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The Devil's Coach Horses

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1925 essay by J. R. R. Tolkien

*Ocypus olens*, commonly known as the Devil's Coach Horse

"The Devil's Coach Horses" is a 1925philological essay byJ. R. R. Tolkien ("devil's coach horse" is the common name of a kind ofrove beetle).^[1]

Tolkien draws attention to the devil's steeds calledeaueres inHali Meidhad, translated "boar" in theEarly English Text Society edition of 1922, but in reference to thejumenta "yoked team, draught horse" ofJoel (Joel 1:17), in theVulgata Clementinacomputruerunt jumenta in stercore suo.^[2]

Rather than from the Old English word for "boar",eofor (GermanEber) Tolkien derives the word fromeafor "packhorse", from a verbaferian "transport", related to Middle Englishaver "draught-horse", a word surviving in northern dialects. The Proto-Germanic root*ab- "energy, vigour, labour" of the word is cognate to Latinopus.

References

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^Tolkien, J. R. R. (July 1925). "The Devil's Coach-Horses: Eaueres".The Review of English Studies.1 (3).Oxford University Press:331–336.doi:10.1093/res/os-I.3.331.JSTOR 508893.
^Sprengling, M. (1919). "Joel 1: 17a".Journal of Biblical Literature.38 (3/4).Society of Biblical Literature:129–141.doi:10.2307/3259157.JSTOR 3259157.

External links

[edit]

Full text of"The Devil's Coach Horses" at HathiTrust Digital Library

J. R. R. Tolkien

Poetry
and songs

Songs for the Philologists (1936)
- "Bagme Bloma"
The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son (1953)
"A Walking Song" (1954)
The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962)
The Road Goes Ever On (1967)
Bilbo's Last Song (1974)
The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún (2009)
The Fall of Arthur (2013)
The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien (2024)
List of Tolkien's alliterative verse

Fiction

The Hobbit (1937)
"Leaf by Niggle" (1947)
The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun (1945)
Farmer Giles of Ham (1949)
The Lord of the Rings
- The Fellowship of the Ring (1954)
- The Two Towers (1954)
- The Return of the King (1955)
Tree and Leaf (1964)
The Tolkien Reader (1966)
Smith of Wootton Major (1967)

Posthumous
fiction

The Father Christmas Letters (1976)
The Silmarillion (1977)
Unfinished Tales (1980)
Mr. Bliss (1982)
The History of Middle-earth (1983–1996)
Roverandom (1998)
The Children of Húrin (2007)
The History of The Hobbit (2007)
The Story of Kullervo (2015)
Beren and Lúthien (2017)
The Fall of Gondolin (2018)
The Nature of Middle-earth (2021)
The Fall of Númenor (2022)

Academic
works

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Middle English text, 1925)
"The Devil's Coach Horses" (1925)
"Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad" (1929)
"Sigelwara Land" (1932–34)
"Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale" (1934)
"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics" (1936)
"On Fairy-Stories" (1939)
- Eucatastrophe
"On TranslatingBeowulf" (1940)
Sir Orfeo (1944)
Ancrene Wisse (1962)
"English and Welsh" (1963)
Jerusalem Bible (as translator and lexicographer, 1966)

Posthumous
academic

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,Pearl, andSir Orfeo (translations, 1975)
Exodus (1981)
Finn and Hengest (1982)
The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays (1983)
Beowulf and the Critics (2002)
Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary with "Sellic Spell" (2014)
A Secret Vice (2016)

Scholars
(works)

Biographers	Humphrey Carpenter J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography (1977, authorized biography) John Garth Tolkien and the Great War The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien Catherine McIlwaine Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth Charles Moseley
Christian	Stratford Caldecott Matthew T. Dickerson Colin Duriez Peter Kreeft Holly Ordway Joseph Pearce Fleming Rutledge Ralph C. Wood
Literary critics	Douglas A. Anderson The Annotated Hobbit Nicholas Birns Bradley J. Birzer Janice Bogstad & Philip Kaveny Picturing Tolkien David Bratman Janet Brennan Croft Tolkien on Film Patrick Curry Bradford Lee Eden Dimitra Fimi Tolkien, Race and Cultural History Jason Fisher Verlyn Flieger Interrupted Music A Question of Time Splintered Light Michael Foster Nick Groom Wayne G. Hammond &Christina Scull J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide Randel Helms Thomas Honegger Charles A. Huttar Paul H. Kocher Master of Middle-Earth Stuart D. Lee The Keys of Middle-earth Jared Lobdell A Tolkien Compass John D. Rateliff Robin Anne Reid Brian Rosebury Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon Amy H. Sturgis Anna Vaninskaya Richard C. West Elizabeth Whittingham Rose Zimbardo Understanding The Lord of the Rings
Linguists	Anthony Appleyard Helge Fauskanger Carl F. Hostetter Tom Loback David Salo Arden R. Smith Allan Turner
Medievalists, Classicists	Marjorie Burns Perilous Realms Jane Chance Tolkien and the Invention of Myth Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England' Michael D. C. Drout J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Jonathan Evans Vincent Ferré Gergely Nagy Tom Shippey J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century The Road to Middle-Earth Anna Smol Elizabeth Solopova Sandra Ballif Straubhaar Hamish Williams Tolkien and the Classical World
Popular	Lin Carter Robert Foster Glen GoodKnight Michael Martinez Charles Noad J. E. A. Tyler

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