monsters living in uninhabited hills that abduct people venturing too close to their territory.
Wilmarth receives a letter fromHenry Wentworth Akeley, a man living in an isolated farmhouse nearTownshend, Vermont, who claims to have proof that will convince Wilmarth he must stop questioning the creatures' existence. The two exchange letters that include an account of theextraterrestrial race chanting with human agents in worship of several beings, includingCthulhu andNyarlathotep, the latter of whom "shall put on the semblance of men, the waxen mask and the robe that hides".
The agents intercept Akeley's messages and harass his farmhouse nightly. They exchange gunfire and many of Akeley's guard dogs are killed, as are several of the agents. Later, Akeley reports having killed members of the extraterrestrial race, describing them as bleeding a sickly greenish fluid. Although he expresses more in his letters, Akeley abruptly has a change of heart, writing that he has met with the beings and has learned that they are peaceful. Furthermore, they have taught him of marvels beyond all imagination. He urges Wilmarth to pay him a visit and to bring along the letters and photographic evidence that he had sent him. Wilmarth reluctantly consents.
Wilmarth arrives to find Akeley in a pitiful physical condition, immobilized in a chair in darkness. He tells Wilmarth about the beings and the wonders they have revealed to him. He also says that the beings can surgically extract a human brain and place it into a canister wherein it can live indefinitely and withstand the rigors of space travel. Akeley says he has agreed to undertake such a journey and points to a cylinder bearing his name. Wilmarth also listens to a brain in a cylinder as it speaks, by way of attached devices, of the positive aspects of the journey and why Wilmarth should join it in the trip to Yuggoth, the beings' outpost onPluto. During these conversations, Wilmarth feels a vague sense of unease, especially from Akeley's odd manner of buzzing whispering.
During the night, a sleepless Wilmarth overhears a disturbing conversation with several voices, some of which are distinctly bizarre. Once all is silent, he creeps downstairs to investigate. He finds that Akeley is no longer present, but the robe he was wearing is discarded in the chair. Upon a closer look, he makes a horrifying discovery amid the folds of the robe which sends him fleeing the farmhouse by stealing Akeley's car. When the authorities investigate the next day, they find nothing but a bullet-riddled house. Akeley has disappeared along with all the physical evidence of the extraterrestrial presence.
Wilmarth explains the understanding of some of Akeley's letters about the cosmology of reality as he learned, stating:
Even now I absolutely refuse to believe what he implied about the constitution of ultimate infinity, the juxtaposition of dimensions, and the frightful position of our known cosmos of space and time in the unending chain of linked cosmos-atoms which makes up the immediate super-cosmos of curves, angles, and material and semi-material electronic organisation.
As the story concludes, Wilmarth discloses the discovery from which he fled in terror: Akeley's discarded face and hands. These were utilized by something inhuman to disguise itself as a man. He now believes with a dreadful certainty that the cylinder in that dark room with that whispering creature already contained the brain of Henry Wentworth Akeley.
The narrator of the story, Albert N. Wilmarth is described as a folklorist and assistant professor ofEnglish atMiskatonic University. He investigates the strange events that followed in the wake of the historicVermont floods of 1927.
Wilmarth is also mentioned in Lovecraft'sAt the Mountains of Madness, where the narrator remarks that he wishes he hadn't "talked so much with that unpleasantly erudite folklorist Wilmarth at the university."[2] Elsewhere, the story refers to "the wild tales of cosmic hill things from outside told by a folklorist colleague in Miskatonic's English department."[3]
Wilmarth is the main character inFritz Leiber's "To Arkham and the Stars", written and presumably set in 1966, when the now-septuagenarian professor is chair of Miskatonic's Literature Department. Leiber describes him as "slender [and] silver-haired", with a "mocking sardonic note which has caused some to call him 'unpleasantly' rather than simply 'very' erudite."[4] He acknowledges keeping "in rather closer touch with the Plutonians or Yuggothians than perhaps even oldDyer guesses."[5] Wilmarth remarks in the story, "[A]fter you've spent an adult lifetime at Miskatonic, you discover you've developed a rather different understanding from the herd's of the distinction between the imaginary and the real."[6]
InBrian Lumley's novelThe Burrowers Beneath and its sequels, the Wilmarth Foundation is anArkham-based organization dedicated to combating what Lumley refers to as the Cthulhu Cycle Deities.
Robert M. Price describes Wilmarth as "the model Lovecraft protagonist. ... Wilmarth starts out blissfully ignorant and only too late learns the terrible truth, and that only after a long battle with his initial rationalistic skepticism."[7]
Lawrence King's 2018 novelHaunted Hills presumes that Wilmarth returned to the Akeley farm and is replaced by the Mi-Go "whisperer." In his guise as Dr. Wilmarth, the Mi-Go returns toMiskatonic University awaiting the fulfillment of his purpose for being on Earth.[citation needed]
Henry Wentworth Akeley is aVermontfolklorist and correspondent of Albert Wilmarth. Henry Akeley became a noted academic, probably in the study of folklore. His wife died in 1901 after giving birth to his only heir, George Goodenough Akeley. When he retired, Akeley returned to his ancestral home, a two-story farmhouse in the Vermont hills near the slopes of Dark Mountain. In September 1928, he was visited by Professor Wilmarth, who was researching bizarre legends of the region. Shortly thereafter, Akeley disappeared mysteriously from his mountaintop home—though Wilmarth believed that he fell victim to themachinations of the sinisterFungi from Yuggoth.S. T. Joshi, has suggested that the possible creature masquerading as Akeley is actuallyNyarlathotep, due to a quote from what the Mi-go chant on the phonograph record: "To Nyarlathotep, Mighty Messenger, must all things be told. And He shall put on the semblance of men, the waxen mask and the robe that hides, and come down from the world of Seven Suns to mock..." He writes that "this seems a clear allusion to Nyarlathotep disguised with Akeley's face and hands but if so, it means that at this time Nyarlathotep is, in bodily form, one of the fungi — especially if, as seems likely, Nyarlathotep is one of the two buzzing voices Albert Wilmarth overhears at the end." Joshi notes this is problematic, because "if Nyarlathotep is (as critics have termed it) a 'shapeshifter', why would he have to don the face and hands of Akeley instead of merely reshaping himself as Akeley?"[8]
In his sequel to "The Whisperer in Darkness", "Documents in the Case of Elizabeth Akeley" (1982),Richard A. Lupoff explores the idea that Akeley did not fall prey to theMi-go as is suggested in the book, but instead joined them willingly. Lupoff also proposes that Akeley was the illegitimate son of Abednego Akeley, a minister for a Vermont sect of theStarry Wisdom Church, and Sarah Phillips, Abednego's maidservant.[9]
George Akeley is mentioned inThe Whisperer in Darkness as the son of Henry Wentworth Akeley. According toThe Whisperer in Darkness, George moved toSan Diego, California, after his father retired.
The 1976Fritz Leiber story "The Terror From the Depths" mentions Akeley being consulted at his San Diego home by Professor Albert Wilmarth in 1937.
"Documents in the Case of Elizabeth Akeley", a 1982 sequel toThe Whisperer in Darkness byRichard A. Lupoff, describes Akeley, inspired by theevangelistAimee McPherson, starting a sect called the Spiritual Light Brotherhood and serving as its leader, the Radiant Father. After his death, his granddaughter Elizabeth Akeley took over the role.
In 1928, Lovecraft took a trip through ruralVermont with a man named ArthurGoodenough. During his jaunt, he met a local farmer with a name that bears a striking resemblance to the ill-fated character of Lovecraft's tale: one Bert G. Akley.[10]
A largely unknown man who is allied with the Mi-Go, or the Outer Ones and is connected with both the disappearance of a local farmer, a man named Brown, and the security of the Mi-Go camp. He aided Wilmarth upon his arrival in Brattleboro and took him to Akeley's home. Afterward, Noyes is seen and heard sleeping on the sofa during Wilmarth's escape.
In Lawrence King's 2018 novelHaunted Hills, Noyes returns as both an aide and hindrance to the sinister plot of the Mi-Go "whisperer."
The following passage fromThe Whisperer in Darkness lists the names of various beings and places that occur in the works of Lovecraft and other writers:
I found myself faced by names and terms that I had heard elsewhere in the most hideous of connections—Yuggoth,Great Cthulhu,Tsathoggua,Yog-Sothoth,R'lyeh,Nyarlathotep,Azathoth,Hastur, Yian,Leng, theLake of Hali, Bethmoora, theYellow Sign, L'mur-Kathulos, Bran, and the Magnum Innominandum...
Among the more obscure names mentioned here are:
In "The Whisperer in Darkness", narratorAlbert Wilmarth initially dismisses those who believe that nonhuman creatures inhabit theVermont hills as "merelyromanticists who insisted on trying to transfer to real life the fantastic lore of lurking 'little people' made popular by the magnificent horror-fiction ofArthur Machen."[17] This line, Lovecraft scholarRobert M. Price argues, is an acknowledgement of the debt Lovecraft's story owes to Machen'sThe Novel of the Black Seal (1895). He writes:
I would go so far as to make essentially a rewriting, a new version of Machen's. In both cases we have a professor, an antiquarian, following his avocational interests in what most would dismiss as superstition on a dangerous expedition into a strange region of ominous domed hills. He is lured by a curiously engraved black stone which seems a survival from an elder prehuman race now hidden in those mysterious hills. ... Lovecraft splits the role of Machen's Professor Gregg between Professor Wilmarth and the scholarly recluseAkeley. ... [I]t is Akeley, not the Professor, who eventually disappears into the clutches of the elder race. Wilmarth remains behind to tell the tale, like Machen's Miss Lally.
Price points out parallel passages in the two stories: Where Machen asks, "What if the obscure and horrible race of the hills still survived...?"[18] Lovecraft hints at "a hidden race of monstrous beings which lurked somewhere among the remoter hills". Where Machen mentions "strange shapes gathering fast amidst the reeds, beside the wash in the river,"[19] Lovecraft tells of "certain odd stories of things found floating in some of the swollen rivers." Price suggests that Machen's reference to accounts of people "who vanished strangely from the earth"[20] prompted Lovecraft to imagine people being literally spirited off the Earth.[21]
As noted by critics like Price and Lin Carter,[22]The Whisperer in Darkness also makes reference to names and concepts inRobert W. Chambers'sThe King in Yellow, some of which had previously been borrowed fromAmbrose Bierce. In a letter toClark Ashton Smith, Lovecraft wrote that "Chambers must have been impressed with 'An Inhabitant of Carcosa' & 'Haita the Shepherd', which were first published during his youth. But he even improves on Bierce in creating a shuddering background of horror—a vague, disquieting memory which makes one reluctant to use the faculty of recollection too vigorously."[23]
The Vermont floods mentioned at the start of the story by Wilmarth, initiating his interest in the case, werea real natural disaster.
The idea of keeping ahuman brain alive in a jar (with mechanical attachments allowing sight, hearing, and speech) to enable travel in areas inhospitable to the body might have been inspired by the bookThe World, the Flesh, and the Devil byJ. D. Bernal, which describes and suggests the feasibility of a similar device. The book was published in 1929, just a year before Lovecraft wrote his story.
In addition to being a textbook example of Lovecraft's characteristically non-occult brand of horror, in an age when the genre consisted almost entirely ofghosts,vampires,goblins, and similar traditional tales, "Whisperer" is one of the earliest literary appearances of the now-cliché concept of anisolated brain (although the alien brain case is not transparent as with later cinematic examples of thistrope).
The story retains some seemingly supernatural elements, such as its claim that the alienfungi, although visible to the naked eye and physically tangible, do not register onphotographic plates and instead produce an image of the background absent the creature (an impossibility by any known laws ofoptics, though a trait commonly attributed to vampires), although the story does mention that this is possibly due to the creatures' fungoid and alien structure which works differently from any known physical organism. It is stated that the electrons of these fungoid aliens possess a different vibrational frequency that would require the development of a novel technique by a chemist in order to record their image.
In a letter to the January 1932Weird Tales,Donald Wandrei praisedThe Whisperer in Darkness, as well as "The Seeds of Death" byDavid H. Keller and the stories ofClark Ashton Smith.[24]Robert Weinberg claimed the story's ending was "predictable". However, Weinberg also praised "the detailed buildup" ofThe Whisperer in Darkness, arguing it created "the superb mood that needed no surprise to make it a classic of fantastic horror".[25]
