| The Spy Who Loved Me | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Theatrical release poster byBob Peak | |
| Directed by | Lewis Gilbert |
| Screenplay by | |
| Based on | James Bond byIan Fleming |
| Produced by | Albert R. Broccoli |
| Starring | |
| Cinematography | Claude Renoir |
| Edited by | John Glen |
| Music by | Marvin Hamlisch |
Production company | |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
Release dates |
|
Running time | 125 minutes |
| Countries | United Kingdom[1][2] United States[3] |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $13.5 million[4] |
| Box office | $185.4 million |
The Spy Who Loved Me is a 1977spy film, the tenth in theJames Bond series produced byEon Productions. It is the third to starRoger Moore as the fictional secret agentJames Bond and the second to be directed byLewis Gilbert. The film co-starsBarbara Bach andCurt Jurgens. The screenplay was byChristopher Wood andRichard Maibaum, with an uncredited rewrite byTom Mankiewicz.
The film takes its title fromIan Fleming's 1962 novelThe Spy Who Loved Me, the tenth book in theJames Bond series, though it does not contain any elements of the novel's plot. The storyline involves a reclusive megalomaniac namedKarl Stromberg who plans to destroy the world and create a new civilisation under the sea. Bond teams up withSoviet agentAnya Amasova to stop Stromberg all while being hunted by Stromberg’s powerful henchmanJaws.
It was shot from August to December 1976 on location inEgypt (Cairo andLuxor) andItaly (Costa Smeralda,Sardinia), with underwater scenes filmed atthe Bahamas (Nassau), and anew soundstage built atPinewood Studios for a massive set which depicted the interior of asupertanker.The Spy Who Loved Me was well received by critics, who saw the film as a return to form for the franchise and praised Moore's performance. Moore himself called the film his personal favourite of his tenure as Bond. The soundtrack composed byMarvin Hamlisch also met with success. The film was nominated for threeAcademy Awards amid many other nominations and novelised in 1977 by Christopher Wood asJames Bond, the Spy Who Loved Me.
The Spy Who Loved Me was followed byMoonraker in 1979.
Twoballistic missile submarines—oneBritish and oneSoviet—suddenly vanish. James Bond—MI6 agent 007—is summoned to investigate. On the way to his briefing, Bond gets ambushed by a squad of Soviet agents inAustria, including Sergei Barsov during a downhill ski chase, but manages to evade them, also killing Barsov in the process. The plans for a highly advanced submarine tracking system are being offered inEgypt. There, Bond encounters Major Anya Amasova—KGB agent Triple X—as a rival for themicrofilm plans. They travel across Egypt together, encounteringJaws—a tall assassin with razor-sharp steel teeth—along the way. Bond and Amasova reluctantly join forces after a truce is agreed by their respective British and Soviet superiors. They uncover evidence linking the plans to Swedish shipping tycoon and reclusive scientist Karl Stromberg.
While travelling by train to Stromberg's base inSardinia, Bond saves Amasova from Jaws, and their cooling rivalry turns to affection. Posing as amarine biologist and his wife, they visit Stromberg's base and discover that he had launched a mysterious new supertanker,Liparus, nine months previously. As they leave the base, a henchman on a motorcycle featuring a rocket sidecar, Jaws in a car, and Naomi, an assistant/pilot of Stromberg in an attack helicopter, chase them, but Bond and Amasova escape underwater when his car—aLotus Esprit fromQ Branch—converts into a submarine. Jaws survives a spectacular car crash, and Naomi is killed when Bond fires a sea-air missile from his car which destroys her helicopter. While examining Stromberg's underwaterAtlantis base, the pair confirms that he is operating the submarine tracking system and evade an attack by a group of Stromberg's minisubs. Back on land, Bond finds out thatLiparus, after being fitted out nine months ago, has never visited any known port or harbour. Amasova discovers that Bond killed Barsov, who is her lover, and she vows to kill Bond as soon as their mission is complete.
Bond and Amasova board anAmerican submarine, USSWayne, to examineLiparus, but the submarine is captured by the tanker, which is revealed to be a three-bay floating submarine dock that holds the missing British and Soviet submarines. Stromberg sets his plan in motion: the simultaneous launching of nuclear missiles from the captured British and Soviet submarines to obliterate Moscow and New York City. This would triggera global nuclear war, which Stromberg would survive inAtlantis, and subsequently a new civilisation would be established underwater. He leaves forAtlantis with Amasova, but Bond escapes and frees the captured British, Russian and American sailors. They battle theLiparus crew and eventually breach the control room, only to learn from the dying captain ofLiparus that the commandeered British and Soviet submarines are primed to fire their missiles in only a few minutes. Bond tricks the submarines into firing the nukes at each other, destroying the subs and Stromberg's crews. The victorious submariners escape the sinkingLiparus on the American submarine.
Wayne is ordered by the Pentagon to destroyAtlantis but Bond insists on rescuing Amasova first. He confronts and kills Stromberg but again encounters Jaws, whom he drops into a shark tank. However, Jaws kills thetiger shark and escapes. He is later seen swimming away from the carnage.
Bond and Amasova flee in an escape pod asAtlantis is sunk by torpedoes. Amasova picks up Bond's gun and points it at him, but then chooses not to kill him and the two embrace. The Royal Navy recovers the pod and the two spies are seen in an intimate embrace through its porthole, to the astonishment of their superiors on the ship.
Other actors in smaller roles includeSydney Tafler as the Captain of theLiparus,Eva Rueber-Staier as Rubelvitch, General Gogol's secretary;Milton Reid as Sandor, one of Stromberg's thugs;Olga Bisera as Felicca, Fekkesh's glamorous associate;Valerie Leon as the hotel receptionist in Sardinia,Cyril Shaps as Professor Beckmann,Milo Sperber as Dr. Markovitz,Albert Moses as an Egyptian bartender, andMarilyn Galsworthy as Stromberg's secretary.
Nicholas Campbell,Bob Sherman,Murray Salem,John Truscott,Vincent Marzello,Garrick Hagon,Ray Jewers, andGeorge Mallaby appear as USSWayne crewmen.Kevin McNally,Jeremy Bulloch,Sean Bury,David Auker,Keith Buckley, andJohn Salthouse appear as HMSRanger crewmen.
The assistant director for the Italian locations, Victor Tourjansky, had a cameo as a man drinking his wine as Bond's Lotus emerges from the beach. As an in-joke, he returned in similar appearances in another two Bond films shot in Italy,Moonraker (the Venice gondola sequence) andFor Your Eyes Only (during the ski chase).[5]
Given the relatively poor financial returns and generally unfavourable response of critics to its predecessor,The Man with the Golden Gun (1974),The Spy Who Loved Me was a pivotal film for the Bond franchise.[9] The project was plagued with difficulties from the outset, the first being the departure of Bond producerHarry Saltzman, who was forced to sell his half of the Bond film franchise in 1975 for £20 million. Saltzman had branched out into several other unsuccessful business ventures, including an unfilmed biopic aboutCuthbert Grant starring Sean Connery, and consequently was struggling through personal financial reversals unrelated to Bond. Saltzman offered his shares in the company as collateral for his loans, andUBS attempted toforeclose on them. When Saltzman's attemptedhostile takeover ofTechnicolor led to a lawsuit, Broccoli refused to allow him to use Danjaq funds, leading to a deadlock in the company as Saltzman refused to allow another Bond film to go forward.[10] This was exacerbated by the twin personal tragedies of his wife's terminal cancer and many of the symptoms ofclinical depression in himself.[11]
Under Danjaq's distribution agreement with United Artists, it was required Danjaq produce a Bond adaptation every 18 months or run the risk of losing the rights to the series to United Artists if it did not.[12] However, Saltzman continued blocking production on another Bond film and refused to allow Broccoli to buy his shares.Maurice Binder and Broccoli held negotiations about selling Saltzman's shares toAdnan Khashoggi,David Frost,Lord Hanson, andLord Harlech. Saltzman finally agreed to sell his shares directly to United Artists so that another Bond film could go forward. Although Broccoli initially objected to the deal, he acquiesced after Saltzman received a counter-offer to sell his rights to the rival studioColumbia Pictures.[13]
Another troubling aspect of the production was the difficulty in obtaining a director.Guy Hamilton, who had directed the previous three Bond films as well asGoldfinger (1964), was initially set to direct. However, in November 1975, he left after being offered the opportunity to direct the 1978 filmSuperman,[14] althoughRichard Donner subsequently took over the project.[15]Steven Spielberg, who had finishedJaws (1975) months earlier, approached Broccoli about wanting to direct the next Bond film, but Broccoli declined his offer.[16][17] By December of that year, Broccoli hiredLewis Gilbert, who had directed the earlier Bond filmYou Only Live Twice (1967), after screening his then-latest film,Operation Daybreak (1975).[18]
Ian Fleming permitted Eon to use only the name of his novel but not the actual plot.[9] Broccoli commissioned a number of writers to work on the script, includingStirling Silliphant,John Landis,Ronald Hardy,Anthony Burgess,[19]Cary Bates,[14] andDerek Marlowe. The British television producerGerry Anderson also stated that he provided afilm treatment (although originally planned to beMoonraker) very similar to what ended up asThe Spy Who Loved Me.[20] Bates's script featured Bond and his former allyTatiana Romanova teaming up to stop aSPECTRE hijacking of a nuclear submarine coordinated byHugo Drax from a base underneathLoch Ness.[14] Burgess's draft, featuring characters from his previous novelTremor of Intent: An Eschatological Spy Novel, featured Bond fighting the criminal organisation CHAOS inSingapore and thwarting a plot to assassinateQueen Elizabeth II by a bombing ofSydney Opera House. Andrew Biswell of the International Anthony Burgess Foundation described it as "an outrageous medley of sadism,hypnosis,acupuncture, and international terrorism."[21] Landis, working in the same office as Burgess, wrote a separate screenplay about Bond stopping akidnapping of thePope inLatin America.[22]
Eventually,Richard Maibaum provided the initial draft, and at first he tried to incorporate ideas from all of the other writers into his script. Maibaum's original script featured an alliance of international terrorists—including theRed Brigades, theBaader-Meinhof Gang, theBlack September Organization, and theJapanese Red Army—attacking SPECTRE's headquarters inNorway and deposingErnst Stavro Blofeld, before trying to destroy the world with nuclearSLBM attacks on the world'spetroleum reservoirs to make way for aNew World Order. Maibaum did location scouting inBudapest for the concept. However, this was shelved because Broccoli felt it was too political.[23][24]
After Gilbert was reinstated as director, he decided to bring in another writer,Christopher Wood. Gilbert also decided to fix what he felt the previous Roger Moore films were doing wrong, which was writing the Bond character too much the waySean Connery played him, and instead portray Bond closer to the books – "very English, very smooth, good sense of humour". Broccoli asked Wood to create a villain with metal teeth, Jaws, inspired by a metal brace-wearing henchman named Sol "Horror" Horowitz, and his short bald accomplice Sandor inspired by Sluggsy Morant in Fleming's novel.[5]
Broccoli agreed to Wood's proposed changes, but before he could set to work there were more legal complications. In the years sinceThunderball (1965),Kevin McClory had set up two film companies and had been cleared to produce a rival Bond film after the imposed ten-year moratorium had expired. He was in development of a film project, with the working titleWarhead, in collaboration withSean Connery and novelistLen Deighton. McClory had learned of Broccoli's plans to use SPECTRE, an organisation that had first been created by Fleming while working with McClory and Jack Whittingham on the first attempt to filmThunderball, back even before it was a novel, in the late 1950s. McClory filed aninjunction against Eon Productions alleging copyright infringement.[25] Not wishing to extendthe already ongoing legal dispute that could have delayed the production ofThe Spy Who Loved Me, Broccoli requested Wood remove all references to Blofeld and SPECTRE from the script.[26] In June 1976, McClory was awarded the sole rights to SPECTRE and Blofeld.[27][28]
Broccoli decided to include the KGB in the film as Bond's allies after showing a group ofRussians aJames Bond film during the production ofThe Blue Bird (1976) in theSoviet Union. When they enjoyed the film but commented that it could not be shown there because it was too "anti-Russian," Broccoli decided to include characters such as Amasova and Gogol who would be "not a hero, not a villain, but acceptable in terms of Russian distribution."[29]
Tom Mankiewicz, who worked on the three preceding Bond films, claims he was called in to do an extensive rewrite of the script. Mankiewicz says he did not receive credit, because Broccoli was limited to the number of non-British in key positions he could employ on the films to obtainEady Levy assistance.[30]Vernon Harris also did uncredited rewrites on the script.[18]
Tom Mankiewicz claimed thatCatherine Deneuve wanted to play the female lead and was willing to cut her normal rate from $400,000 per picture to $250,000, but Broccoli would not pay above $80,000.[30]Marthe Keller andDominique Sanda were also considered, while the original frontrunnerLois Chiles was not pursued after her agent informed the producers that she had retired.[31] Before the casting of Richard Kiel,Will Sampson,David Prowse[32] andJack O'Halloran (according to O'Halloran) were considered to play Jaws.[33][34]
The film was shot at thePinewood Studios in London,Porto Cervo inSardinia (Hotel Cala di Volpe),Egypt (Karnak,Mosque of Ibn Tulun,Gayer-Anderson Museum,Abu Simbel temples),Malta, Scotland,Hayling Island UK,Okinawa, Switzerland andMount Asgard onBaffin Island in the then northern Canadian territory ofNorthwest Territories (now located inNunavut).[35]
As no studio was big enough for the interior of Stromberg's supertanker, and set designerKen Adam did not want to repeat what he had done with SPECTRE's volcano base inYou Only Live Twice – "a workable but ultimately wasteful set" – construction began in March 1976 of a new sound stage at Pinewood, the007 Stage, at a cost of $1.8 million.[36] To complement this stage, Eon also paid for building a water tank capable of storing approximately 1,200,000 imperial gallons (5,500,000 L). The soundstage was so huge that cinematographerClaude Renoir found himself unable to effectively light it due to his deteriorating eyesight, and so according to Ken Adam,Stanley Kubrick visited the production, in secret, to advise on how to light the stage.[37] The studio hadwater right to drawwell water from below the stage then saved the water for future use, so filming was possible during the1976 UK heatwave.[38] For the supertanker exterior, whileShell was willing to lend an abandoned tanker to the production, the elevated insurance and safety risks caused it to be replaced with miniatures built byDerek Meddings's team and shot in the Bahamas. The tanker miniature was 63 feet (19 m) long with three sailors, and designed as acatamaran so it could swallow the submarine miniatures by driving over them.[39][5] Stromberg's shark tank was also filmed in the Bahamas, using a live shark in a saltwater swimming pool.[37] Adam decided to do experiments with curved shapes for the scenery, as he felt all his previous setpieces were "too linear". This was demonstrated with theAtlantis, which is a dome and curved surfaces outside, and many curved objects in Stromberg's office inside.[5] For Gogol's offices, Adam wanted an open space to contrast M's enclosed headquarters, and drew inspiration fromSergei Eisenstein to do a "Russian crypt-like" set.[40]
The main unit began its work in August 1976 inSardinia. Don McLaughlan, then head ofpublic relations atLotus Cars, heard that Eon was shopping for a new Bond car. He drove a prototypeLotus Esprit with all Lotus branding taped over, and parked it outside the Eon offices at Pinewood studios; on seeing the car, Eon asked Lotus to borrow both of the prototypes for filming. Initial filming of the car chase resulted in disappointing action sequences. While moving the car between shoots, Lotus test driver Roger Becker so impressed the crew with his handling of the car that for the rest of filming on Sardinia, Becker became the stunt driver.[5][41]
The motorcyclesidecar missile used in one chase sequence was built by film staff at Pinewood and used a standardKawasaki Z900 and a custom-made sidecar outfit. The sidecar was made large enough so that astuntman could lie flat inside. It had two 10-inchscooter wheels on each side,[verification needed] aSuzuki 185 engine, and the detached projectile was steered through a small solid rubber wheel at the front. A heavily smoked perspex nose allowed the stuntman sufficient visibility to steer the device whilst being entirely hidden from view. A pincer-type lock held the sidecar in place until operated by the pilot via a solenoid switch. The sequences involving the outfit were sped up, as the weight of the sidecar made the outfit very difficult to control.[42]
In October, the second unit travelled toNassau to film the underwater sequences. To create the illusion of the car becoming a submarine, seven different models were used, one for each step of the transformation. One of the models, designed by Derby marine engineer Alex Leam, was a fully mobile submarine, "Wet Nellie", equipped with an engine built by Miami-based Perry Submarines. The car seen entering the sea was a mock-up shell, propelled off the jetty by a compressed air cannon, whilst the first underwater shot of the car was a miniature model filmed in a test tank. Three full-size bodyshells were used to depict the actual car-to-submersible transition. During the model sequences, the air bubbles seen appearing from the vehicle were created byAlka-Seltzer tablets[5] or from divers driving the submarine, who were hidden by the black louvres of the Esprit in submarine mode.[39]
In September, production moved toEgypt. While theGreat Sphinx of Giza was shot on location, lighting problems caused thepyramids to be replaced with miniatures.[5] While construction of theLiparus set continued, the second unit (headed byJohn Glen) departed forMount Asgard,Baffin Island, where in July 1976 they staged the film's pre-credits sequence. Bond film veteranWilly Bogner captured the action, staged by stuntmanRick Sylvester, who earned $30,000 for the stunt.[43] The scene of Bond skiing off the mountain was inspired by aCanadian Club Whisky advertisement inPlayboy magazine of Sylvester performing the same stunt. This stunt cost $500,000 – the most expensive single movie stunt at that time. Additional scenes for the pre-credits sequence were filmed in theBernina Range in the Swiss alps.[44]
The production team received permission to film at theFaslane submarine base, saving millions of dollars.[38] After Faslane, production moved to Spain, Portugal and theBay of Biscay, where the supertanker exteriors were filmed. On 5 December 1976, with principal photography finished, the 007 Stage was formally opened by former Prime MinisterHarold Wilson.[45]
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The theme song, "Nobody Does It Better", was composed byMarvin Hamlisch, written byCarole Bayer Sager, and performed byCarly Simon. It was the first theme song in the series with a different title to that of the film.[46]
The soundtrack to the film was composed byMarvin Hamlisch, who filled in for veteranJohn Barry, who was unavailable to work in the United Kingdom for tax reasons.[47]
On top of the production budget, $7.5 million was spent on advertising, prints and parties forThe Spy Who Loved Me.[4] On 20 May 1977, Roger Moore and Barbara Bach attended theCannes Film Festival to promote the film's upcoming release.[48] It opened with a Royal Premiere attended byPrincess Anne at the OdeonLeicester Square in London on 7 July 1977. It grossed $185.4 million worldwide,[49] with $46 million in the United States and Canada.[50] It was United Artist's highest-grossing film at the time.[51] It grossed £10 million in the United Kingdom.[52] On 25 August 2006, the film was re-released at theEmpire, Leicester Square for one week.[53] It was again shown at the Empire Leicester Square on 20 April 2008 when Lewis Gilbert attended the first digital screening of the film.
Eon executive Charles Juroe said that at a screening attended byCharles, Prince of Wales, during theUnion Jack-parachute scene: "I have never seen a reaction in the cinema as there was that night. You couldn't help it. You could not help but stand up. Even Prince Charles stood up."[54] This scene came in second place in a 2013Sky Movies poll for greatest moment of the James Bond film franchise, beaten only by the "No, Mr. Bond, I expect you to die!" sequence fromGoldfinger.[55] It was Roger Moore's favourite Bond film,[56][5] and many reviewers consider it the best instalment to star the actor.[57][58][59]
Janet Maslin ofThe New York Times considered the film formulaic and "half an hour too long, thanks to the obligatory shoot-'em-up conclusion, ... nevertheless the dullest sequence here" but praised Moore's performance and the film's "share of self-mockery", which she found refreshing.[60]Charles Champlin of theLos Angeles Times felt "The Spy Who Loved Me is an extravagant silliness, a high-cost undertaking in let's pretend which delivers a perfect formula. It may not be everyone's tonic, but it is what it says it is, rousingly."[61]Gene Siskel ofThe Chicago Tribune praised the ski jump stunt in which he wrote that "you begin to thinkSpy may turn out to be as good asFrom Russia with Love, the best Bond of all. No such luck. True, opening pace ofSpy is impossible to sustain, but the rest of the picture is merely good, not great." He also found Stromberg to be less memorable than previous Bond villains, even noting that "Jaws is far more entertaining than his master."[62]Variety remarked the film "is unoriginal and mild on suspense as these capers go. But the gimmick-laden action is bountiful and eye-ravishing, and will compensate most audiences."[63]
Christopher Porterfield, reviewing forTime magazine, was complimentary of the pre-titles sequence and Richard Kiel's performance as Jaws. However, he criticised the film for being too similar to previous instalments, remarking "[a]ll that's left of Bond formula here is 007 character, sexy starlets and gee-whiz gadgets. (Question: What else did it ever consist of?)"[64] Similarly,Maureen Orth ofNewsweek wrote: "After the opening sequence, much of the action inThe Spy Who Loved Me, the tenth James Bond screen epic and the third starring Roger Moore as Bond, is somewhat downhill. But the film, shot in seven countries, is so rich in fantasy, so filled with beautiful scenery, gorgeous women, preposterous villains and impossible situations that it's easier to suspend disbelief entirely and escape inside the gadgetry and glamour."[65]
John Simon, writing in his bookReverse Angle, stated "There is a kind of film that can get away with everything, and deserves to. The latest James Bond,Spy Who Loved Me, belongs in that class."[66] Gary Arnold ofThe Washington Post dismissed the film as "a tolerable disappointment. The Bond movies have been so successful that it may be commercially impossible to terminate the series. However, it's been quite a while since a Bond adventure appeared to set fashions in escapist, glamorous entertainment. Once widely imitated and parodied by other producers, Bond films are now more likely to imitate themselves with decreasing effectiveness."[67]
On the website FilmCritic.com,Christopher Null awarded the film3+1⁄2 stars out of 5, in which he praised the gadgets, particularly the Lotus Esprit car.[68]James Berardinelli ofReelviews wrote that the film is "suave and sophisticated", and Barbara Bach proves to be an idealBond girl – "attractive, smart, sexy, and dangerous".[58] Brian Webster stated the special effects were "good for a 1979 [sic] film", and Marvin Hamlisch's music, "memorable".[69]Danny Peary describedThe Spy Who Loved Me as "exceptional ... For once, the big budget was not wasted. Interestingly, while the sets and gimmicks were the most spectacular to date, Bond and the other characters are toned down (there's a minimum of slapstick humour) so that they are more realistic than in other Roger Moore films. Moore gives his best performance in the series ... [Bond and Anya Amasova] are an appealing couple, equal in every way. Film is a real treat – a well acted, smartly cast, sexy, visually impressive, lavishly produced, powerfully directed mix of a spy romance and a war-mission film."[70]
The Times placed Jaws and Stromberg as the sixth and seventh best Bond villains (respectively) in the series in 2008,[71] and also named the Esprit as the second best car in the series (behind theAston Martin DB5).[72] On the review aggregation websiteRotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 82% based on 60 reviews with an average rating of 7.20/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Though it hints at the absurdity to come in later installments,The Spy Who Loved Me's sleek style, menacing villains, and sly wit make it the best of the Roger Moore era."[73] OnMetacritic, the film has aweighted average score of 55 based on 12 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[74]
| Award | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Academy Awards | Best Art Direction | Art Direction:Ken Adam andPeter Lamont; Set Decoration:Hugh Scaife | Nominated | [75] |
| Best Original Score | Marvin Hamlisch | |||
| Best Original Song | "Nobody Does It Better" Music by Marvin Hamlisch; Lyrics byCarole Bayer Sager | |||
| British Academy Film Awards | Best Original Film Music | Marvin Hamlisch | [76] | |
| Best Production Design | Ken Adam | |||
| Golden Globe Awards | Best Original Score | Marvin Hamlisch | [77] | |
| Best Original Song | "Nobody Does It Better" Music by Marvin Hamlisch; Lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager | |||
| Grammy Awards | Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special | Marvin Hamlisch | [78] |
When Ian Fleming sold the film rights to the James Bond novels to Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli, he gave permission only for the titleThe Spy Who Loved Me to be used. Since the screenplay for the film had nothing to do with Fleming's original novel, Eon Productions, for the first time, authorised anovelisation based upon the script.[79][verification needed]
TheLotus Esprit, also known asWet Nellie, capable of transforming from car to submarine in the film, was purchased for £616,000 at aLondon auction in October 2013 byElon Musk, who planned to rebuild the vehicle and attempt to make the fictional dual-purpose car be an actual dual-purpose car (underwater and on land).[80]
and she "dubbed" no fewer than three female James Bond actors, Daniela Bianchi in From Russia With Love (1963), Molly Peters in Thunderball (1965) and Caroline Munro in The Spy Who Loved Me (1977).
{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: location (link)John had been unable to work onThe Spy who Loved Me because of his tax situation in the UK. The Inland Revenue had declared all his royalties frozen in 1977, disputing over unpaid tax.
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