The Hague[b] (Dutch:Den Haag,[c] short for's-Gravenhage)[d] is the capital city of theSouth Holland province of theNetherlands. With a population of over half a million, it is the third-largest city in the Netherlands. Situated on the west coast facing theNorth Sea, The Hague is the country's administrative centre and itsseat of government, and has been described as the country'sde facto capital since the time of theDutch Republic, whileAmsterdam is the officialcapital of the Netherlands.[7]
The Hague is the core municipality of theGreater The Hague urban area containing over 800,000 residents, and is also part of theRotterdam–The Hague metropolitan area, which, with a population of approximately 2.6 million, is the largest metropolitan area of the Netherlands. The city is also part of theRandstad region, one of the largestconurbations in Europe.
The nameDen Haag (anglicised asThe Hague andgallicised asLa Haye) derives from theMiddle Dutch wordhag(h)e, meaning "hedge", "enclosure", or "hunting ground".[11] It first appeared in 1242. The fuller form's-Gravenhage, meaning "the count's enclosure", first appeared in 1347.[12][e] The count in question was theCount of Holland (as is the case with nearby's-Gravenzande).
In deference to common usage, the municipal government adopted the shorter name in 1990, reserving the long-form name for official documents.[13] The post office specifies that letters should be addressed to's-Gravenhage, but a letter toDen Haag will be delivered just as well. The railway stations use the nameDen Haag, as do signposts.
The area was part of theRoman province ofGermania Inferior and was close to the border of the empire, theUpper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes. In 1997, four Roman milestones were discovered at Wateringse Veld. The originals are in the "Museon" museum. The milestones indicate the distance from the nearest Roman city, Forum Hadriani (modernVoorburg), and can be dated to the reign of the emperorsAntoninus Pius (138–161; the column is dated 151),Caracalla (211–217),Gordian III (238–244), andDecius (249–251).
Little is known about the origin of The Hague. There are no contemporary documents describing it, and later sources are often of dubious reliability. What is certain is that The Hague was founded by the last counts of theHouse of Holland.Floris IV already owned two residences in the area, but presumably purchased a third court situated by the present-dayHofvijver in 1229, previously owned by a woman called Meilendis. Presumably, Floris IV intended to rebuild the court into a large castle, but he died in atournament in 1234, before anything was built.[14] His son and successorWilliam II lived in the court, and after he was electedKing of the Romans in 1248, he promptly returned to The Hague, and had builders turn the court into a "royal palace" (regale palacium), which would later be called theBinnenhof ("Inner Court"). He died in 1256 before this palace was completed, but parts of it were finished during the reign of his sonFloris V, of which theRidderzaal ("Knights' Hall"), still intact, is the most prominent.[15][16] It is still used for political events, such as the annualspeech from the throne by the Dutchmonarch. From the 13th century onward, the counts of Holland used The Hague as their administrative center and residence when in Holland.
The village that originated around the Binnenhof was first mentioned asDie Haghe in a charter dating from 1242. It became the primary residence of the Counts of Holland in 1358 and thus became the seat of many government institutions. This status allowed the village to grow; by the Late Middle Ages, it had grown to the size of a city, although it did notreceive city rights.[17] In its early years, the village was in theambacht, or rural district, ofMonster, which was governed by the Lord of Monster. Seeking to exercise more direct control over the village, however, the Count split the village off and created a separateambacht called Haagambacht, governed directly by the Counts of Holland. The territory of Haagambacht was considerably expanded during the reign of Floris V.[18]
When theHouse of Burgundy inherited the counties of Holland and Zeeland in 1432, they appointed astadtholder to rule in their stead with theStates of Holland and West Friesland as an advisory council. Although their seat was in The Hague, the city became subordinate to more important centres of government such asBrussels andMechelen, from where the sovereigns ruled over the increasingly centralisedBurgundian Netherlands.[17]
At the beginning of theEighty Years' War, the absence of city walls proved disastrous, as it allowedSpanish troops to easily occupy the town. In 1575, the States of Holland, temporarily based inDelft, even considered demolishing the city, but this proposal was abandoned after mediation byWilliam the Silent. In 1588, The Hague became the permanent seat of the States of Holland as well as theStates General of theDutch Republic.[19] For the administration to maintain control over city matters, The Hague never received official city status, although it did have many of the privileges normally granted only to cities. In modern administrative law, "city rights" have no place anymore.
In 1806, when theKingdom of Holland was a puppet state of theFirst French Empire, the settlement wasgranted city rights byLouis Bonaparte.[20] After theNapoleonic Wars, modern-day Belgium and the Netherlands were combined in theUnited Kingdom of the Netherlands to form a buffer against France. As a compromise,Brussels andAmsterdam alternated as capital every two years, with the government remaining in The Hague. After the separation of Belgium in 1830, Amsterdam remained the capital of the Netherlands, while the government was situated in The Hague. When the government started to play a more prominent role in Dutch society after 1850, The Hague quickly expanded. Many streets were specifically built for the large number of civil servants employed in the country's government and for the Dutchmen who were retiring from the administration of theNetherlands East Indies. The growing city amalgamated the rural municipality ofLoosduinen partly in 1903 and completely in 1923.[21]
The city sustained heavy damage duringWorld War II. Many Jews were killed during the German occupation. Additionally, theAtlantic Wall was built through the city,[22] causing a large quarter to be torn down by theNazi occupants. On 3 March 1945, theRoyal Air Force mistakenlybombed theBezuidenhout quarter. The target was an installation ofV-2 rockets in the nearbyHaagse Bos park, but because of navigational errors, the bombs fell on a heavily populated and historic part of the city.[23] The bombardment wreaked widespread destruction in the area[24] and caused 511 fatalities.[25]
Because of uncertainty about what to do after the destruction of the bombing, nobody attempted to plan a reconstruction of Bezuidenhout. In 1962, David Jokinen saw an opportunity to put an end to the situation where two main stations each served only part of the rail traffic. TheJokinen Plan included the intent to demolish theStaatsspoor Station, withHollands Spoor becoming the central station. Jokinen's plan sparked fierce discussions. The plan was not implemented, in part because it was only presented when decision-making had finally reached an advanced stage. In the place of the Staatsspoor station now stands theDen Haag Centraal railway station.
After the war, The Hague became at one time the largest building site inEurope. The city expanded massively to the southwest, and the destroyed areas were quickly rebuilt. The population peaked at 600,000 inhabitants around 1965. In the 1970s and 1980s, mostly white middle-class families moved to neighbouring towns such asVoorburg,Leidschendam,Rijswijk and (most of all)Zoetermeer. This led to the traditional pattern of an impoverished inner city and more prosperous suburbs. Attempts to include parts of these municipalities in the city of The Hague were highly controversial. In the 1990s, with the consent of the Dutch Parliament, The Hague annexed large areas from neighboring and non-adjacent towns to build new residential areas, which are still being developed today.
The conurbations around The Hague and Rotterdam are close enough to be seen as a single conurbation in some contexts. For example, they share theRotterdam The Hague Airport and a light rail system calledRandstadRail. This led to the creation of theRotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area. This large conurbation centred on The Hague and Rotterdam is, in turn, part of theRandstad—specifically a band of municipalities called the South Wing (Zuidvleugel). The Randstad, which also includes, among others,Amsterdam andUtrecht, has a population of 6,659,300. The Hague lies at the southwestern corner of thesecond-largest conurbation in the European Union.
The Hague is divided into eight official districts, which are, in turn, divided into neighbourhoods.[26] Some of the most prosperous and some of the poorest neighbourhoods of the Netherlands can be found in The Hague. The wealthier areas such asStatenkwartier,Belgisch Park,Marlot,Benoordenhout andArchipelbuurt are generally in the northwestern part of the city, closer to the sea, whereas the southeastern neighbourhoods such asTransvaal,Moerwijk, and theSchilderswijk are significantly poorer, except theVinex-locations ofLeidschenveen-Ypenburg andWateringse Veld. This division is reflected in the local accent: The more affluent citizens are usually called "Hagenaars" and speak so-calledbekakt Haags ("posh"), this contrasts with theHagenezen, who speakplat Haags ("vulgar"); seeDemographics below.
Escamp (131,000 inhabitants)[27] is the most populous district of The Hague, built largely afterWorld War II as part of The Hague's large expansion to the southeast. One railway station can be found here:Den Haag Moerwijk. The district is divided into six neighbourhoods.
Haagse Hout (51,000 inhabitants)[27] is a wealthy district in the northeast of the city and the location of theHaagse Bos, a large forest. The King of the Netherlands lives in the royal palaceHuis ten Bosch, in this forest. The district also includes the financial centre of the city, theBeatrixkwartier.
Laak (46,000 inhabitants)[27] is the smallest district of the city, southeast of its centre, for the most part, built in the 20th and 21st centuries. The area used to be part ofRijswijk until the municipality of The Hague bought the land in 1844. TheHollands Spoor railway station andThe Hague University are located here, as well as the site of the planned mixed-use developmentNieuw Binckhorst.
Leidschenveen-Ypenburg (48,000 inhabitants)[27] is an early 21st-centuryVinex-location southeast of the city, geographically connected to the main body of the cityonly by a narrow corridor. The district is divided into Leidschenveen and Ypenburg, which were part ofLeidschendam,Nootdorp, andRijswijk before the areas were annexed by The Hague in 2002. This area was the site ofYpenburg Airport, which was a military airport during World War II.
Loosduinen (53,000 inhabitants)[27] is the westernmost district of The Hague. It was a village unto itself until 1923, when it was annexed by The Hague. The less popular of the city's two seaside resorts,Kijkduin, is located here. The district is divided into four neighbourhoods.
Scheveningen (61,000 inhabitants)[27] is the wealthy northernmost district of The Hague. A modern beach resort, Scheveningen is a popular tourist destination. It has a long sandy beach and its own esplanade, pier, and lighthouse, but also aPathé cinema, a musical theatre, a casino, and a special Museum for Scheveningen. The district also includes a fishing harbour. Notable buildings include theKurhaus and, farther inland, thePeace Palace.
Segbroek (63,000 inhabitants)[27] is a district located between Scheveningen and Loosduinen. The population decreased until around 2005, but since then has begun to grow again, driven by students and Eastern European immigrants. It became a district of The Hague in 1988 and is divided into five neighbourhoods.
The Hague experiences a temperateoceanic climate (Köppen:Cfb) similar to almost all of the Netherlands. Because of its location on the coast, it experiences milder winters and cooler summers than more inland locations. However, because of its location, it can also be extremely windy in the winter and humid in the summer. It also gets more sunshine.[citation needed]
City life concentrates around theHofvijver and theBinnenhof, where the States General of the Netherlands is located. Because of its history, the historical inner city of The Hague differs in various aspects from the nearby smaller cities ofLeiden andDelft. It does not have a cramped inner city, bordered by canals and walls. Instead, it has some small streets in the town centre that may be dated from the lateMiddle Ages and several spacious streets boasting large and luxurious 18th-century residences built for diplomats and affluent Dutch families. It has a large church dating from the 15th century, aCity Hall (built as such) from the 16th century, several large 17th-century palaces, a 17th-centuryProtestant church built in what was then a modern style, and many important 18th-century buildings.
The Hague is the largest Dutch city on theNorth Sea and includes two distinctbeach resorts. The main beach resortScheveningen, in the northwestern part of the city, is a popular destination for tourists as well as for inhabitants. With 10 million visitors a year, it is the most popular beach town in theBenelux area.Kijkduin, in the southwest, is The Hague's other beach resort. It is significantly smaller and attracts mainly local residents.
The former Dutch colony of theEast Indies, nowIndonesia, has left its mark on The Hague. Since the 19th century, high-level civil servants from the Dutch East Indies often spent long-term leave and vacations in The Hague. Many streets are named after places in the Netherlands East Indies (as well as other former Dutch colonies such as Suriname), and there is a sizable "Indo" (i.e., mixed Dutch-Indonesian) community. Since the loss of these Dutch possessions in December 1949, "Indo people" also known as "Indische people" often refer to The Hague as "the Widow of the Indies".[31]
The older parts of the town have many characteristically wide and long streets. Houses are generally low-rise (often not more than three floors). A large part of the southwestern city was planned by the progressive Dutch architectH.P. Berlage about 1910. This 'Plan Berlage' decided the spacious and homely streets for several decades. In World War II, a large portion of the western portion of The Hague was destroyed by the Germans. Afterward, modernist architectW.M. Dudok planned its renewal, putting apartment blocks for the middle class in open park-like settings.
The layout of the city is more spacious than other Dutch cities, and because of the incorporation of large and old nobility estates, the creation of various parks, and the use of green zones around natural streams, it is a much greener city than any other in the Netherlands. That is, excepting some medieval close-knitted streets in the centre. The Hague has a canal system around the old city center, which is mainly used for boat tours around the city. Most of the canals were drained in the late 19th century, and some were filled between 1910 and 1970,[32] but many have been restored recently.[when?]
As of 1 January 2021, The Hague counts 549,163 inhabitants, making it the third-largest city in the Netherlands. Between 1800 and 1960, the city saw considerable growth from 40,000 in 1800 to 200,000 in 1900 and eventually 600,000 in 1960. The growth following 1900 was partially caused by the Housing Act of 1901, which stimulated the expansion of cities such as The Hague. In the period between 1960 and 1980, The Hague saw a shrinkage from 600,000 to 440,000 inhabitants, caused mostly by spatial policy, demographic processes, and lack of space. After several annexations and housing constructions, The Hague has since grown again, celebrating its 500,000th inhabitant in 2011. The municipality expects the growth to continue to just over 600,000 inhabitants by 2030.[36]
The demonym of The Hague officially isHagenaar, but the termHagenees is informally used for someone who was born and raised in The Hague.[37] The usage of these demonyms appears to be class-bound, with Hagenaar being the upper-class term and Hagenees being that of the lower-class.[38]
43% of the population of The Hague has two parents that were born in the Netherlands, while 15.6% have at least one parent who was born abroad in a Western country, and 34.4% have at least one parent that was born in a non-Western country.[39]
Just under half of The Hague's population identifies with a religious group. The two most popular religions areChristianity (29%) and Islam (14.1%). Religiosity is higher among people with a recentmigration background from Indonesia, Turkey, Morocco, and Suriname. Islam is the most common religion among people with a Turkish or Moroccan migration background. Among people of Surinamese heritage, there is more religious diversity, with Hinduism being the most common. Of The Hague's native Dutch population, most religious people adhere to Christianity. Just under 40% of the population of The Hague regularly attends a house of worship.[41]
Since 2023, themunicipal executive has comprised D66, GroenLinks, PvdD, PvdA, CDA, and DENK. The chairman of the college is MayorJan van Zanen (VVD), and the city has seven aldermen:Robert van Asten, Saskia Bruines (both D66), Mariëlle Vavier, Arjen Kapteijns (both GroenLinks), Robert Barker (PvdD), Hilbert Bredemeijer (CDA), and Nur Ican (DENK). Each alderman is responsible for many particular policy areas and one of the city's eight districts.[44]
On 1 October 2019, the National Department of Criminal Investigation (Rijksrecherche) performed araid on the homes and offices of then-aldermenRichard de Mos and Rachid Guernaoui, as part of an investigation of alleged administrative corruption, bribery, and violation of confidentiality. The offices of several municipal civil servants and the homes of three entrepreneurs were also searched for the investigation. The aldermen were suspected of receiving bribes in exchange for granting permits.[45] In April 2023, De Mos and Guernaoui were acquitted of all charges.[46][47][48]
Many academic institutions in the fields of international relations, international law, and international development are based in The Hague. TheHague Academic Coalition (HAC) is a consortium of those institutions.
In 1948, theCongress of Europe was held with 750 delegates from 26 European governments, providing them with the opportunity to discuss ideas about the development ofEuropean integration, which eventually culminated in the creation of the modern-dayEuropean Union.
The city is the second biggestDutch tourist destination afterAmsterdam. In 2012, The Hague welcomed 1.2 million tourists, half of whom came from abroad. Tourists spend an average of €2 billion a year in the local economy. 1 in 10 residents makes their living in the tourism sector.[52][53]
The Hague originated around the 13th centuryBinnenhof, and this is still considered the cultural centre of the city. Nightlife centres around the three main squares in the city centre. ThePlein (meaning "Plaza" or "Town square") is taken by several large sidewalk cafés, where often politicians may be spotted. TheGrote Markt (literally "Big Market") is completely strewn with chairs and tables, summer or winter. TheBuitenhof (literally "Outer Courtyard", located just outside theBinnenhof) contains a six-screenPathé cinema and a handful of bars and restaurants in the immediate vicinity. Adjacent to the Buitenhof isDe Passage, the country's first covered shopping mall. Dating from the late 19th century,[54] it contains many expensive and speciality shops. One of the country's largest music venues,Paard van Troje, can be found in the centre of The Hague. Another popular music venue in The Hague is Muziekcafé de Paap.
Scheveningen forms a second cultural centre of The Hague, having its ownPathé cinema as well as the musical theatreCircustheater, although, especially in the summer, most nightlife concentrates around the sea-front boulevard with its bars, restaurants, and gambling halls. Several other attractions can be found in Scheveningen, such as the miniature parkMadurodam, theBeelden aan Zee museum, and aSea Life Centre.
The city's majorfootball club isADO Den Haag, which competes in theEerste Divisie, the second-highest tier of football in the Netherlands. ADO Den Haag has won theKNVB Cup twice and won the League twice in the era before professional football. They play their matches at the 15,000-seatADO Den Haag Stadium. Amateur teamHVV is also based in the city. Before the professional era, the club won 10 national titles and one KNVB Cup, and they remain fourth in the all-timelist of national title winners.[58]HBS Craeyenhout is another amateur club in the city, which won three national titles before the establishment of the Eredivisie.[58] On 13 May 2021, football club ADO Den Haag was relegated from the Eredivisie as they lost their final game of the season againstWillem II. In effect, ADO Den Haag no longer holds a position in the top division of professional Dutch football.[59]
Since 2020, the basketball clubThe Hague Royals has played in the professionalDutch Basketball League (DBL). Home games are played at the Sportcampus Zuiderpark.
Koningsdag, orKing's Day, is held annually on 27 April. It is traditionally celebrated with fairs and flea markets throughout the city. On this day, the colour orange predominates at afunfair (which sells orangecotton candy) and scores of informal street markets. The day is avrijmarkt (literally "free market"), which means no licence is needed for street vending; children traditionally use this day to sell old, unwanted toys. Since King's Day is a national holiday and thus a day off, many people also go out and party on the evening before King's Day. This evening is called King's Night, orKoningnacht in The Hague. The "t" is left out becausenacht is pronounced asnach in The Hague. Outdoor concerts throughout the city centre of The Hague draw tens of thousands of visitors every year.[60][61]
Every third Tuesday in September isPrinsjesdag, orPrince's Day, the opening of the Dutch parliament. On a festive day, children in The Hague are free from school so they may watch the procession of theGolden Coach. The King is driven in the coach fromNoordeinde Palace to theRidderzaal in theBinnenhof. Here, the King reads theSpeech from the Throne, written jointly by the Ministers and Secretaries of State. Thistroonrede outlines the government's plans for the coming year. As the procession returns to the Noordeinde Palace, the road is lined with members of the Dutch Royal Armed Forces, and in the afternoon, the Royal Family appears on the palace balcony to address an adoring and often frenzied public (balkonscène).[62]
Vlaggetjesdag (nl), literallyFlag Day, is the annual celebration of the arrival of the year's first herring (Hollandse Nieuwe) inScheveningen. Hundreds of thousands of people gather in Scheveningen for the festivities, and the fishing boats are decorated specially for the occasion. In addition to the omnipresent herring, this day also features several activities unrelated to fish. In Scheveningen, the first barrel of herring is traditionally sold at an auction on the Thursday preceding the official Vlaggetjesdag, and the proceeds go to charity. Vlaggetjesdag was made official in 1947, although the festive tradition around the beginning of herring season is much older: in the 18th century, the villages along the coast, including Scheveningen, were forbidden to gut the caught herring. Since herring was most appropriate for smoking around September, most fishing boats caught flatfish or round-bodied fish during part of the summer, to avoid a surplus of fresh herring.[63] In July or August, The Hague hosts a series of weekly firework displays by the sea front inScheveningen, as part of an international fireworks festival and competition.
Tong Tong Fair, formerlyPasar Malam Besar, is the largest festival in the world forIndo culture. Established in 1959, it is one of the oldest festivals and the fourth-largest grand fair in the Netherlands. It is also the annual event with the highest number of paying visitors to The Hague, having consistently attracted more than 100,000 visitors since 1993. The Milan Festival is Europe's biggest Hindustani open-air event, annually held inZuiderpark. The Hague also hosts several annual music festivals; on the last Sunday in June, the city hostsParkpop, the largest free open-air pop concert in Europe.Crossing Border Festival,State-X andThe Hague Jazz festival are among other music festivals in The Hague.[64]
Crossing Border Festival is an annual festival in November, focusing on music and literature.[65] The first edition took place in 1993.
Movies That Matter[66] is an international film and debate festival about peace and justice that takes place every year at the end of March; nine days filled with screenings of fiction films and documentaries, daily talk-shows, music performances, andexhibitions. The first such event took place in 2006.
Moreover, the Hague International Model United Nations, annually held in January, is a five-day conference held at theWorld Forum, gathering over 4,000 students from over 200 secondary schools across the globe. It is the oldest and largest high schoolUnited Nations simulation in the world.Den Haag Sculptuur is an open-air exhibition of sculptures; the tenth such event, in 2007, celebrated the 400 years of therelationship between the Netherlands and Australia. Since 2009, the city of The Hague has also annually presented anLGBTQ+ emancipation award, called theJohn Blankenstein Award. The exact date of the ceremony varies each year.
The Hague shares anairport withRotterdam. It can be reached from Central Station byRandstadRail Line E, with an Airport Shuttle to and fromMeijersplein Station. However, with several direct trains per hour from the railway stations Hollands Spoor and Centraal,Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is more frequently used by people travelling to and from The Hague by air.
There are two mainrailway stations in The Hague:Hollands Spoor andCentraal Station, 1.5 km (1 mi) apart from each other. Because the two stations were built and run by two different railway companies in the 19th century, services have traditionally been split between the two: east–west lines terminate at Centraal Station, whereas north–south lines run through Hollands Spoor. However, Centraal Station now offers direct services to most major Dutch cities, such asAmsterdam,Rotterdam, andUtrecht.
Public transport in The Hague consists ofa tramway network and a sizeable number of bus routes, operated byHTM Personenvervoer.[67] Plans for a subway were shelved in the early 1970s. However, in 2004, a tunnel was built under the city centre with two underground tram stations (Spui andGrote Markt); it is shared by RandstadRail lines 3 and 4 and tram routes 2 and 6.
RandstadRail connects The Hague to nearby cities, Zoetermeer, Rotterdam, and Leidschendam-Voorburg. It consists of four light rail lines (3, 4, and 19 to Zoetermeer, Rijswijk, Delft, and Leidschendam-Voorburg) and one subway line (E to Rotterdam).
Major motorways connecting to The Hague include theA12, running to Utrecht and the German border. The A12 runs directly into the heart of the city in a cutting. Built in the 1970s, this section of the motorway (the "Utrechtsebaan") is now heavily overburdened. Plans were made in the late 1990s for a second artery road into the city (the "Rotterdamsebaan", previously called the "Trekvliettracé"), which was completed in 2021.[68] Other connecting motorways are theA4, which connects the city withAmsterdam, and theA13, which runs toRotterdam and connects to motorways towards the Belgian border. There is also theA44 that connects the city toLeiden,Haarlem andAmsterdam. In the 1970s, plans for building another motorway to Leiden existed. This "Leidsebaan" was supposed to start in the city centre and then follow the railway line from The Hague to Amsterdam. Some works had been executed but had been removed by the 1980s.[citation needed]
^'s is an abbreviated form of the genitive articledes, whileden is a fossilised dative article (seearchaic Dutch declension). The name is grammatically masculine even though the wordhaag is normally feminine.
^"Postcodetool for 2511BT".Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis.Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved23 July 2013.
^Kaufmann, David (2018).Varieties of Capital Cities: The Competitiveness Challenge for Secondary Capitals. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.ISBN978-1-78811-643-5.OCLC1049802517.
^Daum, Andreas (2005).Berlin – Washington, 1800–2000 Capital Cities, Cultural Representation, and National Identities. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13, 38.ISBN0521841178.Archived from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved23 October 2015.Amsterdam is the statuary capital of the Netherlands, while the Dutch government resides in De Hague. (sic) (p. 13) The Dutch seat of government is The Hague but its capital is bustling Amsterdam, the national cultural centre. (p. 38)
^Dutch: 'de Weduwe van Indie'. As per song text by the famous singerWieteke van Dort, see text of the song "Arm Den Haag" ("Pity The Hague"):[1]Archived 20 July 2011 at theWayback Machine
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