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Teleportation is the hypothetical transfer ofmatter orenergy from one point to another without traversing the physicalspace between them. It is a common subject in science fiction and fantasy literature. Teleportation is often paired withtime travel, being that the traveling between the two points takes an unknown period of time, sometimes being immediate. Anapport is a similar phenomenon featured inparapsychology andspiritualism.[1][2]
There is no knownphysical mechanism that would allow for teleportation.[3] Somescientific papers and media articles describe "quantum teleportation", a scheme forquantum information transfer, which does not allow forfaster-than-light communication.[4]
The use of the termteleport to describe thehypotheticalmovement of material objects between one place and another without physically traversing the distance between them has been documented as early as 1878.[5][6]
American writerCharles Fort is credited with having coined the wordteleportation in 1931[7][8] to describe the strange disappearances and appearances ofanomalies, which he suggested may be connected. As in the earlier usage, he joined theGreek prefixtele- (meaning "remote") to the root of theLatin verbportare (meaning "to carry").[9] Fort's first formal use of the word occurred in the second chapter of his 1931 bookLo!:[10]
Mostly in this book I shall specialize upon indications that there exists a transportory force that I shall callTeleportation. I shall be accused of having assembled lies, yarns, hoaxes, and superstitions. To some degree I think so, myself. To some degree, I do not. I offer the data.
Teleportation is a common subject in science fiction literature, film, video games, and television. The use of matter transmitters in science fiction originated at least as early as the 19th century.[11] An early example of scientific teleportation (as opposed to magical or spiritual teleportation) is found in the 1897 novelTo Venus in Five Seconds byFred T. Jane. Jane's protagonist is transported from a strange-machinery-containinggazebo on Earth to planetVenus – hence the title.
The earliest recorded story of a "matter transmitter" wasEdward Page Mitchell's "The Man Without a Body" in 1877.[12]
Teleportation illusions have featured in live performances throughout history, often under the fiction of miracles, psychic phenomenon, or magic. Thecups and balls trick has been performed since 3 BC[13] and can involve balls vanishing, reappearing, teleporting and transposing (objects in two locations interchanging places). A common trick ofclose-up magic is the apparent teleportation of a small object, such as a marked playing card, which can involve sleight-of-hand, misdirection, and pickpocketing. Magic shows were popular entertainments atfairs in the 18th century and moved into permanent theatres in the mid-19th century.[14] Theatres provided greater control of the environment and viewing angles for more elaborateillusions, and teleportation tricks grew in scale and ambition. To increase audience excitement, the teleportation illusion could be conducted under the theme of apredicament escape. Magic shows achieved widespread success during the Golden Age of Magic in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[15]
Quantum teleportation is distinct from regular teleportation, as it does not transfer matter from one place to another, but rather transmits thequantum information necessary to prepare a (microscopic) target system in the samequantum state as the source system. The scheme was named quantum "teleportation", because certain properties of the source system are recreated in the target system without any apparentquantum information carrier propagating between the two.
In 1993, Bennettet al[16] proposed that a quantum state of a particle could be transferred to another distant particle, without moving the two particles at all. This is called quantum state teleportation. There are many following theoretical and experimental papers published.[17][18][19]
In 2008, M. Hotta proposed that it may be possible to teleport energy by exploitingquantum energy fluctuations of an entangledvacuum state of a quantum field.[20] In 2023,quantum energy teleportation was observed and recorded by Kazuki Ikeda for the first-time across microscopic distances using IBMsuperconducting computers that are used forquantum computing.[21][22]
In 2014, researcherRonald Hanson and colleagues from the Technical University Delft in the Netherlands, demonstrated the teleportation of information between two entangled quantumbits three metres apart.[23]
A generalization of quantum mechanics suggests particles could be teleported from one place to another.[24] This is called particle teleportation. With this concept,superconductivity can be viewed as the teleportation of some electrons in the superconductor andsuperfluidity as the teleportation of some of the atoms in the cellular tube. Further analysis shows that the teleportation time increases with the square root of mass and longer teleportation times require sustained quantum coherence. While particle teleportation may be feasible for an electron, a proton may not be feasible.[25]
PhilosopherDerek Parfit used teleportation in histeletransportation paradox.[26]
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