 The 12th-centuryLadder of Divine Ascent icon (Saint Catherine's Monastery, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt) showing monks, led by John Climacus, ascending the ladder toJesus, at the top right. | |
| Author | John Climacus |
|---|---|
| Original title | Κλῖμαξ |
| Language | Koine Greek |
| Subject | Christian monasticism |
| Published | c. 600 AD |
| Publication place | Byzantine Empire |
The Ladder of Divine Ascent orLadder of Paradise (Κλῖμαξ;Scala orClimax Paradisi) is an important ascetical treatise formonasticism inEastern Orthodoxy andRoman Catholicism, written byJohn Climacus inc. 600 AD atSaint Catherine's Monastery; it was requested by John,Abbot of theRaithu monastery.
TheScala, which obtained immense popularity and made its author famous in the Church, is addressed toanchorites andcenobites and treats of the means by which the highest degree of religious perfection may be attained. Divided into thirty parts, or "steps", in memory of the thirty years of the life of Christ—the "Divine Model" for the faithful Christian—it presents a picture of all the virtues, and contains a great many parables and historical touches, drawn principally from the monastic life and exhibiting the practical application of the precepts.
At the same time, as the work is mostly written in a concise, aphoristic form, and as the reasonings do not always seem clearly connected from one to the next, it is at times somewhat obscure. This explains its having been the subject of various commentaries, even in very early times. The most ancient of the manuscripts containing theScala is found in theBibliothèque Nationale in Paris and was probably brought from Florence byCatherine de' Medici. In some of these manuscripts, the work bears the title of "Spiritual Tables" (Plakes Pneumatikai in Greek).
TheScala consists of 30 chapters, or "rungs",
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TheLadder of Divine Ascent derived from manuscripts of the 11th and 12th century, pictorially bringing insight to heaven from a 30-rung ladder. The strategic placement of the ladder, which cuts the icon into two complementary triangles, represents heaven in the higher triangle and earth in the lower.[1] The journey to the top of the ladder, where Jesus reaches down with open hands, is rife with obstacles of sin—represented by the demons with bows and arrows, ready to take the souls of those who lack perseverance. The act of climbing represents both physical pain as well as the struggle with internal sin; in this sense, the weight the monks feel is physical, mental, and spiritual. The icon shows several examples of monks that gave into the temptation of sin, as demons with dark chains hoist their victims off the ladder and into hell.
Climacus himself, however, reaches the top rung. His inspirational position close to Christ serves as a guide to those still struggling in their journey.[2] A group of monastic brothers is gathered at the lower right, arms raised in prayer to the angels above in the upper left; this represents the thoughts and prayers that cut through the spiritual battlefield, giving support to those on the virtuous path to heaven: a life based on prayer and penance as the way to salvation. The angels represent the righteous climbing the ladder below in the same way that the holy brethren to the lower right mirror the angels above.[3]
At the top of the ladder is Holy Archbishop Antonios, in a white robe with golden trim embracing the invitation to heaven with God. The white robe that Antonios wears is of silk with gold cuffs (epimanikia) and a sash (epitrachelion), which distinguishes him from the others on the ascent. The imperial status held by Archbishop Antonios implies a close relation to the icon itself—a symbol of his prominence within the religious community. His hands are lifted openly to mirror the grace Christ has given him; John Climacus, in front of the archbishop, is depicted performing the same gesture. Many inscriptions state that John Climacus has been "made one with God".
According toHans Belting, it is not known if archbishop Antonios came from the capital of Sinai or was even an archbishop.[4] Others, such asDoula Mouriki, hold that he was indeed an archbishop; this controversy over the imperial patronage of the icon remains today.
TheHeavenly Ladder was also adapted as an icon for the Arabic-speaking Christian community, likely atSaint Catherine's monastery onMount Sinai.[5]John Climacus leads his people through text on the left side of the page to show the Greek tradition, as contradistinct from the Arabic tradition, which would be read right-to-left instead; too, he does not sit on the floor as in theMuslim fashion, but rather at a desk. This is complemented with a smaller adaptation of the icon. The 17th-century Arabic reproduction shows Christ leading the pious to heaven from a ladder that cuts the icon from bottom right to upper left in ascending fashion—the opposite of the original icon from the late 12th century.Moses is depicted kneeling before the burning bush at the right. TheVirgin Mary andChrist Child are illuminated inside the tear shaped flame. John Climacus is seen at the lower left with fellow monks at St. Catherine. At the base of the ladder a monk falling to hell maintains footing on the ladder as John Climacus assists by grabbing hold of the demon.
TheLadder was translated into Latin byAmbrogio the Camaldolese, then writing asAmbrosius Camaldulensis (Venice, 1531 and 1569; Cologne, 1583, 1593—with a commentary byDenis the Carthusian—and 1601). The Greek of theScala, with the scholia ofElias, Archbishop of Crete, and also the text of theLiber ad Pastorem, were published byMatthæus Raderus with a Latin translation (Paris, 1633). The whole is reproduced inPatrologia Graeca, vol. 88 (Paris, 1860).
Translations of theScala have been published in Spanish byLouis of Granada (Salamanca, 1551), in Italian (Venice, 1585), in modern Greek byMaximus Margunius, Bishop of Cerigo (Venice, 1590), and in French byArnauld d'Andilly (Paris, 1688). The last-named of these translations is preceded by a life of the saint byLe Maistre de Sacy.One translation of theScala,La Escala Espiritual de San Juan Clímaco, became the first book printed in the Americas, in 1532.[6]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. John Climacus".Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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