Order of annelid worms
Terebellida make up anorder of thePolychaeta class , commonly referred to as "bristle worms". Together with theSabellida , theSpionida andsome enigmatic families of uncleartaxonomic relationship (e.g. theSaccocirridae ), they make up thesubclass Canalipalpata , one of the three mainclades of polychaetes.[ 1] Terebellida aremarine organisms. Most are small,sessile detritivores (deposit feeders) whichlive in small tubes they build from mud or similar substrate, or burrow in the sand. Theircentral nervous system displays characteristicapomorphies .
Living tube ofLanice conchilega Terebellidae ) in theWadden Sea at low tide.fossils . There is little consensus on the number offamilies . Some treatments accept as little as five,[ 2] [ 3] [ 1] Cladistic studies have hitherto only analyzed a rather small proportion of polychaetes; hence it may be that some of the families today included in Terebellida by most authors will eventually be again recognized to belong elsewhere.
Acrocirridae (acrocirrids, sometimes placed inSpionida suborder)Alvinellidae (alvinellids)Ampharetidae (ampharetids)Cirratulidae (cirratulids, sometimes placed in Spionida suborder)Ctenodrilidae (ctenodrilids, sometimes own suborder Ctenodrilida)Fauveliopsidae (fauveliopsids, sometimes own suborder Fauveliopsida)Flabelligeridae (flabelligerids, sometimes Flabelligerida suborder)Flotidae (flotids, sometimes included in Flabelligeridae)Pectinariidae (pectinariids, commonly referred to astrumpet worms orice cream cone worms )Poeobiidae (poeobiids, sometimes own suborder Poeobiida or included in Flabelligerida suborder)Sternaspidae (sternaspids, sometimes own suborder Sternaspida)Terebellidae (terebellids, commonly referred to asspaghetti worms )Trichobranchidae (trichobranchids)A notable terebellid is thePompeii worm (Alvinella pompejana ), analvinellid . It is the mostheat-tolerant complex organism known on Earth. Found nearhydrothermal vents deep in thePacific Ocean , it thrives at a temperature of 50 °C (122 °F). This is near the theoretical limit foreukaryotes , whosemitochondria disintegrate at about 55 °C (131 °F).
Seven species ofpelagic (free-swimming) terebellids have recently been discovered, includingSwima [ 4] [ 5] [ 6] Teuthidodrilus [ 7] [ 8] [ 9] [ 10] [ 11] phylogenetic clade within theAcrocirridae family.[ 4] [ 12]
Polychaetes lack a firmskeleton , so they do notfossilize well. For this reason, only a small number of prehistoric bristle worms have been described. Several of these have been placed in the Terebellida suborder, though often only tentatively so, owing to the ongoing uncertainties about polychaetephylogeny . However, as the terebellid habit of constructing characteristic tubes in which to live seems quite ancient, such structures are occasionally found inconservation Lagerstätten . Polychaete remains associated with suchichnofossils can therefore be quite certainly be allocated to the Terebellida.[citation needed Prehistoric polychaete genera historically presumed to be Terebellida include the following, though most are now recognized as trace fossils of uncertain makers:
Arthrophycus Hall, 1852 Cryptosiphon Prantl, 1948 Granularia Pomel, 1849 Harlania Goppert, 1852 Lepidenteron Fritsch, 1878 Paraterebella Howell, 1955 (=Terebellopsis Howell, 1953 )Proterebella Howell, 1953 Psammosiphon Vine, 1882 Scalarituba Weller, 1899 Scolecoderma Salter, 1855 Terebellites Howell, 1943 Terebelloides Desio, 1940 Terebellolites Desio, 1940 Terebellopsis Leymerie, 1844 (see alsoParaterebella )^a b Rouse GW, Fauchald K (1998)."Recent views on the status, delineation, and classification of the Annelida" (PDF) .American Zoologist 38 (6):953– 64.doi :10.1093/icb/38.6.953 . Retrieved2010-11-25 . ^ Fauchald K (1977). "The polychaete worms, definitions and keys to the orders, families and genera".Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series .28 :1– 188. ^ Holthe T (2001)."The Polychaeta Terebellida homepage" . Archived fromthe original on 2007-10-22. Retrieved2010-11-25 . [self-published source? ^a b Osborn KJ, Haddock SH, Pleijel F, Madin LP, Rouse GW (2009). "Deep-sea, swimming worms with luminescent "bombs" (subscription only)".Science 325 (5943): 964.doi :10.1126/science.1172488 .PMID 19696343 .S2CID 206519310 . ^ Moskowitz C (2009)."Sea creature releases glowing decoy 'bombs' .LiveScience . Retrieved2010-11-25 . ^ International Institute for Species Exploration (2010)."Bombardier Worm" .Top 10 New Species - 2010 . Tempe, Arizona:Arizona State University . Archived fromthe original on 2010-12-28. ^ "Spindly species found in ocean's crushing depths" .Yahoo! News Agence France-Presse . 2010-11-24. Retrieved2010-11-25 .^ Cressey D (November 24, 2010)."The Great Beyond: Strange 'squidworm' showcases sea's secrets" .Nature.com Blogs . Archived fromthe original on 2010-11-25. Retrieved2010-11-25 . ^ Sample, Ian (November 23, 2010)." .The Guardian . Retrieved2010-11-25 . ^ Watson T (2010)." .National Geographic Daily News . National Geographic Society. Archived fromthe original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved2010-11-25 . ^ Osborn KJ, Madin LP, Rouse GW (2010)."The remarkable squidworm is an example of discoveries that await in deep-pelagic habitats" .Biology Letters 7 (3):449– 53.doi :10.1098/rsbl.2010.0923 .PMC 3097850 PMID 21106571 . ^ Osborn KJ, Rouse GW (2010)."Phylogenetics of Acrocirridae and Flabelligeridae (subscription only)" (PDF) .Zoologica Scripta doi :10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00460.x .S2CID 82620619 .
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