| Tepehuán | |
|---|---|
| O'otham | |
| Native to | Mexico |
| Region | Chihuahua,Durango |
| Ethnicity | Tepehuán |
Native speakers | 55,000 (2020 census)[1] |
| Dialects | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:ntp – Northern Tepehuánstp – Southeastern Tepehuántla – Southwestern Tepehuántep – Tepecano |
| Glottolog | tepe1281 |
 Northern Tepehuán is classified as Critically Endangered by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger. | |
 Southwestern Tepehuán is classified as Vulnerable by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger. | |
Tepehuán (Tepehuano) is the name of three closely related languages of thePiman branch of theUto-Aztecan language family, all spoken in northernMexico. The language is calledO'otham by its speakers.
Northern Tepehuán is spoken by about 10,000 people (2020 census)[1] in several settlements inGuadalupe y Calvo andGuachochi,Chihuahua, as well as in the north ofDurango.[2]
Southern Tepehuán is spoken by about 45,000 people,[1] about equally divided into:
Southern Tepehuán coexists with theMexicanero language; there is some intermarriage between the two ethnic groups, and a number of speakers are trilingual in Mexicanero, Tepehuán andSpanish.
Tepehuán-language programming is carried by theCDI's radio stationsXEJMN-AM, broadcasting fromJesús María, Nayarit, andXETAR, based inGuachochi,Chihuahua.
Tepehuán is anagglutinative language, in which words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with severalmorphemes strung together.
The following is representative of the Northern dialect of Tepehuan.[3]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Mid | o | ||
| Open | a |
| Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʲ | k | |
| voiced | b | d | dʲ | ɡ | ||
| Affricate | t͡ʃ | |||||
| Fricative | v | s | ʃ | x | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Approximant | l | |||||
Nasal consonants /n, ɲ/ become[ŋ] when preceding a velar consonant.
The following is representative of the Southeastern dialect of Tepehuan.[4]
| Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɯ | u |
| Mid | ʌ | o | |
| Open | ɑ | ||
| Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡ʃ | |||||
| voiced | d͡ʒ | ɣ͡ʎ | |||||
| Fricative | v | s | ʃ | h | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||
| Rhotic | ɾ | ||||||
| Approximant | (l) | j | |||||
/v/ is sometimes realized as[f] in word-final position. /l/ appears only in loanwords from Spanish.
Northern Tepehuan:
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Southeastern Tepehuan:
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