50°42′24″N0°46′28″W / 50.70666667°N 0.77444444°W /50.70666667; -0.77444444
The Mixon (reef, rocks or shoal) are a limestone outcrop in theEnglish Channel about 1 mile (1,600 m) offSelsey Bill,West Sussex. It was formed during theEocene period.
At the east end of the reef is a gully with a depth of 30 meters (98 ft). Known as the "Mixon Hole", this feature makes up the north side of a drowned river gorge. The Mixon is part of aMarine Conservation Zone and supports diverse wildlife includingshort-snouted seahorses,squat lobsters and crabs along withred algae andkelp in shallower waters. The Mixon Hole is a popular destination for scuba divers. Rock from the Mixon has been quarried at least from Roman times till the 19th century and used in the local building industry.
The reef has been a major hazard to shipping over the centuries, with stories of wrecks dating from medieval times.
The name Mixon probably is derived from theOld English: mixen meaning 'dunghill'. It is thought that dung from bullocks was stored in this area during the Anglo-Saxon period.[1]
The exact configuration of the coastline in the earlyHolocene is not precisely known, but the Mixon and other reefs in the area that were formed within the sands and silts of theBracklesham Group are thought to have significantly shaped thepalaeogeographic landscape and protected against coastal erosion.[3]
Archaeological evidence demonstrates that the Mixon would have been the shoreline during the Roman occupation, and was not breached by the sea until the 10th or 11th century.
Barrier breaching and shoreline recession associated with rising sea-level and storm events caused the Mixon to become an offshore bank, or shoal, probably at about 950–1050
The Mixon rocks have been a great hazard to shipping vessels over the centuries.[a][5] The cartographerJohn Speed placed the Mixon (incorrectly), off the north-east coast of the Isle of Wight on his 1610 map.[2][6]Probably the earliest[b] sailing directions about this area are in the "Great Britains Coasting Pilot" for 1693, where the authorGreenvile Collins writes of the Mixon and Owers shoals:
I will not give any directions to sail through them, nor within them. There lye some other banks within them, which I forbear to speak of them. The only and chief end of my business is to give good directions how to avoid these shoals, that have proved fatal to so many ships.
— Collins 1693, p. 3
To warn shipping vessels of the dangerous Mixon and Owers shoals, a light vessel was anchored off the Mixon in 1788 byTrinity House. From that date onward a series of vessels have been used for the same purpose, and between 1939 and 1973 the commonly-used craft waslightship number 3. In 1973 the lightship was replaced with a beacon and then from 2015 aSouth Cardinal was installed.[8][9][10]
The Mixon rock has been quarried at least since the Roman occupation of the area and became an important building stone in the late Saxon period. There is evidence of its use mainly on theManhood Peninsula but also within an area bounded by Westbourne, Westhampnett, Oving and South Bersted. Quarrying ceased after an Admiralty prohibition order in 1827. Some examples of structures where Mixon stone was used are theFishbourne Roman Palace and theHayling Island Bridge.[2][11]
In the 19th century, the "Channel Pilot" recorded the presence of a deep hole at the eastern end of the reef. Known as the Mixon Hole, the depression is approximately 8Fathoms[c] deep.[12] More recently the Mixon Hole has been described as the "most dramatic underwater cliff in the [English] channel".[13]
The great depth of the Mixon hole, plus it being relatively near to the shore[d], has made it a popular dive site.[14]
The crevices and ledges within the Mixon Hole provide a habitat for a variety of marine species including short-snouted seahorses, squat lobsters and crabs, along with red algae.[15]The short-snouted seahorse is protected under theWildlife and Countryside Act 1981 of theUnited Kingdom and byCITES.[16] The UK Government established Marine Conservation Zones(MCZ) to protect the populations and habitats of rare or threatened species. The Mixon is within the Selsey Bill and the Hounds MCZ that was designated on the 31 May 2019. It has an area of around 16 square kilometres (6.2 sq mi)[15][17]
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Mixon Rock is a tough, coarse-grained, pale grey to honeyyellowbioclastic limestone orcalcareoussandstone. This stone belongs to the Bracklesham Group that was formed about 45 million years ago. The stone itself has been formally named by geologists as "Mixon Rock". The rock containsmicrofossils, such asForaminifera, along with shell debris, sponge spicules andechinoid spines, some corals, bryozoans and shark teeth. It also contains scattered sand grains and glauconite.[2][11]The Mixon is only one of three localities in the United Kingdom where an extinct genus of Foraminifera known asAlveolina can be found.[18]
The north face of the Mixon Hole is a clay cliff that is vertical in its upper parts to between 5 and 20 metres below sea level. At the top of the cliff limestone overlies softer grey clay. The Mixon Hole forms the north side of a drowned river gorge which is kept open by the strong tidal currents through it.[19]
At the base of the hole a mixture of boulders and cobbles of both clay and limestone has fallen from the cliff above. Away from the cliff on the seabed there is a preponderance of empty slipper limpet shells.[19]
There are many myths and legends associated with The Mixon.[20] For example, the foundation story of Sussex as recorded in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" tells how theAnglo-Saxonking Ælle and his three sons landed at a place called Cymenshore in AD 477. The modern location for Cymenshore has been lost although the written evidence suggests that it was located at The Mixon.[21] However most academics agree that although it is possible that Cymenshore existed, the foundation story itself is a myth.[22][23][24]
Another more recent example is a custom that suggests that the dead should be placed, in their coffins, on Selsey beach at night. In the morning the coffins would be gone — and it was said that the people of the sea had taken them to the Mixon Hole. A more plausible explanation is that abandoning coffins here was associated with smuggling. A coffin full of contraband would be deposited on the beach, ready to be picked up and distributed by a coastal cutter, and because it seemed to be a funeral rite this practice would not attract the attention of the customs official.[20]