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Thai nationalism is a political ideology involving the application ofnationalism to the political discourse ofThailand. It was first popularized byKing Vajiravudh (Rama VI,r. 1910–1925), and was subsequently adopted and adapted by various leading political factions throughout the twentieth century.
The origins of Thai nationalist thought derive from the creation of the Thai nation-state in the mid-nineteenth century during the reigns of Vajiravudh's predecessorsMongkut (Rama IV, r. 1851–1868) andChulalongkorn (Rama V, 1868–1910), whose reforms in response to colonial pressures resulted in the reconceptualization of the kingdom as a modern polity. Vajiravudh, through his numerous writings, promoted nationalism as a distinct ideology, employing historical narratives written by PrinceDamrong Rajanubhab and popularizing his views of patriotism. He ascribed the country to a trinity of "nation-religion-monarchy", concepts represented in thenational flag adopted in 1917. The Thai nation, in his view, was "a corporate body of people living within the Siam boundary, imbued with a common identity, striving for common goals, and placing public interests ahead of private ones".[1]
Following the bloodless coup whichabolished absolute monarchy in 1932 and the abdication of Vajiravudh's successorPrajadhipok (Rama VII) in 1935, the rise to power of Prime MinisterPlaek Phibunsongkhram (Phibun), Thailand's fascist strongman leader, saw the promotion of a new wave of nationalism during his first prime ministership from 1938 to 1944. Supported by writings by his cultural advisorLuang Wichitwathakan, the country's official name was changed from Siam to Thailand in 1939, andcultural mandates and reforms that aimed to defineThainess were implemented to promote national assimilation ofChinese immigrants and other non-Thai-speaking minorities in a process known asThaification. Anirredentist ideology known asPan-Thaiism was promoted with the aim of reclaiminglost territories from the French and British, which were briefly realized during World War II but abandoned thereafter.[1][2]
As national politics shifted to an anti-communist stance during theCold War, Thai nationalism was again reframed during the prime ministership ofSarit Thanarat, who deposed Phibun in 1957 and became prime minister in 1958. Sarit promoted a revival of the institution ofthe monarchy, which had fallen in influence since the 1932 revolution. The government promoted the public image of KingBhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), whose many development projects aimed to benefit far-flung rural communities, and the King came to be regarded as a unifying figure and symbol of national loyalty. From the 1970s, the motto of nation-religion-monarchy was revived, and the concept of "democracy with the king as head of state" promoted as the pillar of the country's governance.[1]
In 2018 the Thaigovernment created a "soft power" campaign calledThai Niyom ('Thai-ism') (Thai:ไทยนิยม;RTGS: thai niyom) to reinforce the notion ofThai exceptionalism. It includes "12 Core Values", reminiscent of the earlierThai cultural mandates. The campaign has been criticized by some academics as "mere state propaganda".[3][4] In 2019, the rise of theFuture Forward Party and its intention to change the existing political, economic, and social order by promoting equality, decentralisation, and modernisation, has given rise to accusations by conservative opponents ofchung chart (Thai:ชังชาติ;RTGS: chang chat) ('hating the nation' or 'anti-patriotism'), a new variant of "anti-Thainess".[5] Warong Dechgitvigrom, a conservative politician, stated that, "...today, attempts have been made to instil dangerous beliefs in the new generation, which I'd like to call chung chart,..."[6] He defined the unpatriotic as "...people who insult the monarchy, do not support religion, look down on their own culture, speak ill of their own country, and refuse to accept court rulings."[5][7]
Prime MinisterPrayut Chan-o-cha, in early 2020, ordered theFine Arts Department to film a series of war movies to boost Thai patriotism. The series will depict Thailand's engagements in world and regional wars, such as theBattle of Pork Chop Hill (1953) and theVietnam War, and Thailand's roles in World Wars I and II. A second set of films will tell stories about the battles with foreign invaders such as theBattle of Ko Chang 1941 during the Franco-Thai War. A third set will focus on local and internal conflicts such as theKhao Kho Battle (1968) and theRomklao Battle (1988). The films will likely be feature films rather than documentaries.[8] The aim of the films is to "whip up a sense of patriotism" to help reduce conflict in society.[9]
The main points of Thai nationalism are:[10][11]
Since the 2000s, radical Thai nationalism has also been linked toextremist Buddhist groups that act - sometimes violently - against Muslims, especially in the southern provinces. They see Buddhism as a national religion and a defining element of "Thainess".[14]
Thaification is the government-led assimilation of all non-Thai (Mon,Khmer andHan Chinese) and is closely linked to Thai nationalism.[15]
In 2018, the Thai government launched a new Thaiization project that promotes Thai nationalism and highlights "Thainess" as an important social aspect.[16]