תל שִׁקְמוֹנָה | |
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  Tel Shikmona Shown within Israel | |
| Location | Israel |
|---|---|
| Region | Haifa |
| Coordinates | 32°49′30″N34°57′19″E / 32.82500°N 34.95528°E /32.82500; 34.95528 |
Tel Shikmona (Hebrew:תל שִׁקְמוֹנָה,romanized: Šiqmônah), orTell es-Samak (Arabic:تل السمك,romanized: Tell as-Samak) also speltSycamine,[1] is an ancient Phoeniciantell (mound) situated near thesea coast in the modern city ofHaifa,Israel, just south of theIsraeli National Institute of Oceanography. It has been called a "forgotten Phoenician site".[2] Nowadays researchers identify Tell es-Samak with Porphyreon (south).
In thePeriplus of Pseudo-Scylax it is mentioned the Sykaminon (Συκάμινον) as a city of theTyrians, and also that there was a river of the same name.[3]Stephanus of Byzantium called it Sykaminon (Συκαμίνων) and called it a city of thePhoenicians.[4]Josephus in hisAntiquities mentionsSycamine as being a place where ships could be brought to harbor, and wherePtolemy Lathyrus, during an incursion in the country, had brought his army ashore.[5]Strabo mentions the site (Sycaminopolis, Συκαμίνων πόλις) as being no more than a ruin in his own day.[6] TheMishnah (Demai 1:1), compiled in 189CE, mentions the region of Tell es-Samak as being renowned for its cultivated variety ofjujubes. TheBordeaux pilgrim in 333 CE passed throughSycaminon while traveling through the Holy Land.[7]
The main archaeological excavations conducted at the site and in the Byzantine city south of it were carried out by the archaeologist J. Elgavish in the 1960s–70s on behalf of the Department of Museums, Municipality of Haifa.
Salvage excavations were conducted in the 1990s by theIsrael Antiquities Authority (IAA) and concentrated in the eastern part of the Byzantine city, west of the Carmel Mountain slopes, where the city's necropolis is. In 2010–2011, a new series of excavation seasons was conducted by a team from theZinman Institute of Archaeology at theUniversity of Haifa, headed by Dr. Michael Eisenberg with Dr. Shay Bar directing the excavations on the tell itself. The goals of the project were to re-expose excavated archaeological complexes south and east of the tell previously excavated by Elgavish, expand those areas and undertake extensive conservation work in order to preserve the antiquities and present them to the public as part ofShikmona Public Park. The work also aimed to study the stratification of the tell and create a precise chronological framework.[8][9][10]
The remains on the tell date from the LateBronze Age to theLate Byzantine period. The lower city, east and mainly south of the tell, is dated to the Late Roman period-Byzantine period. No remains have been found dating to the Early Arab period, leading the archaeologists to conclude that Tell es-Samak was abandoned before the 7th century CE.
Tell es-Samak has yielded various types ofsherds, the most common of which belonging to the red-slipped plates and bowls (Easternsigillata A) made on thePhoenician coast during the 1st century CE.[11] In addition, archaeologists discovered evidence for dyeing industry based on theMurexsea snail, also known asTyrian purple, dating back to theIron Age.[12] The purple dye extracted from themollusk was used by the potters of Tell es-Samak to paint pottery. After the discovery, the entire collection of painted pottery underwent a chemical analysis to determine the make-up of the paint, during which time it was confirmed that the color was an authentic purple dye extracted from the Murex sea snail.[13]
Identification
It is agreed among scholars that the site, Tell es-Samak, has no identification so far during the Biblical periods. Latest historical and archaeological research points towards the identification of the site during Hellenistic-Byzantine periods as Porphyreon (south). This new identification fits with the clear Christian remains at the site and the absence of Jewish ones as should be expected from Tell es-Samak.[14]
Tell es-Samak was declared a 1677-dunam nature reserve in 2008. A small area (73 dunams) was declared a national park, as well.[15]
32°49′30″N34°57′19″E / 32.8249372°N 34.9552572°E /32.8249372; 34.9552572
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