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Teos of Egypt

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4th century BC Egyptian pharaoh

Teos

Djedhor, Djedher, Tachos, Takhos

Drawing of a relief of pharaoh Teos withkhepresh crown

Pharaoh

Reign

361/0–359/8 BCE^[1]^[2]

Coregency

Three years with Nectanebo I

Predecessor

Successor

Khaemmaat Seshemtawy
ḫ3j-m-M3ˁt-sšm-t3wj
Who appears asMaat, Leader of theTwo Lands

Nebty name

Merymaat Sahperunetjeru
Mrj-M3ˁt-s3ḫ-prw-nṯrw

Golden Horus

Khubaqet Wafkhasut
ḫwj-b3qt-w3f-ḫ3swt
The ruling king who destroys foreign countries

Praenomen

Irimaatenre
Jrj-m3ˁt-n-Rˁ
Carrying out the Justice ofRa

Nomen

Djedhor Setep-en-inhuret
Ḏd Ḥr stp n jnj ḥrt
Horus Says [he will live], Chosen ofAnhur^[3]

Children

Khedebneithirbinet II(?)^[4]

Father

Nectanebo I

Dynasty

30th Dynasty

Djedhor, better known asTeos (Ancient Greek:Τέως) orTachos (Ancient Greek:Τάχως), was anancient Egyptian pharaoh of the30th Dynasty.

Biography

[edit]

A son of his predecessorNectanebo I, Teos was hisco-regent for three years^[5] before ascending to the throne in 361–60 BCE.

Djedhor's royal title, the temple of the godKhonsu inKarnak^[6]
"*Djed Hor Stp.n Inhr*" conquered foreign lands, king of both lands, brings the rightRa,Horus long live, elected byAnhur

Expedition against Persians

[edit]

Nectanebo's success in theNile Delta against the invading Persian armies in 374–73 BCE encouraged Teos to start to plan a military expedition intoPalestine andPhoenicia, which were territories controlled by the Persians. Taking advantage of a moment of weakness for theAchaemenid Empire due to riots in somesatrapies inAsia Minor, Teos sought assistance from both the octogenarian kingAgesilaus II ofSparta and theAthenian generalChabrias, including a number of mercenaries and 200triremes, from Greece.^[7] However, to finance such an expedition, Teos had to impose new taxes and to expropriate the goods of the temples, destroying the delicate balance artfully established by his father Nectanebo. This action ensured to Teos both the required finances and a great unpopularity.^[8]^[9]^[10]

The Spartan kingAgesilaus offers his services to Teos, Egypt 361 BCE.

The operation against the Persians started with Chabrias as the admiral of the fleet, Agesilaus as the commander of the Greek mercenaries and Teos's nephew Nakhthorheb as the leader of themachimoi (Diodorus Siculus, certainly exaggerating, claimed that themachimoi were 80,000 in number^[11]). Teos placed himself in the supreme command of the expedition (the position claimed by Agesilaus) leaving his brotherTjahapimu, the father of Nakhthorheb, in Egypt as hisregent. The expedition made its way to Phoenicia without particular problems.^[12]^[10]

Betrayal and end

[edit]

Unfortunately for Teos, his brother Tjahapimu was plotting against him. Taking advantage of Teos's unpopularity, and with the support of the priestly classes, Tjahapimu convinced his son Nakhthorheb to rebel against Teos and to make himself pharaoh. Nakhthorheb persuaded Agesilaus to join his side by taking advantage of the several disagreements that had arisen between the Spartan king and the pharaoh. Nakhthorheb was acclaimed pharaoh – better known today asNectanebo II – and the betrayed Teos had no alternative but to flee toSusa, the court of his enemies.^[12]^[10]

Fragment of a faience saucer inscribed with the name of Teos. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London

Knowledge of the final fate of Teos comes from the inscription by a noble called Wennefer, who also participated in Teos's unfortunate expedition as a physician. Wennefer was sent by Nectanebo II in search of Teos and managed to have him held by the Persian kingArtaxerxes II at Susa. Wennefer then had Teos brought back with him in chains to the Egyptian pharaoh.^[9]

Sources

[edit]

^Lloyd 1994, p. 358.
^Depuydt 2006, p. 270.
^Late Period Dynasty 30: Teos accessed January 22, 2007
^Dodson & Hilton 2004.
^Lloyd 1994, p. 341.
^Gauthier 1915, pp. 182–183.
^Lloyd 1994, pp. 348–349.
^Lloyd 1994, p. 343.
^^a ^bWilkinson 2010, pp. 457–59.
^^a ^b ^cGrimal 1992, pp. 377–378.
^Lloyd 1994, p. 342.
^^a ^bLloyd 1994, p. 341; 349.

Bibliography

[edit]

Depuydt, Leo (2006). "Saite and Persian Egypt, 664 BC - 332 BC". In Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David A. (eds.).Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Brill, Leiden/Boston. pp. 265–283.ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5.
Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004).The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd.ISBN 0-500-05128-3.
Grimal, Nicolas (1992).A History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Blackwell Books.ISBN 9780631174721.
Lloyd, Alan B. (1994). "Egypt, 404–322 B.C.". In Lewis, D.M.; Boardman, John; Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.).The Cambridge Ancient History (2nd ed.), vol. VI – The Fourth Century B.C. Cambridge University Press. pp. 337–360.ISBN 0-521-23348-8.
Wilkinson, Toby (2010).The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt. London: Bloomsbury.ISBN 978-1-4088-10026.
Gauthier, Henri (1915). "De la XXVe dynastie à la fin des Ptolémées".Le livre des rois d'Égypte, (in French). Le Caire: De L’Institut Français D’Archeologie oriantale, Tome IV. pp. 182–183.

External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toTeos.

Livius.org: Teos Archived 2013-06-23 at theWayback Machine

Preceded by

Nectanebo I

Pharaoh of Egypt
Thirtieth Dynasty

Succeeded by

Nectanebo II

Pharaohs

Protodynastic toFirst Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Protodynastic
(pre-3150 BC)

Lower	Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Ni-Neith Hat-Hor Pu Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh Double Falcon Wash
Upper	A Finger Snail Fish Elephant Stork Bull Scorpion I Crocodile Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer /Menes

Early Dynastic
(3150–2686 BC)

I	Narmer /Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird
II	Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy

Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)

III	Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Sedjes Qahedjet Huni
IV	Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis
V	Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas
VI	Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Neferka Nefer

1^st Intermediate
(2181–2040 BC)

VII/VIII	Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare IV Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare V Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Iby Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Iytjenu
IX	Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Imhotep
X	Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare

Middle Kingdom andSecond Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Middle Kingdom
(2040–1802 BC)

XI	Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Nubia	Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre
XII	Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu^♀ Seankhibtawy Seankhibra

2^nd Intermediate
(1802–1550 BC)

XIII	Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Sonbef Nerikare Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi
XIV	Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre 'Ammu Ahotepre Maaibre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Nebsenre Sekheperenre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har
XV	Sharek Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi
XVI	Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiriau II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Seneferankhre
Abydos	Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib
XVII	Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose

New Kingdom andThird Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs (male female^♀) uncertain

New Kingdom
(1550–1070 BC)

XVIII	Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut^♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten^♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb
XIX	Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret^♀
XX	Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Ramesses XII

3^rd Intermediate
(1069–664 BC)

XXI	Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
High Priests of Amun	Herihor Pinedjem I Menkheperre
XXII	Shoshenq I Osorkon I Heqakheperre Shoshenq IIa Tutkheperre Shoshenq IIb Maatkheperre Shoshenq IIc Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami I Shoshenq V
Lines of XXII/XXIII	Harsiese Takelot II Pedubast I Iuput I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Menkheperre Ini Iuput II of Leontopolis Peftjauawybast of Herakleopolis Nimlot I of Hermopolis Djehutyemhat of Hermopolis Nimlot II of Hermopolis Padinemti of Hermopolis
XXIII	Pedubast II Osorkon IV Pami II Gemenefkhonsbak Pedubast III
XXIV	Tefnakht Bakenranef
XXV	Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun

Late toRoman Period(664 BC–313 AD)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Late
(664–332 BC)

XXVI	Ammeris Tefnakht II Nekauba Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III
XXVII	Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius I Psammetichus IV Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II
XXVIII	Amyrtaeus
XXIX	Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Muthis
XXX	Nectanebo I Teos Nectanebo II
XXXI	Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses Darius III

Hellenistic
(332–30 BC)

Argead

Ptolemaic

Roman
(30 BC–313 AD)

XXXIV

Dynastic genealogies
1^st 4^th 11^th 12^th 17^th 18^th 19^th 20^th 21^st, 22^nd and 23^rd 24^th 25^th 26^th 27^th 30^th 31^st Argead Ptolemaic

List of pharaohs

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