The Holocaust saw thegenocide ofJews,Serbs andRomani within theIndependent State of Croatia (Croatian:Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH), afascistpuppet state that existed duringWorld War II, led by theUstaše regime, which ruledan occupied area of Yugoslavia including most of the territory of modern-dayCroatia, the whole of modern-dayBosnia and Herzegovina and the eastern part ofSyrmia (Serbia). Of the 39,000 Jews who lived in the NDH in 1941, theUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum states that more than 30,000 were murdered.[1] Of these, 6,200 were shipped to Nazi Germany[2][3] and the rest of them were murdered in the NDH, the vast majority in Croatian Ustaše-runconcentration camps, such asJasenovac. The Ustaše were the onlyquisling forces in Yugoslavia who operated their ownextermination camps for the purpose of murdering Jews and members of other ethnic groups.
Of the minority, 9,000 Jews, who managed to survive, 50% of them did so by joiningthe Partisans or escaping to Partisan-controlled territory.[4] The Partisans welcomed 10 Yugoslav Jews who were named National Heroes, the highest WWII award,[5] including Jews from Croatia. Croatian civilians were also involved in saving Jews during this period. As of 2020, 120 Croats have been recognized asRighteous among the Nations.[6]
During the 1930's antisemitism grew among the Croatian extreme right, including the fascist, separatistUstaše, nationalist students and radical Catholic organizations.[7] The Ustaše leader (Croatian:Poglavnik, equivalent of GermanFuhrer),Ante Pavelić, identified Jews, along with Serbs, as the principal enemies of Croats, writing before the war:
Jews have robbed the Croatian people for centuries, especially the common man. They managed to acquire almost the entire Croatian national wealth. In an organized and systematic manner, they poisoned Croatian generations through press and books and denationalized them for years. In the future Independent State of Croatia, they will not be able to do this"[7]
On 25 March 1941,Prince Paul of Yugoslavia signed theTripartite Pact, allying theKingdom of Yugoslavia with theAxis powers. Prince Paul was overthrown, and a new anti-German government underPeter II andDušan Simović took power. The new government withdrew its support for the Axis, but it did not repudiate theTripartite Pact. Nevertheless, Axis forces, led byNazi Germanyinvaded Yugoslavia in April 1941.
TheIndependent State of Croatia was proclaimed by theUstaše – a Croatianfascist organization – on 10 April 1941. Approximately 40,000 Jews lived within the new state, of whom only 9,000 would ultimately survive the war.[8] On the territory of Yugoslavia the Ustaše were the only local quisling force which implemented its own Race Laws and carried out the mass-murder of Jews in their own concentration camps. In Serbia[9] and elsewhere in occupied Yugoslavia the killing was carried out entirely by the Nazis.[10] According toJozo Tomasevich, of the 115 Jewish religious organizations in Yugoslavia which existed in 1940 only the one inZagreb survived the war.[11] About 11,500 Jews lived in Zagreb, 3,000 of whom survived the war.[12] The historian Ivo Goldstein notes that 78% of Zagreb Jewish community members were killed in the NDH,[13] with the Ustaše destruction of theZagreb Synagogue being "the clearest announcement of [Ustaše] plans to completely annihilate Zagreb's Jews".[14] While eliminating all other Jewish organizations, the Ustaše forced Zagreb's Jewish community to pay for transport to, and feeding of Jews in Ustaše concentration camps,[15] while stealing much of the aid.
A special case was the 14,000-strongSephardic Jewish community in Bosnia,[16] which fled theSpanish Inquisition in 1492, and then settled in Bosnia under theOttoman Empire, surviving and thriving for nearly 400 years under the Ottomans, Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, until the great majority were exterminated by the Ustaše and Nazis in the Independent State of Croatia.[13] The Ustaše and Nazis also exterminated Jews in Serbia, in annexed easternSyrmia. Thus nearly all 450 Jews in the city ofRuma were killed in theUstašeJasenovac and NaziSajmište concentration camps, with the Independent State of Croatia confiscating all their property.[17]
Already prior to the war the Ustaše forged close ties to fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. In 1933 the Ustaše presented "The Seventeen Principles", which proclaimed the uniqueness of the Croatian nation, promoted collective rights over individual rights, and declared that people who were not Croat by race and blood, would be excluded from political life. In 1936, the Ustaše leader,Ante Pavelić, wrote in "The Croat Question":
″Today, practically all finance and nearly all commerce in Croatia is in Jewish hands. This became possible only through the support of the state, which thereby seeks, on one hand, to strengthen the pro-Serbian Jews, and on the other, to weaken Croat national strength. The Jews celebrated the establishment of the so-called Yugoslav state with great joy, because a national Croatia could never be as useful to them as a multi-national Yugoslavia; for in national chaos lies the power of the Jews... In fact, as the Jews had foreseen, Yugoslavia became, in consequence of the corruption of official life in Serbia, a true Eldorado of Jewry...The entire press in Croatia is also in Jewish-masonic hands…"[18]
The main Race Laws in the Independent State of Croatia, patterned afterNazi Race Laws, were adopted and signed by theUstaše leaderAnte Pavelić on 30 April 1941: the "Legal Decree on Racial Origins", the "Legal Decree on the Protection of Aryan Blood and the Honor of the Croatian People",[19] and the "Legal Provision on Citizenship".[20] These decrees defined who was a Jew, and took away the citizenship rights of all Jews and Roma. By the end of April 1941, months before the Nazis implemented similar measures in Germany, the Ustaše required all Jews to wear insignia, typically a yellow Star of David.[21]
On June 26, 1941Ante Pavelić issued the Extraordinary Legal Decree and Order, stating: "Since Jews are spreading false reports with the purpose of disturbing the population, and using their well-known speculations to hinder and obstruct supplying the population, we consider them collectively responsible and shall therefore treat them accordingly and place them, in addition to implementing penal and correctional measures, in open-air prison camps".[22] This was the signal for the mass deportations of Jews to Ustaše concentration camps, promoted with media campaigns, under the main slogan: "There is no room for Jews in theIndependent State of Croatia".[22] On 10 October 1941, the Ustaše proclaimed the "Legal Decree on the Nationalization of the Property of Jews and Jewish Companies", confiscating all Jewish property.
Actions against Jews began immediately after theIndependent State of Croatia was founded. On 10–11 April 1941 a group of prominent Jews in Zagreb was arrested by theUstaše and held for ransom. On 13 April the same was done in Osijek, where Ustaše and Volksdeutscher mobs destroyed the synagogue and Jewish graveyard.[23] The procedure of arresting and holding Jews for large ransoms was repeated in 1941 and 1942 several times with groups of Jews, while large-scale deportations of Jews to Ustaše concentration camps were also soon initiated.
TheUstaše immediately initiated intensive anti-Semitic propaganda. A day after the signing of the main race laws on 30 April 1941, the newspaper of the Ustaše movement,Hrvatski narod (Croatian Nation), published across its entire front page: "The Blood and Honor of the Croatian people protected by special provisions".[24]
Two days later, the newspaperNovi list concluded that Croatians must "be more alert than any other ethnic group to protect their racial purity, ... We need to keep our blood clean of the Jews". The newspaper also wrote that Jews are synonymous with "treachery, cheating, greed, immorality and foreigness", and therefore "wide swaths of the Croatian people always despised the Jews and felt towards them natural revulsion".[24]Nova Hrvatska (New Croatia) added that according to the Talmud, "this toxic, hot well-spring of Jewish wickedness and malice, the Jew is even free to kill Gentiles".[24]
One of the main claims of Ustaše propaganda was that the Jews have always been against an independent Croatian state and against the Croatian people. In April 1941 the newspaperHrvatski narod accused Jews of being responsible for the "many failures and misfortunes of so many Croatian people", which led the Poglavnik [the Ustaše leader Ante Pavelic] to "eradicate these evils".[24] ASpremnost article stated that the Ustaša movement defines "Judaism as one of the greatest enemies of the people".[24]
Some in the Catholic Church joined the anti-Semitic propaganda. Thus the Catholic Bishop of Sarajevo, Ivan Šarić, published in his diocesan newspaper that "the movement to free the world of Jews, represents the movement for the restoration of human dignity. Omniscient and omnipotent God is behind this movement ".[25] And in July 1941, the Franciscan priest,Dionysius Juričev, inNovi list wrote that "it is no longer a sin to kill a seven year-old child".[26]
Already in April 1941, theUstaše established the concentration campsDanica[27] (near Koprivnica),Kruščica concentration camp near Travnik[28] and Kerestinec, where along with communists and other political opponents, theUstaše imprisoned Jews.
In May 1941, theUstaše rounded up 165 Jewish youth in Zagreb, ages 17–25, most of them members of the Jewish sports club Makabi, and sent them to theDanica concentration camp (all but 3 were killed by the Ustaše).[29]
In May and June theUstaše established new camps, primarily for Jews who came to Croatia as refugees from Germany and countries which Germany had previously occupied, and some of these were quickly killed. Also arrested and sent to theUstaše camps were larger groups of Jews from Zagreb (June 22), Bihac (June 24), Karlovac (June 27), Sarajevo, Varaždin, Bjelovar, etc.[citation needed]
On 8 July 1941 theUstaše ordered that all arrested Jews be sent to Gospić, from where they took the victims to death campsJadovno on Velebit, andSlana and Metajna on the island of Pag,[30] where they carried out mass executions. As part of this, on July 12, 1941, theUstaše arrested all theVaraždin Jews and sent them to theGospič concentration camp. In a report in the newspaper Hrvatski narod (Croatian People) theUstaše proclaimed Varaždin the firstJudenfrei city, i.e. "cleansed" of Jews.[31]
The historian Paul Mojzes lists 1,998 Jews, 38,010 Serbs, and 88 Croats killed at Jadovno and related execution grounds,[32] among them 1,000 children. Other sources generally offer a range of 10,000–68,000 deaths at the Jadovno system of camps, with estimates of the number of Jewish victims ranging from several hundred[32] to 2,500–2,800.[33]
The Catholic Canon of Pag wrote that the Ustaše killed 12,000 in the Pag Island camps alone, "in all sorts of bestial ways", among them 4,000 women and children,[34] and kept records of women inmates they raped. Responding to local reports of masses of corpses across the Velebit mountains poisoning drinking water, an Italian army medical team uncovered many pits and mass graves of civilians across Velebit and on Pag Island.[31] Since Ustaše mass-murder fueled Partisan resistance, the Italians forced the Ustaše in August 1941 to withdraw from their occupation zone, closing the Gospić-Jadovno-Pag Island system of extermination camps.
In August 1941 theUstaše established theJasenovac concentration camp, one of the largest in Europe.[35] This included theStara Gradiška concentration camp for women and children. Jasenovac was much more barbaric than German Nazi-run camps, since prisoners were often tortured and many of the murders were done manually using hammers, axes and knives.[36] TheUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) in Washington, D.C. presently estimates that the Ustaša regime murdered between 77,000 and 99,000 people in Jasenovac system of camps between 1941 and 1945.[37] The Jasenovac Memorial Site quotes a similar figure of between 80,000 and 100,000 victims.[38] Of these, the United States Holocaust Museum says that at least 20,000 were Jews.
The Jasenovac Memorial site lists the individual names of 83,145 victims, including 13,116 Jews, 16,173 Roma, 47,627 Serbs, 4,255 Croats, 1,128 Bosnian Muslims,[39] etc. Of the total 83,145 named Jasenovac victims, 20,101 were children under the age of 12, and 23,474 were women.[39]
The system of camps the Ustaše created to collect, hold and transport Jews to Ustaše and Nazi death camps, included the following:
The Ustaše repeatedly asked the Nazis to ship NDH Jews to eastern Europe, the first request made in October 1941.[47] The Germans initially refused, and the first shipments of NDH Jews began only in August 1942,[2] fully a year after the Ustaše had been mass-murdering Jews in their own concentration camps. Data on numbers of NDH Jews sent to Nazi camps are provided by money the Ustaše state paid the Nazis for each Jew transported to German extermination camps, in return for Ustaše confiscating Jewish properties. Thus according to statistics from Himmler's SS headquarters, in all 1942 the NDH paid the Nazis to ship 4,927 NDH Jews to German death camps.[2]
Of these, Zagreb police arrested 1,700 Jews in August 1942, amid intense antisemitic propaganda in the Ustaše press.[48] The Ustaše held most of them in the Križančeva street Classical Gymnasium Zagreb, then marched them to the Main Zagreb Railway Station, and shipped them to Auschwitz. The rest of the 4,927 were shipped to Germany from the Ustaše concentration camps at Tenja and Loborgrad. Data indicate 1,200[3] additional Jews arrested by Ustaše and Nazis and shipped to Germany via Ustaše transit camps in the final deportations of May 1943, for a total of 6,200 (there were no deportations after, since most NDH Jews were killed by then, and in 1941 Jews were deported and killed only in Ustaše death camps).[49]
These 6,200 NDH Jews deported to Germany (some of whom survived) compare with estimates of 30,000 total Jewish victims in the NDH, confirming Zerjavić[50] and others who estimate the large majority of NDH Jews were killed by the Ustaše, most by August 1942. As a result, at a meeting in Ukraine in September 1942, the Ustaše leaderAnte Pavelić told Adolf Hitler that the "Jewish question is practically solved in a large part of Croatia."[51]
The destruction of theSephardiIl Kal Grandesynagogue inSarajevo was carried out by Nazi German soldiers and their localUstaše allies soon after their arrival in the city on 15 April.[52] TheSarajevo Haggadah was the most important artifact which survived this period, smuggled out of Sarajevo and saved from the Nazis and Ustaše by the chief librarian of theNational Museum, Derviš Korkut. The demolition of theZagreb Synagogue was ordered by theUstaše mayorIvan Werner and was carried out from 10 October 1941 to April 1942. The two Jewish football clubs in the state,ŽGiŠK Makabi Zagreb andŽŠK Makabi Osijek, were banned in 1941.[53]
In April 1942, the Jews of Osijek were forced to build a "Jewish settlement" atTenja, into which they were herded along with Jews from the surrounding region. Approximately 3,000 Jews were moved to Tenja in June and July 1942.[19] From Tenja, 200 Jews were transported to theJasenovac concentration camp and 2,800 Jews were transported to theAuschwitz concentration camp.[19]
In February 1942 theUstaše Interior Minister,Andrija Artuković, in a speech to the Croatian Parliament declared that:
On 5 May 1943, Nazi SS leaderHeinrich Himmler paid a short visit to Zagreb in which he held talks withAnte Pavelić.[55] Starting on 7 May, a roundup of the remaining Jews in Zagreb was carried out by theGestapo under the command ofFranz Abromeit.[56] During this period,Archbishop Stepinac offered the head rabbi in ZagrebMiroslav Šalom Freiberger help to escape the roundup, which he ultimately declined.[57] The operation lasted for the following week, and resulted in the capture of 1,700 Jews from Zagreb and 300 from the surrounding area. All of these people were taken to theAuschwitz concentration camp.[58]
After the capitulation of Italy on 8 September 1943, Nazi Germany annexed the Croat-populated Italian provinces ofPula andRijeka into itsOperational Zone Adriatic Coast. On 25 January 1944, the Germans demolished the Jewish synagogue in Rijeka.[58] The region ofMeđimurje had beenannexed by theKingdom of Hungary in 1941. In April 1944, the Jews of Međimurje were taken to a camp inNagykanizsa where they were held until their transport to Auschwitz. An estimated 540 Međimurje Jews were murdered at Auschwitz, while 29 were murdered at Jasenovac.[59]
Many historians describe the Ustaša regime's mass killings of Serbs as meeting the definition of genocide.[60][61][62][63][64] Some racist laws, brought from Germany, in addition to Jews and Roma, were applied to the Serbs.Vladimir Žerjavić estimates that 322,000 Serbs were killed in the Independent State of Croatia, out of a total population of 1.8 million Serbs. Thus one in six Serbs were killed, which represents the highest percentage killed in Europe, after the Jews and Roma. Of these Žerjavić estimates that about 78,000 Serbs were killed at Jasenovac and other Ustaše camps. According to theUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., between 320,000 and 340,000 Serbs were killed in the NDH.
The Ustaše regime launched the persecution of the Roma in May 1942. Whole families were arrested and transported to theJasenovac concentration camp, where they were immediately, or within a few months, killed. Estimates of the number of victims vary from 16,000 (this figure is given Vladimir Žerjavić) to 40,000. TheJasenovac Memorial at Jasenovac, Croatia lists the names of 16,173 Roma killed at that concentration camp. Due to their way of life, many more victims are probably unrecorded. The German historianAlexander Korb and theUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., both estimate at least 25,000 casualties among the Roma, which represents nearly the total Roma population in the Independent State of Croatia.
On 5 May 1945, only 3 days before the Partisans liberated Zagreb and just days after they finished mass-murdering the last 3,000 prisoners at Jasenovac, among them 700 Jews,[65] the fleeing Ustaše declared theLegal Decree on the Equalization of Members of the NDH Based on Racial Origin (Zakonska odredba o izjednačavanju pripadnika NDH s obzirom na rasnu pripadnost) which repealed the racial laws under which the Ustaše exterminated the vast majority of Jews and Roma and many Serbs during the course of the war.[citation needed]
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The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum lists the following number of victims in the Independent State of Croatia:
Slavko Goldstein estimates that approximately 30,000 Jews were killed in the Independent State of Croatia. Vladimir Žerjavić's demographics research produced an estimate of 25,800 to 26,700 Jewish victims, of which he estimates that 19,000 were killed by the Ustaše in Croatia and Bosnia, and the rest were killed abroad.[67]
Of Zagreb's prewar Jewish community, with its 9,467 members,[68] data collected by the Jewish Community of Zagreb shows that only 2,214 of its members managed to survive,[13] which means that 78% of them were killed in the Holocaust. After the war, some 60% of the surviving Yugoslav Jews emigrated to Israel.[69] According to Naida Michal Brandl number of surviving Jews from Zagreb was between 2,214 and more than 3,000.[70] Israeli data shows that out of a total prewar population of 39,000 Jews in what became the Independent State of Croatia, only 3,694 Jews managed to survive the Holocaust and emigrate to Israel – 2,747 from Croatia plus 947 from Bosnia.[71]
According to Marica Karakaš Obradov, it is estimated that number of surviving Jews from the NDH was in range of 9,000 to 12,000 persons while according to Slavko Goldstein that number is 11,589 Jews.[72]Some 5,000 NDH Jews managed to escape the Ustaše-Nazi portion of the NDH, to Italian-held NDH territory, from where the Italians had expelled the Ustaše, after the Ustaše mass-murder of 24,000, mostly Serbs, but also 2,500 Jews[42] in theJadovno – Pag Island system of concentration camps, in July–August 1941, because this Ustaše slaughter fueled Partisan resistance. All these Jews were held in Italian internment camps, most, 3,500, on Rab Island.[73] Following Italian capitulation, the area was taken over by Nazis and Ustaše, and some Jews were captured and killed, thus not all 5,000 survived (plus the 5,000 figure included some Jews from Serbia who escaped to Italian territory, thus not all survivors were NDH Jews).[74]
The largest number managed to survive by joining the Partisans. Of the 3,500 Jews in the Italian Rab Island camp, 3,151 joined the Partisans (1,339 as combatants, 1,812 as noncombatants), of whom 2,874 survived the war, the rest were killed in Ustaše and Nazi attacks.[75] Altogether in Croatia and Bosnia 3,143 NDH Jews joined the Partisans, of whom 804 were killed, and 2,339 managed to survive.[4] An additional 2,000 Jewish noncombatants managed to survive by escaping to Partisan territory, for a total of 4,339 Jews saved by the Partisans, or nearly half the 9,000 Jewish survivors in the NDH. Proportionately this represented "the largest Jewish participation in resistance movements in Europe, and also proportionately the largest number of Jews saved by anti-Fascist resistance".[4]
The post-war Yugoslav commissions estimated that between 25,000 and 26,000 Jews were murdered in the NDH's concentration camps alone. However, the total number of Jews who lived in the NDH in April 1941 was only 39,000 (according to Romano's estimate in 1980). Thousands of them were deported toGerman concentration camps inEastern Europe, thousands of others fled to areas which were under Italian control, and thousands of others joined the Partisans and survived the Holocaust, according to Jozo Tomasevich, such a high death toll is statistically impossible.[3]
Ivo Goldstein's more recent work contradicts Tomasevich, noting how 4,339 Jews survived with the Partisans.[4] 5,000 escaped to Italian territory, but of these, 3,500 Rab Island Jews either survived by joining the partisans, or were killed by the Ustaše-Nazis.[75] This leaves at most 1,500 additional non-Rab Island Jews in Italian territory. Adding this 1,500 to 4,339 Jews who survived with the Partisans, gives a maximum of 5,839 Jews who survived with the Partisans and/or on Italian territory (of the 1,500, Prof. Goldstein states some were also killed by Ustaše-Nazis, and Jews on Italian territory included some non-NDH Jews, thus fewer than 5,839 total NDH Jews survived this way). Adding to 5,839 the 6,000 – 7,000 NDH Jews shipped to Germany by Ustaše-Nazis.[2][76]
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The Jasenovac Memorial Site commemorates the largest concentration and extermination camp in the Independent State of Croatia. Operated by the Ustaše regime from August 1941 to April 1945, the camp was the site of the deaths of tens of thousands of Serbs, Jews, Roma, and political dissidents. It has since been turned into a national memorial and museum.
Jadovno was one of the first Ustaše-run concentration camps, located in the Velebit mountains. It operated from April to August 1941 and was used primarily for the mass execution of Serbs, Jews, and Roma. Victims were often thrown into deep karst pits. Estimates of those killed range from 15,000 to over 40,000.
A subcamp of Jasenovac, Stara Gradiška primarily held women and children. It became infamous for its harsh conditions, forced labor, and the brutality of its guards, including female members of the Ustaše. Thousands of inmates perished there due to executions, starvation, and abuse.
Established in December 1941 in a former monastery, the Đakovo internment camp was used to imprison Jewish women and children deported from across the NDH. Many inmates died of malnutrition, disease, and harsh conditions before the camp was closed in July 1942. Others were transferred to Jasenovac.
Sajmište was located near Belgrade in German-occupied Serbia, across the Sava River from the Independent State of Croatia. Though operated by German authorities, the camp was used by the NDH to deport Jewish women and children. Between early 1942 and mid-1942, thousands of detainees, many from Croatia and Bosnia, were killed using mobile gas vans.
Overone hundred Croatians have been recognized asRighteous among the Nations. They includeŽarko Dolinar andMate Ujević.
As of 1 February 2019[update], 118 Croatians have been honored with this title byYad Vashem for savingJews duringWorld War II.[126]
One of the Righteous, Sister Amadeja Pavlović (28 January 1895 – 26 November 1971), was the Superior of theCroatian province of the Sisters of Mercy of the Holy Cross inĐakovo from 1943 to 1955.[127] She rescued Zdenka Grunbaum, then a ten-year-old girl fromOsijek; Grunbaum's family was killed in Đakovo.[128] Grunbaum later moved to America, and started the initiative to have Pavlović recognized as Righteous Among the Nations. Pavlović was recognized as Righteous Among the Nations byYad Vashem in 2008; Croatian presidentStjepan Mesić attended the ceremony.[129][128]
47 people from Bosnia and Herzegovina have been recognized as Righteous among the Nations.[130]
According to Holocaust historianEsther Gitman, Croatian ArchbishopAlojzije Stepinac rescued approximately 1000 converted Jews.[131]
Holocaustrevisionism anddenial in Croatia has been criticized byMenachem Z. Rosensaft in 2017[132] and William Echikson's Holocaust Remembrance Project report of 2019.[133] Representatives of Serbian and Jewish communities along withanti-fascist organisations have boycotted state commemoration services for Jasenovac victims in protest at what they see as government leniency towards Ustaša sympathisers.[134]
In 2018, Croatian journalistIgor Vukić wrote a book on the Jasenovac concentration camp entitledRadni logor Jasenovac (Jasenovac Labour Camp) that advanced the theory that Jasenovac was simply a labour camp where no mass murder took place.[135] In referencing the book, Croatian journalistMilan Ivkošić wrote a column for the Croatian daily newspaperVečernji list entitled "Jasenovac cleansed of ideology, bias and communist forgery" where he declared that "there was fun in the camp. There were sporting matches, especially football, concerts, theatrical performances, among which were pieces that were created by the inmates themselves."[136] One ofCroatian Radiotelevision's programme editorsKarolina Vidović Krišto covered the book's release in a talk show, in which the historianHrvoje Klasić was supposed to be present, but he had explicitly rejected the invitation because of Jasenovac denialism, and the institution subsequently published a disclaimer, saying they do not advocate any such views and that all their employees are supposed to do their work objectively and legally.[137] Krišto was reportedly subsequently removed from her post, and later entered politics as a candidate of theMiroslav Škoro Homeland Movement.[138]
Kruscica concentration camp set up in April 1941
