Louvre curator andPriory of Sion grand master Jacques Saunière is fatally shot one night at the museum by analbino Catholic monk named Silas, who is working on behalf of someone he knows only as the Teacher, who wishes to discover the location of the "keystone", an item crucial in the search for theHoly Grail. After Saunière's body is discovered in the pose of theVitruvian Man byLeonardo da Vinci, the police summon Harvard professor Robert Langdon, who is in town on business. Police captain Bezu Fache tells him that he was summoned to help the police decode the cryptic message Saunière left during the final minutes of his life. The message includes aFibonacci sequence out of order and an anagram: "O, draconian devil! Oh, lame saint!" Langdon explains to Fache that the pentacle Saunière drew on his chest in his own blood represents an allusion to the goddess and not devil worship, as Fache believes.
Sophie Neveu, a policecryptographer, secretly explains to Langdon that she is Saunière's estranged granddaughter and that Fache thinks Langdon is the murderer because the last line in her grandfather's message, which was meant for Neveu, said "P.S. Find Robert Langdon", which Fache had erased prior to Langdon's arrival. However, "P.S." does not refer to "postscript", but rather to Sophie— the nickname given to her by her grandfather was "Princess Sophie". She understands that her grandfather intended Langdon to decipher the code, which leads to Leonardo da Vinci'sMona Lisa, which in turn leads to his paintingMadonna of the Rocks. They find a pendant that holds the address of the Paris branch of the Depository Bank of Zurich.
Neveu and Langdon escape from the police and visit the bank. In the safe deposit box, which is unlocked with the Fibonacci sequence, they find a box containing the keystone: acryptex, a cylindrical, hand-held vault with five concentric, rotating dials labeled with letters. When they are lined up correctly, they unlock the device, but if the cryptex is forced open, an enclosed vial of vinegar breaks and dissolves the message inside the cryptex, which was written onpapyrus. The box containing the cryptex contains clues to its password.
Langdon and Neveu take the keystone to the home of Langdon's friend, Sir Leigh Teabing, an expert on the Holy Grail, the legend of which is heavily connected to the Priory. There, Teabing explains that the Grail is not a cup but connected toMary Magdalene, and that she was Jesus Christ's wife and is the person to his right inThe Last Supper. The trio then flee the country on Teabing's private plane, on which they conclude that the proper combination of letters spells out Neveu's given name, Sofia. Opening the cryptex, they discover a smaller cryptex inside it, along with another riddle that ultimately leads the group to the tomb ofIsaac Newton inWestminster Abbey.
During the flight to Britain, Neveu reveals the source of her estrangement from her grandfather ten years earlier: arriving home unexpectedly from university, Neveu secretly witnessed a spring fertility rite conducted in the secret basement of her grandfather's country estate. From her hiding place, she was shocked to see her grandfather having sex with a woman at the center of a ritual attended by men and women who were wearing masks and chanting praise to the goddess. She fled the house and broke off all contact with Saunière. Langdon explains that what she witnessed was an ancient ceremony known ashieros gamos or "sacred marriage".
By the time they arrive atWestminster Abbey, Teabing is revealed to be the Teacher for whom Silas is working. Teabing wishes to use the Holy Grail, which he believes is a series of documents establishing thatJesus Christ married Mary Magdalene and fathered children, in order to ruin theVatican. He compels Langdon at gunpoint to solve the second cryptex's password, which Langdon realizes is "apple". Langdon secretly opens the cryptex and removes its contents before tossing the empty cryptex in the air. Teabing is arrested by Fache, who by now realizes that Langdon is innocent. Bishop Aringarosa, head of religious sectOpus Dei and Silas' mentor, realizing that Silas has been used to murder innocent people, rushes to help the police find him. When the police find Silas hiding in an Opus Dei Center, Silas assumes that they are there to kill him and he rushes out, accidentally shooting Bishop Aringarosa. Bishop Aringarosa survives but is informed that Silas was found dead later from a gunshot wound.
The final message inside the second keystone leads Neveu and Langdon toRosslyn Chapel, whose docent turns out to be Neveu's long-lost brother, who Neveu had been told died as a child in the car accident that killed her parents. The guardian of Rosslyn Chapel, Marie Chauvel Saint Clair, is Neveu's long-lost grandmother and Saunière's wife who was the woman who participated with him in the "sacred marriage". It is revealed that Neveu and her brother are descendants of Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene. The Priory of Sion hid her identity to protect her from possible threats to her life. The real meaning of the last message is that the Grail is buried beneath the smallpyramid directly belowLa Pyramide Inversée, the inverted glass pyramid of the Louvre. It also lies beneath the "Rose Line", an allusion to "Rosslyn". Langdon figures out this final piece to the puzzle; he follows the Rose Line (prime meridian) toLa Pyramide Inversée, where he kneels to pray before the hidden sarcophagus of Mary Magdalene, as theTemplar knights did before.
The Da Vinci Code generated criticism when it was first published for the fictitious description of the core aspects of Christianity and descriptions ofEuropean art, history, and architecture. The book has received negative reviews mostly from Catholic and other Christian communities. Many critics took issue with the level of research Brown did when writing the story.The New York Times writer Laura Miller characterized the novel as "based on a notorious hoax", "rank nonsense", and "bogus", saying the book is heavily based on the fabrications ofPierre Plantard, who is asserted to have created the Priory of Sion in 1956.[8]
Critics accuse Brown of distorting and fabricating history.Theological author Marcia Ford considered that novels should be judged not on their literary merit, but on their conclusions:
Regardless of whether you agree with Brown's conclusions, it's clear that his history is largely fanciful, which means he and his publisher have violated a long-held if unspoken agreement with the reader: Fiction that purports to present historical facts should be researched as carefully as a nonfiction book would be.[9]
The most flagrant aspect... is not that Dan Brown disagrees with Christianity but that he utterly warps it in order to disagree with it... to the point of completely rewriting a vast number of historical events. And making the matter worse has been Brown's willingness to pass off his distortions as 'facts' with which innumerable scholars and historians agree.[9]
Much of the controversy generated byThe Da Vinci Code was due to the fact that the book was marketed as being historically accurate; the novel opens with a "fact" page that states that "The Priory of Sion—a Frenchsecret society founded in 1099—is a real organization", which is disputed.[10] The fact page itself is part of the novel as a fictional piece, but is not presented as such. The page also states that "all descriptions of artwork, architecture, documents... and secret rituals in this novel are accurate", a claim disputed by numerous academic scholars and experts in numerous areas.[11]
Brown addressed the idea of some of the more controversial aspects being fact on his website, stating that the page at the beginning of the novel mentions only "documents, rituals, organization, artwork and architecture" but not any of the ancient theories discussed by fictional characters, stating that "Interpreting those ideas is left to the reader". Brown also says, "It is my belief that some of the theories discussed by these characters may have merit" and "the secret behindThe Da Vinci Code was too well documented and significant for me to dismiss."[12]
In 2003, while promoting the novel, Brown was asked in interviews what parts of the history in his novel actually happened. He replied "Absolutely all of it."[13] In a 2003 interview with CNN'sMartin Savidge he was again asked how much of the historical background was true. He replied, "99% is true... the background is all true".[14] Asked byElizabeth Vargas in anABC News special if the book would have been different if he had written it as non-fiction he replied, "I don't think it would have."[15]
In 2005, UK TV personalityTony Robinson edited and narrated a detailed rebuttal of the main arguments of Brown and those ofMichael Baigent,Richard Leigh andHenry Lincoln, who authored the bookHoly Blood, Holy Grail, in the programThe Real Da Vinci Code, shown onBritish TVChannel 4. The program featured lengthy interviews with many of the main protagonists cited by Brown as "absolute fact" inThe Da Vinci Code. Arnaud de Sède, son ofGérard de Sède, stated categorically that his father and Plantard had made up the existence of thePrieuré de Sion, the cornerstone of theJesus bloodline theory: "frankly, it was piffle",[16] noting that the concept of a descendant of Jesus was also an element of the 1999Kevin Smith filmDogma.
The earliest appearance of this theory is due to the 13th-centuryCistercian monk and chroniclerPeter of Vaux de Cernay who reported thatCathars believed that the 'evil' and 'earthly' Jesus Christ had a relationship with Mary Magdalene, described as hisconcubine (and that the 'good Christ' was incorporeal and existed spiritually in the body of Paul).[17] The programThe Real Da Vinci Code also cast doubt on the Rosslyn Chapel association with the Grail and on other related stories, such as the alleged landing of Mary Magdalene in France.
According toThe Da Vinci Code, the Roman EmperorConstantine I suppressedGnosticism because it portrayed Jesus as purely human.[18] The novel portrays Constantine as wanting Christianity to act as a unifying religion for theRoman Empire, thinking that Christianity would appeal topagans only if it featured ademigod similar to pagan heroes. According to theGnostic Gospels, Jesus was merely a human prophet, not a demigod. Therefore, to change Jesus' image, Constantine destroyed the Gnostic Gospels and promoted the gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, which portray Jesus as divine or semi-divine; however, most scholars agree that all Gnostic writings depict Christ as purely divine, his human body being a mere illusion (docetism).[19] Gnostic sects saw Christ this way because they regarded matter as evil, and therefore believed that a divine spirit would never have taken on a material body.[20]
The book received both positive and negative reviews from critics, and it has been the subject of negative appraisals concerning its portrayal of history. Its writing and historical accuracy were reviewed negatively byThe New Yorker,[21]Salon.com,[22] andMaclean's.[23]
Janet Maslin ofThe New York Times said that one word "concisely conveys the kind of extreme enthusiasm with which this riddle-filled, code-breaking, exhilaratingly brainy thriller can be recommended. That word is wow. The author is Dan Brown (a name you will want to remember). In this gleefully erudite suspense novel, Mr. Brown takes the format he has been developing through three earlier novels and fine-tunes it to blockbuster perfection."[24] David Lazarus ofThe San Francisco Chronicle said, "This story has so many twists—all satisfying, most unexpected—that it would be a sin to reveal too much of the plot in advance. Let's just say that if this novel doesn't get your pulse racing, you need to check your meds."[25] The book appeared at number 43 on a 2010 list of 101 best books ever written, which was derived from a survey of more than 15,000 Australian readers.[26]
Stephen King likened Brown's work to "Jokes for the John", calling such literature the "intellectual equivalent ofKraft Macaroni and Cheese".[27]Roger Ebert described it as a "potboiler written with little grace and style", although he added it did "supply an intriguing plot".[28] In his review of the filmNational Treasure, whose plot also involves ancient conspiracies and treasure hunts, he wrote: "I should read a potboiler likeThe Da Vinci Code every once in a while, just to remind myself that life is too short to read books likeThe Da Vinci Code."[29] While interviewingUmberto Eco in a 2008 issue ofThe Paris Review,Lila Azam Zanganeh characterizedThe Da Vinci Code as "a bizarre little offshoot" of Eco's novel,Foucault's Pendulum. In response, Eco remarked, "Dan Brown is a character fromFoucault's Pendulum! I invented him. He shares my characters' fascinations—the world conspiracy ofRosicrucians,Masons, andJesuits. The role of the Knights Templar. Thehermetic secret. The principle that everything is connected. I suspect Dan Brown might not even exist."[30]
Salman Rushdie said during a lecture, "Do not start me onThe Da Vinci Code. A novel so bad that it gives bad novels a bad name."[31]Stephen Fry has referred to Brown's writings as "complete loose stool-water" and "arse gravy of the worst kind".[32] In a live chat on June 14, 2006, he clarified, "I just loathe all those book[s] about theHoly Grail and Masons and Catholic conspiracies and all that botty-dribble. I mean, there's so much more that's interesting and exciting in art and in history. It plays to the worst and laziest in humanity, the desire to think the worst of the past and the desire to feel superior to it in some fatuous way."[33]A. O. Scott, reviewing the movie based on the book forThe New York Times, called the book "Dan Brown's best-selling primer on how not to write an English sentence".[34]The New Yorker reviewerAnthony Lane refers to it as "unmitigated junk" and decries "the crumbling coarseness of the style".[21] LinguistGeoffrey Pullum and others posted several entries critical of Brown's writing, atLanguage Log, calling Brown one of the "worst prose stylists in the history of literature" and saying Brown's "writing is not just bad; it is staggeringly, clumsily, thoughtlessly, almost ingeniously bad".[35]
AuthorLewis Perdue alleged that Brown plagiarized two of his novels,The Da Vinci Legacy, originally published in 1983, andDaughter of God, originally published in 2000. He sought to block distribution of the book and film. However,Judge George Daniels of theUS District Court in New York ruled against Perdue in 2005, saying that "A reasonable average lay observer would not conclude thatThe Da Vinci Code is substantially similar toDaughter of God" and that "Any slightly similar elements are on the level of generalized or otherwise unprotectable ideas."[36] Perdue appealed; the 2nd US Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the original decision, saying Mr. Perdue's arguments were "without merit".[37]
In early 2006, Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh filed suit against Brown's publisher, Random House. They alleged that significant portions ofThe Da Vinci Code were plagiarized fromThe Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, violating their copyright.[38] Brown confirmed during the court case that he named the principal Grail expert of his story Leigh Teabing, an anagram of "Baigent Leigh", after the two plaintiffs. In reply to the suggestion thatHenry Lincoln was also referred to in the book, since he has medical problems resulting in a severe limp, like the character of Leigh Teabing, Brown stated he was unaware of Lincoln's illness and the correspondence was a coincidence.[39] Since Baigent and Leigh had presented their conclusions as historical research, not as fiction,Mr Justice Peter Smith, who presided over the trial, deemed that a novelist must be free to use these ideas in a fictional context, and ruled against Baigent and Leigh. Smith also hidhis own secret code in his written judgment, in the form of seemingly random italicized letters in the 71-page document, which apparently spell out a message. Smith indicated he would confirm the code if someone broke it.[40] After losing before theHigh Court on July 12, 2006, Baigent and Leigh appealed to theCourt of Appeal, unsuccessfully.[39][40]
In April 2006 Mikhail Anikin, a Russian scientist and art historian working as a senior researcher at theHermitage Museum in St Petersburg, stated the intention to bring a lawsuit against Brown, maintaining that he was the one who coined the phrase used as the book's title and one of the ideas regarding theMona Lisa used in its plot. Anikin interprets theMona Lisa to be a Christian allegory consisting of two images, one of Jesus Christ that comprises the image's right half, and one of the Virgin Mary that forms its left half. According to Anikin, he expressed this idea to a group of experts from the Museum of Houston during a 1988René Magritte exhibit at the Hermitage, and when one of the Americans requested permission to pass it along to a friend Anikin granted the request on condition that he be credited in any book using his interpretation. Anikin eventually compiled his research intoLeonardo da Vinci or Theology on Canvas, a book published in 2000, butThe Da Vinci Code, published three years later, makes no mention of Anikin and instead asserts that the idea in question is a "well-known opinion of a number of scientists".[41][42]
Brown has been sued twice in U.S. Federal courts by the author Jack Dunn who claims Brown copied a huge part of his bookThe Vatican Boys to writeThe Da Vinci Code andAngels & Demons. Neither lawsuit was allowed to go to a jury trial. In 2017, in London, another claim was begun against Brown by Jack Dunn who claimed that justice was not served in the U.S. lawsuits.[43] Possibly the largest reaction occurred inKolkata, India, where a group of around 25 protesters "stormed" Crossword bookstore, pulled copies of the book from the racks, and threw them to the ground. On the same day, a group of 50–60 protesters successfully made theOxford Bookstore on Park Street decide to stop selling the book "until the controversy sparked by the film's release was resolved".[44] Thus in 2006, sevenIndian states (Nagaland,Punjab,Goa,Tamil Nadu,Andhra Pradesh) banned the release or exhibition of theHollywood movieThe Da Vinci Code (as well as the book).[45] Later, two states, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, lifted the ban under high court order.[46][47]
The Da Vinci Code (illustr ed.), UK: Bantam, October 2, 2004,ISBN0-593-05425-3.
The Da Vinci Code (trade paperback), US/CA: Anchor, March 2006.
The da Vinci code (paperback), Anchor, March 28, 2006, 5 million copies.
The da Vinci code (paperback) (special illustrated ed.), Broadway, March 28, 2006, released 200,000 copies.
Goldsman, Akiva (May 19, 2006),The Da Vinci Code Illustrated Screenplay: Behind the Scenes of the Major Motion Picture, Howard, Ron; Brown, Dan introd, Doubleday, Broadway, the day of the film's release. Including film stills, behind-the-scenes photos and the full script. 25,000 copies of the hardcover, and 200,000 of the paperback version.[49]
The movie received mixed reviews. Roger Ebert in its review wrote that "Ron Howard is a better filmmaker than Dan Brown is a novelist; he follows Brown's formula (exotic location, startling revelation, desperate chase scene, repeat as needed) and elevates it into a superior entertainment, with Tom Hanks as a theo-intellectual Indiana Jones... it's involving, intriguing and constantly seems on the edge of startling revelations."[28]
The film received two sequels:Angels & Demons, released in 2009, andInferno, released in 2016. Ron Howard returned to direct both sequels.
^Kelleher, Ken; Kelleher, Carolyn (April 24, 2006)."The Da Vinci Code" (FAQs). Dan Brown. Archived fromthe original on March 25, 2008. RetrievedFebruary 3, 2009.
^Sibly, WA; Sibly, MD (1998),The History of the Albigensian Crusade: Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay's "Historia Albigensis", Boydell,ISBN0-85115-658-4,Further, in their secret meetings they said that the Christ who was born in the earthly and visible Bethlehem and crucified at Jerusalem was 'evil', and that Mary Magdalene was his concubine – and that she was the woman taken in adultery who is referred to in the Scriptures; the 'good' Christ, they said, neither ate nor drank nor assumed the true flesh and was never in this world, except spiritually in the body of Paul. I have used the term 'the earthly and visible Bethlehem' because the heretics believed there is a different and invisible earth in which – according to some of them – the 'good' Christ was born and crucified.
^Arendzen, John Peter (1913). "Docetae".Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton.The idea of the unreality of Christ's human nature was held by the oldest Gnostic sects... Docetism, as far as at present known, [was] always an accompaniment of Gnosticism or later ofManichaeism.
^"India extends Da Vinci Code ban" on the ground that it outraged the religious feeling of Christians. Roman Catholic Bishop Marampudi Joji, based in Andhra Pradesh's capital Hyderabad, welcomed the ban.BBC News, 3 June 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2006.
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