The city was founded in 1909 by theYishuv (Jewish residents) and initially given the Hebrew nameAhuzat Bayit (Hebrew:אחוזת בית,lit. 'House Estate' or 'Homestead'),[20][21]namesake of the Jewish association which established the neighbourhood as a modern housing estate on the outskirts of the ancientport city ofJaffa (Yafo in Hebrew), then part of theMutasarrifate of Jerusalem within theOttoman Empire. Its name was changed the following year to Tel Aviv, after the biblical nameTel Abib (lit. "Tell of Spring") adopted byNahum Sokolow as the title for his Hebrew translation ofTheodor Herzl's 1902 novelAltneuland ("Old New Land"). Other Jewish suburbs of Jaffa had been established before Tel Aviv, the oldest among them beingNeve Tzedek.[22] Tel Aviv was given township status within the Jaffa Municipality in 1921, and became independent from Jaffa in 1934.[23][24] Immigration by mostly Jewish refugees meant that the growth of Tel Aviv soon outpaced that of Jaffa, which had a majorityArab population at the time.[25] In 1948, theIsraeli Declaration of Independence was proclaimed in the city, with Tel Aviv named as the founding capital of Israel – a function it retained officially until 1950.[26] After the1947–1949 Palestine war, Tel Aviv began themunicipal annexation of parts of Jaffa, fully unified with Jaffa under the name Tel Aviv in April 1950, and was formally renamed to Tel Aviv-Yafo in August 1950.[27]
Tel Aviv is the Hebrew title ofTheodor Herzl's 1902 novelAltneuland ("Old New Land"), as translated from German byNahum Sokolow. Sokolow had adopted the name of aMesopotamian site near the city of Babylon mentioned inEzekiel: "Then I came to them of the captivity at Tel Abib [Tel Aviv], that lived by theriver Chebar, and to where they lived; and I sat there overwhelmed among them seven days."[1] The name was chosen in 1910 from several suggestions, including "Herzliya". It was found fitting as it embraced the idea of a renaissance in the ancient Jewish homeland.Aviv (אביב, orAbib) is a Hebrew word that can be translated as "spring", symbolizing renewal, andtell (ortel) is an artificial mound created over centuries through the accumulation of successive layers of civilization built one over the other and symbolizing the ancient.
Although founded in 1909 as a small settlement on the sand dunes north of Jaffa, Tel Aviv was envisaged as a future city from the start. Its founders hoped that in contrast to what they perceived as the squalid and unsanitary conditions of neighbouring Arab towns, Tel Aviv was to be a clean and modern city, inspired by the European cities ofWarsaw andOdesa.[30] The marketing pamphlets advocating for its establishment stated:[30]
In this city we will build the streets so they have roads and sidewalks and electric lights. Every house will have water from wells that will flow through pipes as in every modern European city, and also sewerage pipes will be installed for the health of the city and its residents.
During theFirst Aliyah in the 1880s, when Jewish immigrants began arriving in the region in significant numbers, new Jewish neighborhoods were founded outside Jaffa on the current territory of Tel Aviv. The first wasNeve Tzedek, founded in 1887 byMizrahi Jews due to overcrowding in Jaffa and built on lands owned byAharon Chelouche.[22] Other neighborhoods wereNeve Shalom (1890),Yafa Nof (1896),Achva (1899),Ohel Moshe (1904),Kerem HaTeimanim (1906), and others. Once Tel Aviv received city status in the 1920s, those neighborhoods joined the newly formed municipality, now becoming separated from Jaffa.
On 11 April 1909, 66 Jewish families gathered on a desolate sand dune to parcel out the land by lottery using seashells. This gathering is considered the official date of the establishment of Tel Aviv. The lottery was organised byAkiva Aryeh Weiss, president of the building society.[40][41] Weiss collected 120 sea shells on the beach, half of them white and half of them grey. The members' names were written on the white shells and the plot numbers on the grey shells. A boy drew names from one box of shells and a girl drew plot numbers from the second box. A photographer, Abraham Soskin (b. 1881 in Russia, madealiyah 1906[42]), documented the event. The first water well was later dug at this site, located on what is todayRothschild Boulevard, across from Dizengoff House.[43] Within a year,Herzl,Ahad Ha'am,Yehuda Halevi,Lilienblum, and Rothschild streets were built; a water system was installed; and 66 houses (including some on six subdivided plots) were completed.[35] At the end of Herzl Street, a plot was allocated for a new building for theHerzliya Hebrew High School, founded in Jaffa in 1906.[35] The cornerstone for the building was laid on 28 July 1909. The town was originally named Ahuzat Bayit ("Homestead" in Hebrew). On 21 May 1910, the name Tel Aviv was adopted.[35] The flag and city arms of Tel Aviv (see above) contain under the red Star of David 2 words from the biblical book of Jeremiah: "I (God) will build You up again and you will be rebuilt." (Jer 31:4) Tel Aviv was planned as an independent Hebrew city with wide streets and boulevards, running water for each house, and street lights.[44]
By 1914, Tel Aviv had grown to more than 1 km2 (247 acres).[35] In 1915 a census of Tel Aviv was conducted, recording a population 2,679.[45] However, growth halted in 1917 when theOttoman authoritiesexpelled the residents of Jaffa and Tel Aviv as a wartime measure.[35] A report published inThe New York Times by United States Consul Garrels inAlexandria, Egypt described the Jaffa deportation of early April 1917. The orders of evacuation were aimed chiefly at the Jewish population.[46] Jews were free to return to their homes in Tel Aviv at the end of the following year when, with the end of World War I and the defeat of the Ottomans, the British took control of Palestine.
The town had rapidly become an attraction to immigrants, with a local activist writing:[47]
The immigrants were attracted to Tel Aviv because they found in it all the comforts they were used to in Europe: electric light, water, a little cleanliness, cinema, opera, theatre, and also more or less advanced schools... busy streets, full restaurants, cafes open until 2 a.m., singing, music, and dancing.
British administration (1917–1934)
1930Survey of Palestine map, showing urban boundaries of Jaffa (green) and the Tel Aviv township (blue) within the Jaffa Municipality (red)[23][24]
Tel Aviv, established as suburb of Jaffa, received "township" or local council status within the Jaffa Municipality in 1921.[48][23][24] According to acensus conducted in 1922 by theBritish Mandate authorities, Tel Aviv had a population of 15,185 (15,065 Jews, 78 Muslims and 42 Christians).[49] The population of Tel Aviv had increased to around 34,000 by 1925.[28][50] The1931 census recorded Tel Aviv as having a population of 46,101 (45,564 Jews, 288 with no religion, 143 Christians, and 106 Muslims) in 12,545 houses.[51]
With increasing Jewish immigration during theBritish administration, friction between Arabs and Jews in Palestine increased. On 1 May 1921, theJaffa riots resulted in the deaths of 48 Arabs and 47 Jews and injuries to 146 Jews and 73 Arabs.[52] In the wake of this violence, many Jews left Jaffa for Tel Aviv.
Tel Aviv began to develop as a commercial center.[53] In 1923, Tel Aviv was the first town to be wired to electricity in Palestine, followed by Jaffa later in the same year. The opening ceremony of the Jaffa Electric Company powerhouse, on 10 June 1923, celebrated the lighting of the two main streets of Tel Aviv.[54]
In 1925, the Scottish biologist, sociologist, philanthropist and pioneering town plannerPatrick Geddes drew up theGeddes Plan for Tel Aviv, amaster plan for Tel Aviv which was adopted by the city council led byMeir Dizengoff. Geddes's plan for developing the northern part of the township was based onEbenezer Howard'sgarden city movement.[55] The plan consisted of four main features: a hierarchical system of streets laid out in a grid, large blocks consisting of small-scale domestic dwellings, the organization of these blocks around central open spaces, and the concentration of cultural institutions to form a civic center.[56] While most of the northern area of Tel Aviv was built according to this plan, theinflux of European refugees in the 1930s necessitated the construction of taller apartment buildings on a larger footprint in the city.[57]
Ben Gurion House was built in 1930–31, part of a new workers' housing development. At the same time, Jewish cultural life was given a boost by the establishment of the Ohel Theatre and the decision ofHabima Theatre to make Tel Aviv its permanent base in 1931.[35]
Tel Aviv was granted the status of an independent municipality separate from Jaffa in 1934.[23][24] The Jewish population rose dramatically during theFifth Aliyah after the Nazis came to power in Germany.[35] Many new Jewish immigrants to Palestine disembarked in Jaffa, and remained in Tel Aviv, turning the city into a center of urban life. Friction during the1936–39 Arab revolt led to the opening of a local Jewish port,Tel Aviv Port, independent of Jaffa, in 1938. It closed on 25 October 1965.Lydda Airport (later Ben Gurion Airport) andSde Dov Airport opened between 1937 and 1938.[58] According to theJewish Virtual Library, the Jewish population of Tel Aviv had risen to 150,000 by 1937, compared to Jaffa's mainly Arab 69,000 residents, and by 1939 rose to 160,000, which was over a third of Palestine's total Jewish population.[35] The village statistics of 1938 listed Tel Aviv's population as 140,000, all Jews.[59]
ManyGerman Jewish architects trained at theBauhaus, theModernist school of architecture in Germany, and left Germany during the 1930s. Some, likeArieh Sharon, came to Palestine and adapted the architectural outlook of the Bauhaus and similar schools to the local conditions there, creating what is recognized as the largest concentration of buildings in the International Style in the world.[28]
Thevillage statistics of 1945 listed Tel Aviv's population as 166,660, consisting of 166,000 Jews, 300 "other", 230 Christians, and 130 Muslims.[62]
During theJewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine, JewishIrgun andLehi guerrillas launched repeated attacks against British military, police, and government targets in the city. In 1946, following theKing David Hotel bombing, the British carried outOperation Shark, in which the entire city was searched for Jewish militants and most of the residents questioned, during which the entire city was placed under curfew. During theMarch 1947 martial law in Mandatory Palestine, Tel Aviv was placed under martial law by the British authorities for 15 days, with the residents kept under curfew for all but three hours a day as British forces scoured the city for militants. In spite of this, Jewish guerrilla attacks continued in Tel Aviv and other areas under martial law in Palestine.
According to the1947 UN Partition Plan for dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, Tel Aviv was to be included in the proposedJewish state. Jaffa with, as of 1945, a population of 101,580 people—53,930 Muslims, 30,820 Jews and 16,800 Christians—was designated as part of the Arab state.Civil War broke out in the country and in particular between the neighbouring cities of Tel Aviv and Jaffa, which had been assigned to the Jewish and Arab states respectively. After several months of siege, on 13 May 1948, Jaffa fell and the Arab population fled en masse.
State of Israel
Crowd outside Dizengoff House (nowIndependence Hall) to witness the proclamation and signing of Israel's Declaration of Independence in 1948
After Israeldeclared Independence on 14 May 1948, Tel Aviv was the temporary government center of the State of Israel. The city was repeatedly bombed by Egyptian warplanes and shelled by Egyptian warships during theIsraeli War of Independence, killing around 150 people. The most significant attack was thebombing of the central bus station, in which 42 people were killed.[63] On 3 June 1948, theIsraeli Air Force scored its first aerial victory over Tel Aviv when Israeli fighter pilotModi Alon shot down two Egyptian bombers during a raid. The city was also the scene of fighting between theIsrael Defense Forces andIrgun during theAltalena Affair, in which the IDF stopped an Irgun attempt to import arms for its own use.
In December 1949, the Israeli government relocated toJerusalem. Due to the international dispute over thestatus of Jerusalem, most embassies remained in or near Tel Aviv.[64] The boundaries of Tel Aviv and Jaffa became a matter of contention between the Tel Aviv municipality and the Israeli government in 1948.[27] The former wished to incorporate only the northern Jewish suburbs of Jaffa, while the latter wanted a more complete unification.[27] The issue also had international sensitivity, since the main part of Jaffa was in the Arab portion of theUnited Nations Partition Plan, whereas Tel Aviv was not, and no armistice agreements had yet been signed.[27] On 10 December 1948, the government announced the annexation to Tel Aviv of Jaffa's Jewish suburbs, thePalestinian neighborhood ofAbu Kabir, the Arab village ofSalama and some of its agricultural land, and the JewishHatikva Quarter.[27] On 25 February 1949, the depopulated Palestinian village ofal-Shaykh Muwannis was also annexed to Tel Aviv.[27] On 18 May 1949,Manshiya and part of Jaffa's central zone were added, for the first time including land that had been in the Arab portion of the UN partition plan.[27] The government voted on the unification of Tel Aviv and Jaffa on 4 October 1949, but the decision was not implemented until 24 April 1950 due to the opposition of Tel Aviv mayorIsrael Rokach.[27] The name of the unified city was Tel Aviv until 19 August 1950, when it was renamed Tel Aviv-Yafo in order to preserve the historical name Jaffa.[27] Tel Aviv thus grew to 42 km2 (16.2 sq mi). In 1949, a memorial to the 60 founders of Tel Aviv was constructed.[65]
Tel Aviv in 1961
In the 1960s, some of the older buildings were demolished, making way for the country's first high-rises. The historicHerzliya Hebrew Gymnasium was controversially demolished, to make way for theShalom Meir Tower, which was completed in 1965, and remainedIsrael's tallest building until 1999. Tel Aviv's population peaked in the early 1960s at 390,000, representing 16 percent of the country's total.[66] By the early 1970s, Tel Aviv had entered a long and steady period of continuous population decline, which was accompanied byurban decay. By 1981, Tel Aviv had entered not just natural population decline, but an absolute population decline as well.[67] In the late 1980s the city had an aging population of 317,000.[66] Construction activity had moved away from the inner ring of Tel Aviv, and had moved to its outer perimeter and adjoining cities. A mass out-migration of residents from Tel Aviv, to adjoining cities likePetah Tikva andRehovot, where better housing conditions were available, was underway by the beginning of the 1970s, and only accelerated by theYom Kippur War.[67] Cramped housing conditions and high property prices pushed families out of Tel Aviv and deterred young people from moving in.[66] From the beginning of 1970s, the common image of Tel Aviv became that of a decaying city,[68] as Tel Aviv's population fell 20%.[69]
Tel Aviv in 1970
In the 1970s, the apparent sense of Tel Aviv's urban decline became a theme in the work of novelists such asYaakov Shabtai, in works describing the city such asSof Davar (The End of Things) andZikhron Devarim (The Memory of Things).[68] A symptomatic article of 1980 asked "Is Tel Aviv Dying?" and portrayed what it saw as the city's existential problems: "Residents leaving the city, businesses penetrating into residential areas, economic and social gaps, deteriorating neighbourhoods, contaminated air – Is the First Hebrew City destined for a slow death? Will it become a ghost town?".[68] However, others saw this as a transitional period. In the late 1970s, mayorShlomo Lahat partnered with an urban planning firm to make changes to the city's urban fabric. Offices which had emerged throughout the city's neighborhoods, turning them into corporate spaces, were removed. Tel Aviv's main business center became the area along theAyalon Highway, enabling neighborhoods in the rest of the city to be revitalized.[70] By the late 1980s, attitudes to the city's future had become markedly more optimistic. It had also become a center of nightlife and discotheques for Israelis who lived in the suburbs and adjoining cities. By 1989, Tel Aviv had acquired the nickname "Nonstop City", as a reflection of the growing recognition of its nightlife and 24/7 culture, and "Nonstop City" had to some extent replaced the former moniker of "First Hebrew City".[71] The largest project built in this era was theDizengoff Center, Israel's first shopping mall, which was completed in 1983. Other notable projects included the construction ofMarganit Tower in 1987, the opening of theSuzanne Dellal Center for Dance and Theater in 1989, and theTel Aviv Cinematheque (opened in 1973 and located to the current building in 1989).
In the early 1980s, 13 embassies in Jerusalem moved to Tel Aviv as part of theUN's measures responding to Israel's 1980Jerusalem Law.[72] Today, most national embassies are located in Tel Aviv or environs.[73] In the 1990s, the decline in Tel Aviv's population began to be reversed and stabilized, at first temporarily due to a wave of immigrants from theformer Soviet Union.[66] Tel Aviv absorbed 42,000 immigrants from the FSU, many educated in scientific, technological, medical and mathematical fields.[69] In this period, the number of engineers in the city doubled.[74] Tel Aviv soon began to emerge as a global high-tech center.[39] The construction of manyskyscrapers and high-tech office buildings followed. In 1993, Tel Aviv was categorized as aworld city.[75] However, the city's municipality struggled to cope with an influx of new immigrants. Tel Aviv's tax base had been shrinking for many years, as a result of its preceding long term population decline, and this meant there was little money available at the time to invest in the city's deteriorating infrastructure and housing. In 1998, Tel Aviv was on the "verge of bankruptcy".[76] Economic difficulties would then be compounded by a wave of Palestinian suicide bombings in the city from the mid-1990s, to the end of the Second Intifada, as well as thedot-com bubble, which affected the city's rapidly growing hi-tech sector. On 4 November 1995, Israel's prime minister,Yitzhak Rabin,was assassinated at a rally in Tel Aviv in support of the Oslo peace accord. The outdoor plaza where this occurred, formerly known as Kikar Malchei Yisrael, was renamedRabin Square.[77]
In theGulf War in 1991, Tel Aviv was attacked byScud missiles from Iraq. Iraq hoped to provoke an Israeli military response, which could have destroyed the US–Arab alliance. TheUnited States pressured Israel not to retaliate, and after Israel acquiesced, the US andNetherlands rushedPatriot missiles to defend against the attacks, but they proved largely ineffective. Tel Aviv and other Israeli cities continued to be hit by Scuds throughout the war, and every city in the Tel Aviv area except forBnei Brak was hit. A total of 74 Israelis died as a result of the Iraqi attacks, mostly from suffocation and heart attacks,[78] while approximately 230 Israelis were injured.[79] Extensive property damage was also caused, and some 4,000 Israelis were left homeless. It was feared that Iraq would fire missiles filled withnerve agents orsarin. As a result, the Israeli government issuedgas masks to its citizens. When the first Iraqi missiles hit Israel, some people injected themselves with an antidote for nerve gas. The inhabitants of the southeastern suburb of Hatikva erected an angel-monument as a sign of their gratitude that "it was through a great miracle, that many people were preserved from being killed by a direct hit of a Scud rocket."[80]
Another attack took place on 29 August 2011 in which a Palestinian attacker stole an Israeli taxi cab and rammed it into a police checkpoint guarding the popularHaoman 17nightclub in Tel Aviv which was filled with 2,000[101]Israeli teenagers. After crashing, the assailant went on a stabbing spree, injuring eight people.[99] Due to anIsrael Border Police roadblock at the entrance and immediate response of the Border Police team during the subsequent stabbings, a much larger and fatal mass-casualty incident was avoided.[102]
On 21 November 2012, duringOperation Pillar of Defense, the Tel Aviv area was targeted by rockets, and air raid sirens were sounded in the city for the first time since theGulf War. All of the rockets either missed populated areas or were shot down by anIron Dome rocket defense battery stationed near the city. During the operation, a bomb blast on a bus wounded at least 28 civilians, three seriously.[103][104][105][106] This was described as a terrorist attack by Israel, Russia, and the United States and was condemned by the United Nations, United States, United Kingdom, France and Russia, whilst Hamas spokesmanSami Abu Zuhri declared that the organisation "blesses" the attack.[107] More than 300 rockets were fired towards the Tel Aviv Metropolitan area in the2021 Israel–Palestine crisis.[108]
New laws were introduced to protect Modernist buildings, and efforts to preserve them were aided byUNESCO recognition of Tel Aviv's White City as a world heritage site in 2003. In the early 2000s, Tel Aviv municipality focused on attracting more young residents to the city. It made significant investment in major boulevards, to create attractive pedestrian corridors. Former industrial areas like the city's previously derelict NorthernTel Aviv Port and theJaffa railway station, were upgraded and transformed into leisure areas. A process of gentrification began in some of the poor neighborhoods of southern Tel Aviv and many older buildings began to be renovated.[39]
The demographic profile of the city changed in the 2000s, as it began to attract a higher proportion of young residents. By 2012, 28 percent of the city's population was aged between 20 and 34 years old. Between 2007 and 2012, the city's population growth averaged 6.29 percent. As a result of its population recovery and industrial transition, the city's finances were transformed, and by 2012 it was running a budget surplus and maintained a credit rating of AAA+.[109] In the 2000s and early 2010s, Tel Aviv received tens of thousands of illegal immigrants, primarily fromSudan andEritrea,[110] changing the demographic profile of areas of the city. In 2009, Tel Aviv celebrated its official centennial.[111] In addition to city- and country-wide celebrations, digital collections of historical materials were assembled. These include the History section of the official Tel Aviv-Yafo Centennial Year website;[111] the Ahuzat Bayit collection, which focuses on the founding families of Tel Aviv, and includes photographs and biographies;[112] andStanford University's Eliasaf Robinson Tel Aviv Collection,[113] documenting the history of the city. Today, the city is regarded as a strong candidate forglobal city status.[114] Over the past 60 years, Tel Aviv had developed into asecular, liberal-minded center with a vibrant nightlife and café culture.[39]
Geography
Tel Aviv seen from space in 2016
Tel Aviv is located around32°5′N34°48′E / 32.083°N 34.800°E /32.083; 34.800 on theIsraeli Mediterranean coastline, in central Israel, thehistoric land bridge between Europe, Asia and Africa. Immediately north of the ancient port of Jaffa, Tel Aviv lies on land that used to be sand dunes and as such has relatively poorsoil fertility. The land has been flattened and has no important gradients; its most notable geographical features are bluffs above the Mediterranean coastline and theYarkon River mouth.[115] Because of the expansion of Tel Aviv and the Gush Dan region, absolute borders between Tel Aviv and Jaffa and between the city's neighborhoods do not exist.
The city is located 60 km (37 mi) northwest of Jerusalem and 90 km (56 mi) south of the city ofHaifa.[116] Neighboring cities and towns includeHerzliya to the north,Ramat HaSharon to the northeast,Petah Tikva,Bnei Brak,Ramat Gan andGiv'atayim to the east,Holon to the southeast, andBat Yam to the south.[117] The city is economically stratified between the north and south. Southern Tel Aviv is considered less affluent than northern Tel Aviv with the exception ofNeve Tzedek and northern and north-westernJaffa. Central Tel Aviv is home toAzrieli Center and the important financial and commerce district alongAyalon Highway. The northern side of Tel Aviv is home toTel Aviv University,Yarkon Park, and upscale residential neighborhoods such asRamat Aviv andAfeka.[118]
Environment
IDF soldiers cleaning the beaches at Tel Aviv, which have scored highly in environmental tests[119]
Tel Aviv is ranked as thegreenest city in Israel.[120] Since 2008, city lights are turned off annually in support ofEarth Hour.[121] In February 2009, the municipality launched a water saving campaign, including competition granting free parking for a year to the household that is found to have consumed the least water per person.[122]
In the early 21st century, Tel Aviv's municipality transformed a derelictpower station into a public park, now named "Gan HaHashmal" ("Electricity Park"), paving the way foreco-friendly and environmentally conscious designs.[123] In October 2008, Martin Weyl turned an old garbage dump nearBen Gurion International Airport, calledHiriya, into an attraction by building an arc of plastic bottles.[124] The site, which was renamedAriel Sharon Park to honor Israel's former prime minister, will serve as the centerpiece in what is to become a 2,000-acre (8.1 km2)urban wilderness on the outskirts of Tel Aviv, designed by Germanlandscape architect,Peter Latz.[124]
At the end of the 20th century, the city began restoring historical neighborhoods such asNeve Tzedek and many buildings from the 1920s and 1930s. Since 2007, the city hosts its well-known, annualOpen House Tel Aviv weekend, which offers the general public free entrance to the city's famous landmarks, private houses and public buildings. In 2010, the design of the renovated Tel Aviv Port (Nemal Tel Aviv) won the award for outstanding landscape architecture at the European Biennial for Landscape Architecture inBarcelona.[125]
In 2014, the Sarona Market Complex opened, following an 8-year renovation project ofSarona colony.[126]
Tel Aviv has aMediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa),[127] and enjoys plenty of sunshine throughout the year. Most precipitation falls in the form of rain between the months of October and April, with intervening dry summers, and there is almost no rainfall from June to September. The average annual temperature is 20.9 °C (69.6 °F), and the average sea temperature is 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) during the winter, and 24–29 °C (75–84 °F) during the summer. The city averages 528 mm (20.8 in) of precipitation annually.
Summers in Tel Aviv last about five months, from June to October. August, the warmest month, averages a high of 30.6 °C (87.1 °F), and a low of 25 °C (77 °F). The high relative humidity due to the location of the city by the Mediterranean Sea, in a combination with the high temperatures, creates athermal discomfort during the summer. Summer low temperatures in Tel Aviv seldom drop below 20 °C (68 °F).
Winters are mild and wet, with most of the annual precipitation falling within the months of December, January and February as intense rainfall and thunderstorms. In January, the coolest month, the average maximum temperature is 17.6 °C (63.7 °F), the minimum temperature averages 10.2 °C (50.4 °F). During the coldest days of winter, temperatures may vary between 8 °C (46 °F) and 12 °C (54 °F). Both freezing temperatures and snowfall are extremely rare in the city.
Autumns and springs are characterized by sharp temperature changes, with heat waves that might be created due to hot and dry air masses that arrive from the nearby deserts. During heatwaves in autumn and springs, temperatures usually climb up to 35 °C (95 °F) and even up to 40 °C (104 °F), accompanied with exceptionally low humidity. An average day during autumn and spring has a high of 23 °C (73 °F) to 25 °C (77 °F), and a low of 15 °C (59 °F) to 18 °C (64 °F).
The highest recorded temperature in Tel Aviv was 46.5 °C (115.7 °F) on 17 May 1916, and the lowest is −1.9 °C (28.6 °F) on 7 February 1950, during a cold wave that brought theonly recorded snowfall in Tel Aviv.
Climate data for Tel Aviv (Temperature: 1987–2010, Precipitation: 1980–2010)
Tel Aviv is governed by a 31-member city council elected for a five-year term by in direct proportional elections,[136] and a mayor elected for the same term by direct elections under atwo-round system. Like all other mayors in Israel, noterm limits exist for the Mayor of Tel Aviv.[137] All Israeli citizens over the age of 17 with at least one year of residence in Tel Aviv are eligible to vote in municipal elections. The municipality is responsible for social services, community programs, public infrastructure, urban planning, tourism and other local affairs.[138][139][140] The Tel Aviv City Hall is located atRabin Square.Ron Huldai has been mayor of Tel Aviv since 1998.[136] Huldai was reelected to a sixth term in the2024 municipal elections, defeating formerMinister of EconomyOrna Barbivai.[141] Huldai has become city's longest-serving mayor, surpassingShlomo Lahat's 19-year term.[142] The shortest-serving mayor wasDavid Bloch, who served a two year term between 1925 and 1927.
Politically, Tel Aviv is known to be a stronghold for the left, in both local and national issues. The left wing vote is especially prevalent in the city's mostly affluent central and northern neighborhoods, though not the case for its working-class southeastern neighborhoods which tend to vote for right wing parties in national elections.[143] Outside thekibbutzim,Meretz receives more votes in Tel Aviv than in any other city in Israel.[144]
Demographics
Tel Aviv population pyramid in 2021
Tel Aviv has a population of 495,230 spread over a land area of 52,000 dunams (52 km2; 20 sq mi). According to theIsrael Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), as of 2009[update] Tel Aviv's population was growing at an annual rate of 0.5 percent. Jews of all backgrounds formed 91.8 percent of the population, Muslims andArab Christians made up 4.2 percent, and the remainder belonged to other groups (including various Christian and Asian communities).[145] As Tel Aviv is a multicultural city, many languages are spoken in addition toHebrew. According to some estimates, about 50,000 unregistered African and Asianforeign workers live in the city.[146] Compared with Westernised cities, crime in Tel Aviv is relatively low.[147]
Aerial view of Tel Aviv
According to Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality, the average income in the city, which had anunemployment rate of 4.6% in 2014,[148] is 20% above the national average.[149] The city's education standards are above the national average: of its 12th-grade students, 64.4 percent are eligible formatriculation certificates.[149] The age profile is relatively even, with 22.2 percent aged under 20, 18.5 percent aged 20–29, 24 percent aged 30–44, 16.2 percent aged between 45 and 59, and 19.1 percent older than 60.[150]
Tel Aviv's population reached a peak in the early 1960s at around 390,000, falling to 317,000 in the late 1980s as high property prices forced families out and deterred young couples from moving in.[66] Since the 1990s, population has steadily grown.[66] Today, the city's population is young and growing.[151] In 2006, 22,000 people moved to the city, while only 18,500 left,[151] and many of the new families had young children. Meanwhile, the average age of residents fell from 35.8 in 1983 to 34 in 2008.[151] The population over age 65 stands at 14.6 percent compared with 19% in 1983.[151] The population is expected to reach 535,000 in 2030.[152] Under a master plan for the city approved by the Tel Aviv District Planning and Building Committee in 2025, the city's population will grow to 600,000 by 2035.[153]
Religion
Tel Aviv has 544 active synagogues,[154] including historic buildings such as theGreat Synagogue, established in the 1930s.[155] In 2008, a center for secularJewish studies and asecular yeshiva opened in the city.[156] Tensions between religious andsecular Jews before the 2006 gay pride parade ended in vandalism of a synagogue.[157] The number of churches has grown to accommodate the religious needs of diplomats and foreign workers.[158] In 2019, the population was 89.9% Jewish, and 4.5% Arab; among Arabs, 82.8% were Muslim, 16.4% were Christian, and 0.8% wereDruze.[159] The remaining 5 percent were not classified by religion.Israel Meir Lau isChief Rabbi of the city.[160]
Tel Aviv is an ethnically diverse city. The Jewish population, which forms the majority group in Tel Aviv, consists of the descendants of immigrants from all parts of the world, includingAshkenazi Jews from Europe, North America, South America, Australia and South Africa, as well asSephardic andMizrahi Jews from Southern Europe, North Africa, India, Central Asia, West Asia, and the Arabian Peninsula. There are also a sizable number ofEthiopian Jews and their descendants living in Tel Aviv. In addition to Muslim andArab Christian minorities in the city, several hundredArmenian Christians reside in the city, concentrated mainly inJaffa. There are also some Christians from the former Soviet Union who immigrated to Israel with Jewish spouses and relatives. In recent years, Tel Aviv has received many non-Jewish migrants from Asia and Africa, students, foreign workers (documented and undocumented) and refugees. There are many economic migrants and refugees from African countries, primarilyEritrea andSudan, located in the southern part of the city.[161]
Tel Aviv is divided into nine boroughs that have formed naturally over the city's short history. The oldest of these is Jaffa, the ancientport city out of which Tel Aviv grew. This area is traditionally made up demographically of a greater percentage of Arabs, but recentgentrification is replacing them with a young professional and artist population. Similar processes are occurring in nearbyNeve Tzedek, the original Jewish neighborhood outside of Jaffa.Ramat Aviv, a district in the northern part of the city that is largely made up of luxury apartments and includesTel Aviv University, as of 2007 is undergoing extensive expansion and is set to absorb the beachfront property of Sde Dov Airport after its decommissioning.[162] The area known asHaKirya is theIsrael Defense Forces (IDF) headquarters and a largemilitary base.[118] Moreover, in the past few years,Rothschild Boulevard which is beginning in Neve Tzedek has become an attraction for tourists, businesses and startups. It features a wide, tree-lined central strip with pedestrian and bike lanes. Historically, there was a demographic split between theAshkenazi northern side of the city, including the district of Ramat Aviv, and the southern, moreSephardi andMizrahi neighborhoods includingNeve Tzedek andFlorentin.[39][unreliable source]
Since the 1980s, major restoration and gentrification projects have been implemented in southern Tel Aviv.[39][unreliable source] Baruch Yoscovitz, city planner for Tel Aviv beginning in 2001, reworked old British plans for the Florentin neighborhood from the 1920s, adding green areas, pedestrian malls, and housing. The municipality invested two million shekels in the project. The goal was to make Florentin theSoho of Tel Aviv, and attract artists and young professionals to the neighborhood. Street artists, such asDede, installation artists such asSigalit Landau, and many others made the upbeat neighborhood their home base.[163][164] Florentin is now known as a hip, "cool" place to be in Tel Aviv with coffeehouses, markets, bars, galleries and parties.[165]
Tel Aviv is home toTel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, the third-largest hospital complex in Israel.[166] It contains Ichilov Hospital, the Ida Sourasky Rehabilitation Center, Lis Maternity and Women's Hospital, and Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital. The city also containsAssuta Medical Center, a private hospital which offers surgical and diagnostic services in all fields of medicine and has anIVF clinic.
In 2006, 51,359 children attended school in Tel Aviv, of whom 8,977 were in municipal kindergartens, 23,573 in municipal elementary schools, and 18,809 in high schools.[149] Sixty-four percent of students in the city are entitled to matriculation, more than 5 percent higher than the national average.[149] About 4,000 children are in first grade at schools in the city, and population growth is expected to raise this number to 6,000.[151] As a result, 20 additional kindergarten classes were opened in 2008–09 in the city. A new elementary school is planned north of Sde Dov as well as a new high school in northern Tel Aviv.[151]
The first Hebrew high school, calledHerzliya Hebrew Gymnasium, was established in Jaffa in 1905 and moved to Tel Aviv after its founding in 1909, where a new campus on Herzl Street was constructed for it.
Tel Aviv has been ranked as the twenty-fifth most important financial center in the world.[172] In 1926, the country's first shopping arcade, Passage Pensak, was built there.[173] By 1936, as tens of thousands of middle classimmigrants arrived from Europe, Tel Aviv was already the largest city in Palestine. A small port was built at the Yarkon estuary, and many cafes, clubs and cinemas opened. Herzl Street became a commercial thoroughfare at this time.[174]
Economic activities account for 17 percent of the GDP.[66] In 2011, Tel Aviv had an unemployment rate of 4.4 percent.[175] The city has been described as a "flourishing technological center" byNewsweek and a "miniature Los Angeles" byThe Economist.[176][177] In 1998, the city was described by Newsweek as one of the 10 most technologically influential cities in the world. Since then, high-tech industry in the Tel Aviv area has continued to develop.[177] The Tel Aviv metropolitan area (includingsatellite cities such asHerzliya andPetah Tikva) is Israel's center of high-tech, sometimes referred to asSilicon Wadi.[177][178]
TheKiryat Atidimhigh tech zone opened in 1972 and the city has become a major world high tech hub. In December 2012, the city was ranked second on a list of top places to found a high techstartup company, just behindSilicon Valley.[180] In 2013, Tel Aviv had more than 700 startup companies and research and development centers, and was ranked the second-most innovative city in the world, behindMedellín and ahead ofNew York City.[181]
According toForbes, nine of its fifteen Israeli-born billionaires live in Israel; four live in Tel Aviv and its suburbs.[182][183] Thecost of living in Israel is high, with Tel Aviv being its most expensive city to live in. In 2021, Tel Aviv became the world's most expensive city to live in, according to theEconomist Intelligence Unit.[184][16]
Tel Aviv is home to theTel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE), Israel's onlystock exchange, which has reached record heights since the 1990s.[185] The Tel Aviv Stock exchange has also gained attention for its resilience and ability to recover from war and disasters. For example, the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange was higher on the last day of both the 2006 Lebanon war and the 2009 Operation in Gaza than on the first day of fighting.[186] Many internationalventure-capital firms,scientific research institutes and high-tech companies are headquartered in the city. Industries in Tel Aviv include chemical processing, textile plants and food manufacturers.[39]
Tel Aviv is ranked the 4th top global startup ecosystem hub according to the startup genome.[14][15]
Tourism and recreation
Tel Aviv receives about 2.5 million international visitors annually, the fifth-most-visited city in the Middle East & Africa.[18][19] In 2010,Knight Frank'sworld city survey[broken anchor] ranked it 34th globally.[187] Tel Aviv has been named the third "hottest city for 2011" (behind only New York City and Tangier) byLonely Planet, third-best in the Middle East and Africa byTravel + Leisure magazine (behind only Cape Town and Jerusalem), and the ninth-bestbeach city in the world byNational Geographic.[188][189][190] Tel Aviv is consistently ranked as one of the topLGBT destinations in the world.[191][192] The city has also been ranked as one of the top 10 oceanfront cities.[193]
Tel Aviv is known as "the city that never sleeps" and a "party capital" due to its thrivingnightlife, young atmosphere and famous24-hour culture.[194][195][196] Tel Aviv has branches of some of the world's leading hotels, including theCrowne Plaza,Sheraton,Dan,Isrotel andHilton. It is home to many museums, architectural and cultural sites, with city tours available in different languages.[197] Apart from bus tours, architectural tours,Segway tours, and walking tours are also popular.[198][199][200] Tel Aviv has 44 hotels with more than 6,500 rooms.[149]
1930sBauhaus (left) and 1920sEclectic (right) architectural styles
Tel Aviv is home to differentarchitectural styles that represent influential periods in its history. The early architecture of Tel Aviv consisted largely of European-style single-storey houses with red-tiled roofs.[202]Neve Tzedek, the first neighbourhood to be built outside of Jaffa, is characterised by two-storey sandstone buildings.[28] By the 1920s, a neweclectic Orientalist style came into vogue, combining European architecture with Eastern features such as arches, domes and ornamental tiles.[202]Pagoda House (Beit HaPagoda), designed by Alexander Levy and built in 1924, is an example of this style.[203] Municipal construction followed the "garden city"master plan drawn up byPatrick Geddes. Two- and three-storey buildings were interspersed with boulevards and public parks.[202] Various architectural styles, such asArt Deco, classical and modernist also exist in Tel Aviv.
Bauhaus architecture was introduced in the 1920s and 1930s by German Jewish architects who settled in Palestine after the rise of the Nazis. Tel Aviv'sWhite City, around the city center, contains more than 5,000 Modernist-style buildings inspired by theBauhaus school andLe Corbusier.[28][29] Construction of these buildings, later declared protected landmarks and, collectively, aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site, continued until the 1950s in the area aroundRothschild Boulevard.[29][204] Some 3,000 buildings were created in this style between 1931 and 1939 alone.[202] In the 1960s, this architectural style gave way to office towers and a chain of waterfront hotels and commercial skyscrapers.[39] Some of the city's Modernist buildings were neglected to the point of ruin. Before legislation to preserve this landmark architecture, many of the old buildings were demolished. Efforts are under way to refurbish Bauhaus buildings and restore them to their original condition.[205]
TheAzrieli Center complex contains some of the tallest skyscrapers in Tel Aviv.
TheShalom Meir Tower, Israel's first skyscraper, was built in Tel Aviv in 1965 and remained the country's tallest building until 1999. At the time of its construction, the building rivaled Europe's tallest buildings in height, and was the tallest in the Middle East.
In the mid-1990s, the construction of skyscrapers began throughout the entire city, altering its skyline. Before that, Tel Aviv had had a generally low-rise skyline.[206] In 2010, the Tel Aviv Municipality's Planning and Construction Committee launched a new master plan for the city for 2025. It decided not to allow the construction of any additional skyscrapers in the city center, while at the same time greatly increasing the construction of skyscrapers in the east. The ban extends to an area between the coast andIbn Gabirol Street, and also between theYarkon River and Eilat Street. It did not extend to towers already under construction or approved. One final proposed skyscraper project was approved, while dozens of others had to be scrapped. Any new buildings there will usually not be allowed to rise above six and a half stories. However, hotel towers along almost the entire beachfront will be allowed to rise up to 25 stories. According to the plan, large numbers of skyscrapers and high-rise buildings at least 18 stories tall would be built in the entire area between Ibn Gabirol Street and the eastern city limits, as part of the master plan's goal of doubling the city's office space to cement Tel Aviv as the business capital of Israel. Under the plan, "forests" of corporate skyscrapers will line both sides of theAyalon Highway. Further south, skyscrapers rising up to 40 stories will be built along the old Ottoman railway betweenNeve Tzedek andFlorentine, with the first such tower there being theNeve Tzedek Tower. Along nearby Shlavim Street, passing between Jaffa and south Tel Aviv, office buildings up to 25 stories will line both sides of the street, which will be widened to accommodate traffic from the city's southern entrance to the center.[207][208]
In the 1920s Tel-Aviv gradually became the center of art in Israel. In 1919, several prominent Olim fromOdessa arrived in theRuslan ship.[209] In 1920 some of these set up theHaTomer art cooperative as well as opened the first modern art exhibition in Israel.[209][210] In the 1925 following the return ofIsaac Frenkel Frenel fromParis and his opening of theHistadrut art studio, and the introduction ofÉcole de Paris influence; Tel Aviv grew to supplementJerusalem in its cultural importance in the visual arts; especially in respect to modern art.[211][212][213][214][215] In the late 1920s to 1940s Tel Aviv painters were heavily influenced by theÉcole de Paris, painting Tel Aviv's urban landscape, people and cafes in a manner influenced bySoutine,Pascin,Frenel,Chagall and others from theSchool of Paris.[216][217][211] Tel Aviv's bohemian culture was characterized by cafes such asKassit which attracted numerous writers and painters.[216][218] Numerous exhibitions were held in theOhel theatre and theHerzliya Hebrew Gymnasium prior to the opening of museums.Reuben Rubin andNahum Gutman also worked and painted in the city, painting in the naive style.[219][220] Tel Aviv hosts theTel Aviv museum of art, established in 1932 inMeir Dizengoff's house, since having moved to a new larger location in 1971, as well as numerous galleries.[221]
Habima Theatre, Israel's national theatre, was closed down for renovations in early 2008, and reopened in November 2011 after major remodeling. Enav Cultural Center is one of the newer additions to the cultural scene.[227] Other theatres in Tel Aviv are the Gesher Theatre andBeit Lessin Theater; Tzavta andTmuna are smaller theatres that hostmusical performances andfringe productions. In Jaffa, the Simta and Notzar theatres specialize in fringe as well. Tel Aviv is home to theBatsheva Dance Company, a world-famouscontemporary dance troupe. The Israeli Ballet is also based in Tel Aviv.[227] Tel Aviv's center for modern and classical dance is theSuzanne Dellal Center for Dance and Theatre inNeve Tzedek.[230]
The city often hosts international musicians at venues such asYarkon Park,Expo Tel Aviv, the Barby Club, the Zappa Club and Live Park Rishon Lezion just south of Tel Aviv.[231][232][233] TheEurovision Song Contest 2019 was held at Expo Tel Aviv (the first Israeli-hosted Eurovision held outside of Jerusalem), following Israel's win the year prior.[234] Opera and classical music performances are held daily in Tel Aviv, with many of the world's leadingclassical conductors andsoloists performing on Tel Aviv stages over the years.[227]
TheTel Aviv Cinematheque screens art movies, premieres of short and full-length Israeli films, and hosts a variety of film festivals, among them the Festival of Animation, Comics and Caricatures, "Icon" Science Fiction and Fantasy Festival, the Student Film Festival, the Jazz, Film and Videotape Festival and Salute to Israeli Cinema. The city has severalmultiplex cinemas.[227]
Tel Aviv is an international hub of highly active and diverse nightlife with bars, dance bars andnightclubs staying open well past midnight. The largest area for nightclubs is the Tel Aviv port, where the city's large, commercial clubs and bars draw big crowds of young clubbers from both Tel Aviv and neighboring cities. The South of Tel Aviv is known for the popularHaoman 17 club, as well as for being the city's main hub of alternative clubbing, with underground venues including established clubs like the Block Club, Comfort 13 and Paradise Garage, as well as various warehouse and loft party venues. The Allenby/Rothschild area is another popular nightlife hub, featuring such clubs as the Pasaz, Radio EPGB and the Penguin. In 2013,Absolut Vodka introduced a specially designed bottle dedicated to Tel Aviv as part of its international cities series.[235]
Named "the best gay city in the world" byAmerican Airlines, Tel Aviv is one of the most popular destinations forLGBT tourists internationally, with a largeLGBT community.[236][237] Approximately 25% of Tel Aviv's population identify asgay.[238][239] American journalistDavid Kaufman has described the city as a place "packed with the kind of 'we're here, we're queer', vibe more typically found in Sydney and San Francisco". The city hosts its well-knownpride parade, the biggest in Asia, attracting over 200,000 people yearly.[240]In January 2008, Tel Aviv's municipality established the city'sLGBT Community center, providing all of the municipal and cultural services to the LGBT community under one roof. In December 2008, Tel Aviv began putting together a team of gay athletes for the2009 World Outgames in Copenhagen.[241] In addition, Tel Aviv hosts an annual LGBTfilm festival, known asTLVFest.
Tel Aviv has become an international center of fashion and design.[242] It has been called the "next hot destination" for fashion.[citation needed] Israeli designers, such as swimwear companyGottex show their collections at leading fashion shows, including New York'sBryant Park fashion show.[citation needed] In 2011, Tel Aviv hosted its firstfashion week since the 1980s, with Italian designerRoberto Cavalli as a guest of honor.[243]
The two major Israeli television networks,Keshet Media Group andReshet, are based in the city, as well as two of the most popular radio stations in Israel:Galatz andGalgalatz, which are both based inJaffa. Studios of the international news channeli24news is located atJaffa Port Customs House. An English language radio station,TLV1, is based atKikar Hamedina.
Cuisine
Tel Aviv is famous for its wide variety of world-class restaurants, offering traditional Israeli dishes as well as international fare.[246] More than 100 sushi restaurants, the third highest concentration in the world, do business in the city.[247]In Tel Aviv there are some dessert specialties, the most known is theHalvah ice cream traditionally topped with date syrup and pistachios.
Tel Aviv is a major transportation hub, served by a comprehensive public transport network, with many major routes of the national transportation network running through the city. As of 2023, 56% of the residents are going to work without using cars and the plan is to expand it to 70% by the end of the decade.[255]
As with the rest of Israel, bus transport is the most common form of public transport and is very widely used. TheTel Aviv central bus station is located in the southern part of the city. The main bus network in Tel Aviv metropolitan area operated byDan Bus Company,Metropoline, andKavim. theEgged Bus Cooperative, Israels's largest bus company, provides intercity transportation.[256]
The city is also served by local and inter-cityshare taxis. Many local and inter-city bus routes also have sherut taxis that follow the same route and display the same route number in their window. Fares are standardised within the region and are comparable to or less expensive than bus fares. Unlike other forms of public transport, these taxis also operate on Fridays and Saturdays (the Jewish sabbath "Shabbat"). Private taxis are white with a yellow sign on top. Fares are standardised and metered, but may be negotiated ahead of time with the driver.[257]
TheTel Aviv Savidor Central railway station is the main railway station of the city, and the second-busiest station in Israel. The city has five additionalrailway stations along the Ayalon Highway: three of them,Tel Aviv University,HaShalom (the busiest station in Israel, adjacent toAzrieli Center) andHaHagana (near theTel Aviv central bus station), serve Tel Aviv directly, while the remaining two,Holon Junction andHolon–Wolfson, are within Tel Aviv's municipal boundaries but serve the southern suburb ofHolon. It is estimated that over a million passengers travel by rail to Tel Aviv monthly. The trains do not run on Saturday and the principal Jewish festivals (Rosh Hashana (2 days), Yom Kippur, Sukkot, Simkhat Torah, Pessach (Passover) first and fifth days and Shavuot (Pentecost)).Jaffa railway station was the first railway station in the Levant. It served as the terminus for theJaffa–Jerusalem railway. The station opened in 1891 and closed in 1948. In 2005–2009, the station was restored and converted into an entertainment and leisure venue marketed as "HaTachana", Hebrew for "the station" (see homepage here:[258]). The Jaffa–Jerusalem railway also included the Tel Aviv Beit Hadar railway station, which was opened in 1920 and replaced in 1970, and theTel Aviv South railway station, which was opened in 1970 to replace Beit Hadar and itself closed in 1993. TheBnei Brak railway station, while located in Bnei Brak's municipal borders, is closer to the Tel Aviv neighborhood ofRamat HaHayal than to Bnei Brak's city center and was originally called Tel Aviv North.
Tel Aviv Light Rail is amass transit system for theTel Aviv metropolitan area. As of 2023, two LRT lines are under construction. Work on theRed Line, the first in the project, started on September 21, 2011, following years of preparatory works,[259] and was expected to be completed and opened in late 2022 after numerous delays,[260][261] and was finally opened on August 18, 2023, after the opening day was postponed numerous times.[262] Construction of thePurple Line started in December 2018;[263] work on theGreen Line began in 2021 and is scheduled for completion in 2028.[264] Tel Aviv Metro is a proposed subway system for theTel Aviv Metropolitan Area. It will augment theTel Aviv Light Rail andIsrael Railways suburban lines and 3 underground metro lines to form a rapid transit transportation solution for the city. Construction is expected to start in 2025, with the first public opening in 2032.[265]
The main highway leading to and within the city is theAyalon Highway (Highway 20), which runs in the eastern side of the city from north to south along the Ayalon River riverbed. Driving south on Ayalon gives access toHighway 4 leading toAshdod,Highway 1, leading toBen Gurion International Airport andJerusalem andHighway 431 leading to Jerusalem,Modiin,Rehovot and theHighway 6 Trans-Israel Highway. Driving north on Ayalon gives access to theHighway 2 coastal road leading toNetanya,Hadera andHaifa. Within the city, main routes includeKaplan Street,Allenby Street,Ibn Gabirol Street,Dizengoff Street,Rothschild Boulevard, and in Jaffa the main route is Jerusalem Boulevard. Namir Road connects the city toHighway 2, Israel's main north–south highway, and Begin/Jabotinsky Road, which provides access from the east through Ramat Gan,Bnei Brak and Petah Tikva. Tel Aviv, accommodating about 500,000 commuter cars daily, suffers from increasing congestion. In 2007, the Sadan Report recommended the introduction of acongestion charge similar to that of London in Tel Aviv as well as other Israeli cities. Under this plan, road users traveling into the city would pay a fixed fee.[266]
The main airport serving Greater Tel Aviv isBen Gurion International Airport. Located in anunincorporated area between the neighbouring cities ofLod andOr Yehuda, it handled over 20 million passengers in 2017. Ben Gurion is the main hub ofEl Al,Arkia,Israir Airlines andSun d'Or. The airport is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi; 8.1 nmi) southeast of Tel Aviv, onHighway 1 between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem.Sde Dov Airport (IATA: SDV), in northwestern Tel Aviv, is a domestic airport and was closed in 2019 in favor of real-estate development.[267] All services to Sde Dov will be transferred to Ben Gurion Airport.
The Tel Aviv Municipality encourages the use of bicycles in the city. Plans called for expansion of the paths to 100 km (62.1 mi) by 2009.[268] By 2020, the city had 140 kilometres of bicycle paths with plans to reach 300 km by 2025.[269] The city is at the center of theOfnidan, a network of bicycle paths throughout the Gush Dan metropolitan area.
In April 2011, the Tel Aviv municipality launchedTel-O-Fun, abicycle sharing system, in which 150 stations of bicycles for rent were installed within the city limits.[270]
Foreign relations
The municipality of Tel Aviv signed agreements with many cities worldwide.
^West and East Jerusalem combined have 901,000 residents, more than twice as many as Tel Aviv-Yafo. West Jerusalem alone has a population of 348,000.[8]
^Jerusalem is Israel's capital according to theJerusalem Law passed in 1980. The presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament (Knesset) are located there. ThePalestinian Authority foresees East Jerusalem as the capital of its future state. The UN does not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.[9] Countries maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv and its suburbs, or suburbs of Jerusalem, such asMevaseret Zion.[10] The Czech Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Taiwan, the United States, and Vanuatu recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.
^Azaryahu, Maoz (2007).Tel Aviv: Mythography of a City. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 133–134.ISBN978-0-8156-3129-3.
^Mann, Barbara E. (2006).A Place in History: Modernism, Tel Aviv, and the Creation of Jewish Urban Space. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 148, 166.ISBN978-0-8047-5019-6.
^The Cities Book: A Journey Through the Best Cities in the World. Melbourne, Oakland and London: Lonely Planet. 2009. pp. 380–381.ISBN978-1-74179-887-6.
^Korach, Michal; Choshen, Maya.Jerusalem Facts and Trends 2019(PDF). Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research. p. 14.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved8 July 2019.
^"Map of Israel"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved29 June 2017. (319 KB)
^"Israel".CIA World Factbook. 21 June 2022.Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved24 January 2021.
^abElkayam, Mordechai (1990).Yafo – Neve-Tzedek, Rashita shel Tel-Aviv (in Hebrew). Ministry of Defence. p. 199.
^abcdGoren, Tamir (2016). "Tel Aviv and the question of separation from Jaffa 1921–1936".Middle Eastern Studies.52 (3):473–487.doi:10.1080/00263206.2015.1125340.ISSN0026-3206.S2CID147012425. Page 1: "Once Tel Aviv had won municipal status (the so-called Tel Aviv Township) in 1921, it strove to amend the relevant legislation by rescission of the clauses that placed it under Jaffa municipality's supervision. In the succeeding years, this question became increasingly to the fore, and demanded a speedy solution. Together with the Tel Aviv's ambition of independence as a Hebrew city with its own autonomous Hebrew government, some members of the township's council did not favour separation from the mother city Jaffa. In the mid-1920s, the view consoli- dated among the town councillors that Tel Aviv's subjection to Jaffa municipality had to be annulled, and it must be granted its deserved status as an independent Hebrew city." Page 3: "Tel Aviv municipality strove for full municipal rights, for the status of a municipality with all its implications, in this way enjoying absolute independence. Yet it still wished to maintain its interests in Jaffa. Most obvious was the desire not to lose the Jewish influence in the Jaffa municipality, as well as reinforcing the clout of the Jews on the municipal council. In Tel Aviv's view, Jaffa enjoyed important status not only locally. At that time it was second in importance in Palestine only to Jerusalem, and was followed by Haifa, Safed and Tiberias." Page 4: "...the Mandate government took a positive view of Tel Aviv's desire for full municipal independence. But at that stage it refrained from making any changes at all in Tel Aviv's municipal status. From the closing years of the 1920s, the authorities immersed themselves in the preparation of a new framework for the Municipalities Law, which was intended to replace the Ottoman law. So as long as the new law was incomplete, the authorities avoided any change in the municipal status of Tel Aviv. [Footnote: The new Municipalities Order was published in 1934. That year Tel Aviv gained full municipal independence, becoming a municipal corporation.]"
^abcdM. Gorion (Wager), Introduction to the History of Local Government in Israel (Jerusalem: University of Tel Aviv, 1957), pp.184–5 [Hebrew].
^abcdefghiGolan, Arnon (1995). "The demarcation of Tel Aviv-Jaffa's municipal boundaries".Planning Perspectives.10:383–398.doi:10.1080/02665439508725830.
^Araviot, Iris (2011). "Mythical Dimensions of the Tel-Aviv Century".The International Journal of the Arts in Society.6 (2):237–258.doi:10.18848/1833-1866/CGP/v06i02/35994.
^Shavit, Yaacov (2012)."Telling the Story of a Hebrew City". In Azaryahu, Maoz; Ilan Troen, Selwyn (eds.).Tel-Aviv, the First Century: Visions, Designs, Actualities. Indiana University Press. p. 8.ISBN978-0-253-22357-9.Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved9 June 2022.
^Levine, Mark (2007). "Globalization, Architecture, and Town Planning in a Colonial City: The Case of Jaffa and Tel Aviv".Journal of World History.18 (2): 178.doi:10.1353/jwh.2007.0013.S2CID145670872.
^Zamir, Maya (7 September 2007)."The Day of The bombing".Tel Aviv magazine (in Hebrew). Archived fromthe original on 12 January 2008. Retrieved18 April 2009.
^Village Statistics(PDF). 1945. p. 28.Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved18 November 2023.
^פליטים או מהגרי עבודה ממדינות אפריקה [Refugees or migrant workers from African states](PDF) (in Hebrew). Research Center, National Defense College and Chaikin Chair in Geostrategy, University of Haifa. December 2009. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 14 August 2011.
^"Tel Aviv-Jaffa". Israeli Tourism Ministry. Retrieved16 March 2008.{{cite web}}:|archive-url= is malformed: timestamp (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^"Tel Aviv profile: 2019"(PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 31 December 2019.Archived(PDF) from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved13 March 2022.
^Forester, John; Fischler, Raphael; Shmueli, Deborah (2001).Israeli Planners and Designers: Profiles of Community Builders. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 33–41.
^"Tel Aviv- A City With Pride". Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. 16 March 2018.Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved9 March 2022.In order to fully embrace Tel Aviv's unique personality, the city's gay community is the most vibrant and essential characteristic. Making up an estimated 25% of the entire population, the substantially large gay community is an integral part of Tel Aviv's culture.
^Saradas-Trutino, Sarit (28 January 2008)."Israel becomes sushi mecca".Ynetnews.Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved15 February 2008.
Michael Turner, Catherine Weill-Rochant, Geneviève Blondiau, Silvina Sosnovsky, Philippe Brandeis,Sur les traces du modernisme, Tel Aviv-Haïfa-Jérusalem, CIVA (ed.), Bruxelles, 2004(In Hebrew and French).
Jochen Visscher (ed.):Tel Aviv: The White City, Photographs by Stefan Boness, JOVIS Verlag Berlin 2012.ISBN978-3-939633-75-4.
Catherine Weill-Rochant,L'Atlas de Tel Aviv 1908–2008, Paris, CNRS Editions, 2008 (historical maps and photos, French, soon in Hebrew and English).
Catherine Weill-Rochant,Bauhaus " – Architektur in Tel-Aviv, L'architecture " Bauhaus " à Tel Aviv, Rita Gans (éd.), Zürich, Yad Yearim, 2008(In German and French).
Catherine Weill-Rochant, "The Tel Aviv School: a constrained rationalism",DOCOMOMO journal (documentation and conservation of buildings, sites and neighbourhoods of the modern movement), April 2009.
Catherine Weill-Rochant,Le travail de Patrick Geddes à Tel-Aviv, un plan d'ombre et de lumière,Saarbrücken, Éditions Universitaires Européennes, May 2010.
External links
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