Berlin Tegel "Otto Lilienthal" Airport Flughafen Berlin-Tegel „Otto Lilienthal“ | |||||||||||||||
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 Tegel Airport in September 2011 | |||||||||||||||
| Summary | |||||||||||||||
| Airport type | Defunct | ||||||||||||||
| Operator | Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH | ||||||||||||||
| Serves |
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| Location | Tegel,Reinickendorf, Berlin, Germany | ||||||||||||||
| Opened | 1 April 1974 (1974-04-01) | ||||||||||||||
| Closed | 4 May 2021 (2021-05-04)[1] | ||||||||||||||
| Passenger services ceased | 8 November 2020 (2020-11-08)[2][3] | ||||||||||||||
| Hub for |
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| Built | 5 November 1948 (1948-11-05) | ||||||||||||||
| Elevation AMSL | 122 ft / 37 m | ||||||||||||||
| Coordinates | 52°33′35″N013°17′16″E / 52.55972°N 13.28778°E /52.55972; 13.28778 | ||||||||||||||
| Map | |||||||||||||||
  TXL/EDDT Location within Berlin Show map of Berlin TXL/EDDT TXL/EDDT (Germany) Show map of Germany TXL/EDDT TXL/EDDT (Europe) Show map of Europe | |||||||||||||||
| Runways | |||||||||||||||
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| Statistics (2019) | |||||||||||||||
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| Sources: Passenger traffic, ACI Europe[4] GermanAIP atEUROCONTROL[5] | |||||||||||||||
Berlin Tegel "Otto Lilienthal" Airport (German:Flughafen Berlin-Tegel „Otto Lilienthal“) (IATA:TXL,ICAO:EDDT) was the primaryinternational airport ofBerlin, the capital ofGermany. During theCold War era, it servedWest Berlin. The airport was named after aviation pioneerOtto Lilienthal and was thefourth busiest airport in Germany, with over 24 million passengers in 2019. In 2016, Tegel handled over 60% of all airline passenger traffic in Berlin.[6] The airport served as a base forEurowings,Ryanair andeasyJet.[7] It featured flights to several European metropolitan and leisure destinations as well as some intercontinental routes. It was situated inTegel, a section of the northernborough ofReinickendorf, eight kilometres (five miles) northwest of the city centre of Berlin. Tegel Airport was notable for its hexagonal mainterminal building around an open square, which made walking distances as short as 30 m (100 ft) from the aircraft to the terminal exit.
TXL saw its last flight on 8 November 2020[2] after all traffic had been transferred gradually to the newBerlin Brandenburg Airport until that date.[8][9] It was legally decommissioned as an airfield after a mandatory transitional period on 4 May 2021.[1] All government flights were also relocated to the new airport with the exception of helicopter operations, which moved to the new airport in October 2025.[10][11]
The airport's grounds are due to be redeveloped into a new city quarter dedicated to scientific and industrial research namedUrban Tech Republic, which is to retain the airport's main building and tower as a repurposed landmark.[12]
The area of today's airport originally was part of theJungfernheide forest, which served as a hunting ground for thePrussian nobility. During the 19th century, it was used as anartilleryfiring range.Aviation history dates back to the early 20th century, when the Royal PrussianAirship battalion was based there and the area became known asLuftschiffhafen Reinickendorf. In 1906, ahangar was built for testing ofGroß-Basenach andParseval type airships.[13]
Soon after the outbreak ofWorld War I, on 20 August 1914, the area was dedicated to military training ofaerial reconnaissance crews. Following thewar, all aviation industry was removed as a consequence of theTreaty of Versailles, which prohibited Germany from having any armed aircraft. On 27 September 1930,Rudolf Nebel launched an experimentalrocket testing and research facility on the site. It became known asRaketenschießplatz Tegel and attracted a small group of eminentaerospace engineers that included German rocket pioneerWernher von Braun. In 1937, the rocket pioneers left Tegel in favour of the secretPeenemünde army research centre.[14]
DuringWorld War II, the area served once again as a military training area, mostly forFlak troops. It was destroyed inAllied air raids.[15]
Plans for converting the area intoallotment gardens were shelved due to theBerlin Blockade, which began on 24 June 1948. In the ensuingBerlin Airlift, it quickly turned out that Berlin's existing main airport atTempelhof was not big enough to accommodate all relief aircraft. As a consequence, the French military authorities in charge of Tegelat that time ordered the construction of a 2,428 m (7,966 ft) long runway, the longest in Europe at the time,[16] as well as provisional airport buildings and basic infrastructure. Groundbreaking took place on 5 August 1948, and only 90 days later, on 5 November, aUnited States Air Force (USAF)Douglas C-54 Skymaster became the first aircraft to land at the new airport. TheUnited States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE)commander-in-chief,General Cannon, and thechief-of-staff of theAnglo-American airlift,General Tunner, arrived at Tegel on this aircraft.[17]
BritishDakota andHastings aircraft carrying essential goods and raw materials began using Tegel on a regular basis from 17 November 1948. Generally, the former carried food and fuel while the latter were loaded with coal. Regular cargo flights with AmericanC-54s followed from 14 December 1948. December 1948 also saw threeArmée de l'AirJunkers Ju 52/3m transport planes participating in the airlift for the first time. However, theArmée de l'Air contributed to the overall airlift effort in a very small and symbolic way only. As a result of committing the French transport fleet to the growing war effort inIndochina, as well as the joint Anglo-American decision to employ only four-engined planes for the remainder of the airlift to increase the number of flights and the amount of cargo carried on each flight by taking advantage of those aircraft's higher speeds and greater capacities, the French participation ceased.[17]
Following the end of the Berlin Airlift in May 1949, Tegel became the Berlin base of theArmée de l'Air, eventually leading to the establishment of Base aérienne 165 at Berlin Tegel on 1 August 1964.[17] (The end of theCold War andGerman reunification resulted in the deactivation of theWestern Allies' armed forces in Berlin in July 1994. This in turn led to the decommissioning of Base aérienne 165 the same year.[17]).Tegel was home to a small detachment of theFrench Army Light Aviation, which used single enginedCessna O-1 Bird Dog from 1968 to 1993, andSud-Ouest Alouette III Helicopters from May 1987 until June 1994. The Armée de l'Air had a singleMax Holste MH1521 Broussard until 1988, when it was replaced by aDeHavilland Canada DHC-6-300 Twin Otter for liaison and surveillance flights.
In the late 1950s, the runways atWest Berlin's city centreTempelhof Airport had become too short to accommodate the new-generationjet aircraft such as theAérospatiale Caravelle,Boeing 707,de Havilland Comet,[nb 1] andDouglas DC-8, without imposingpayload orrange restrictions that made commercial operations unviable.[18]
West Berlin's special legal status during the Cold War era (1945–1990) meant that all air traffic through theAllied air corridors linking theexclave withWest Germany was restricted to airlines headquartered in the United States, the United Kingdom, or France – three of the four victorious powers of World War II. In addition, all flightdeck crew[nb 2] flying aircraft into and out of West Berlin were required to hold American, British, or French passports.[19] During that period, the majority of Tegel's regular commercial flights served West German domestic routes,hub airports inFrankfurt,London,Paris,Amsterdam, points in the United States, and popular holiday resorts in theMediterranean andCanary Islands.[20]
Initially, all commercial flights used the original terminal building (a pre-fabricated shed), which was situated to the North of the runway, at what is today the military part of the airport.[20]
In 1988, Berlin Tegel was named after Germanaviation pioneerOtto Lilienthal.[17]
Air France was the first airline to commence regular commercial operations at Tegel on 2 January 1960.[21][22]
On that day, Air France, which had servedDüsseldorf, Frankfurt,Munich,Nuremberg, and its main base atParis Le Bourget/Orly during the previous decade fromTempelhof withDouglas DC-4,Sud-Est Languedoc, andLockheed Constellation/Super Constellation piston equipment, shifted its entire Berlin operation to Tegel because Tempelhof's runways were too short to permit the introduction of theSud-Aviation Caravelle, the Frenchflag carrier's new short-haul jet, with a viable payload.[21][23][24][25] (Air France'sCaravelle IIIs lackedthrust reversers that would have permitted them to land safely on Tempelhof's short runways with a full commercial payload.[26][27])
Following the move to Tegel, Air France initially used Lockheed Super Constellation piston equipment on all Berlin flights. On 24 February 1960, Air France became the first airline to introduce jet aircraft on its Berlin routes when the new Caravelles began replacing the Super Constellations. It also became the first and at the time the only one to offer two classes[nb 3] on short-haul flights serving West Berlin.[21][28][29]
Following the mid- to late 1960s' introduction byPan American World Airways (Pan Am) andBritish European Airways (BEA) of jet aircraft with short-field capabilities that were not payload-restricted on Tempelhof's short runways, Air France experienced a traffic decline on those routes where it competed with Pan Am and BEA, mainly as a result of Tegel's greater distance and poorer accessibility from West Berlin's city centre. Over this period, the French airline's market share halved from 9% to less than 5%, despite having withdrawn from Tegel–Düsseldorf in summer 1964 and concentrating its limited resources on Tegel–Frankfurt and Tegel–Munich to maximise the competitive impact on the latter two routes (Air France had already discontinued Berlin–Nuremberg services prior to its move to Tegel). To reverse growing losses on its Berlin routes resulting from load factors as low as 30%, Air France decided to withdraw from the internal German market entirely. This reduced its presence at Tegel to direct scheduled services from/toParis Orly only. (Initially, Air France continued serving Tegel twice daily from Orly, with one service routing via Frankfurt and the other operating non-stop. The one-stop service was subsequently dropped. This further reduced the airline's presence at Tegel to a single daily, non-stop return flight to/from Paris Orly.[30]) In spring 1969, Air France entered into a joint venture with BEA. This arrangement entailed BEA taking over Air France's two remaining German domestic routes to Frankfurt and Munich and operating these with its own aircraft and flightdeck crews from Tempelhof. The Air France-BEA joint venture terminated in autumn 1972.[23][24][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]
From 1 November 1972, the daily Air France service between Orly and Tegel routed viaCologne in both directions to maintain the airline's internal German traffic rights from/to Berlin.[23][34][35][36]
On 1 April 1973, Air France re-introduced a daily non-stop Orly–Tegel rotation to complement the daily service via Cologne. The additional daily service consisted of an evening inbound and early morning outbound flight, which included a night stop for both aircraft and crew in Berlin.[39] To improvecapacity utilisation on its Berlin services and cut down on aircraft parking as well as crew accommodation costs, from 1 April 1974, Air France routed both of its daily Orly–Tegel services via Cologne, with aircraft and crew returning to their base at Paris Orly the same day. From 1 November that year, Air France's Berlin flights switched to the French capital's then newCharles de Gaulle (CDG) Airport.[40][41]
The arrival at Berlin Tegel of an Air FranceAérospatiale-BAC Concorde on 17 January 1976 marked the Berlin debut of the Anglo-Frenchsupersonic airliner. Two-and-a-half months later, at the start of the 1976 summer timetable, Air France introduced a third daily CDG–Tegel frequency. The new night-stopping service routed via Düsseldorf and utilised theBoeing 727-200, a bigger aircraft than the Caravelles used on the company's other services from/to Berlin.[28][42]
Air France subsequently routed all of its CDG–Tegel flights via Düsseldorf and standardised the aircraft equipment on the 727-200/200 Adv.[43] The 727-200/200 Adv continued to operate most of Air France's Berlin services until the end of the 1980s, when they were gradually replaced with state-of-the-artAirbus A320s and more modernBoeing 737s.[28][44] Indeed, the first ever A320 commercial service was a flight between Paris and Berlin Tegel via Düsseldorf, on 8 April 1988.
Pan Am followed Air France into Tegel in May 1964, with a year-round, thrice-weekly direct service toNew York JFK, which was operated with Boeing 707s or Douglas DC-8s. These aircraft could not operate from Tempelhof – the airline's West Berlin base at the time – with a viable payload.[45][46] Launched withDC-8 equipment routing throughGlasgow Prestwick in Scotland,[46][47][48][49][50] frequency subsequently increased to four flights a week, while the intermediate stop was cut out.[51] Following the introduction in April 1971 of a daily Berlin Tempelhof–Hamburg Fuhlsbüttel–London–Heathrow727 feeder flight that connected with the airline'stransatlantic services at the latter airport,[52] Pan Am withdrew its non-stop Tegel–JFK service at the end of the summer timetable, in October of that year.[53]
Following the cessation of direct Tegel–New York City scheduled services, Pan Am continued to operateaffinity group/Advance Booking Charter (ABC) flights from Tegel to the US on anad hoc basis.[54][55][56]
From the start of the 1974–75 winter season, Pan Am began operating a series of short- and medium-haul week-end charter flights from Tegel under contract to a leading West German tour operator. These flights served popular resorts in theAlpine region and the Mediterranean. Following a major reduction in the airline's scheduled activities at Tempelhof as a result of co-ordinating its flight times withBritish Airways (rather than operating competitive schedules), this helped increase utilisation of the 727s based at that airport, especially on weekends.[41][57][58]
In addition to operating a limited number of commercial flights from Tegel prior to itsmove from Tempelhof on 1 September 1975, Pan Am used it as adiversion airfield.[59][60] The move from Tempelhof to Tegel resulted in all of Pan Am's Berlin operations being concentrated at the latter.[61]
1976 was the first year since 1972 the steady decline in scheduled domestic air traffic from and to West Berlin was arrested and reversed. The first expansion in Pan Am's Berlin operation since the move to Tegel occurred during that year's Easter festival period, when the airline temporarily stationed aBoeing 707-320B at the airport to cope with the seasonal rush on the prime Berlin–Frankfurt route.[23][36][38][42][62]
From late 1979, Pan Am began updating its Berlin fleet. This entailed phasing out all727-100s by 1983. The first stage involved replacing two of the 13 German-based aircraft with a pair of stretched Boeing 727-200s originally destined forOzark Air Lines to add more capacity to Berlin–Frankfurt.[63][64] This was followed by an order for eight additional 727-200s, with deliveries slated to begin in October 1981.[65] After initially cancelling the order due to the airline'sdeteriorating finances and economic environment, it was subsequently reinstated, with deliveries due to commence in December 1981.[66][67]
In the interim, a number ofBoeing 737-200/200 Adv wereleased from 1982.[68][69][70][71][72]
The largest-ever expansion of Pan Am's scheduled internal German services occurred during summer 1984, when the airline's aircraft movements at Tegel increased by 20%. This coincided with the relocation of the US carrier's German and Central European headquarters from Frankfurt to Berlin on 1 May 1984.[73]
Pan Am began introducing wide-body aircraft on its Berlin routes in themid-1980s. Up to fourAirbus A300s replaced 727-200s on Berlin–Frankfurt. The A300s were subsequently replaced withAirbus A310s. The longer-rangeA310-300s that joined Pan Am's fleet from 1987 enabled reintroduction of non-stop, daily Tegel–JFK scheduled services.[74][75][76][77][78]
Pan Am Express, theregional commuter arm of Pan Am, began operating from Berlin Tegel in November 1987 with twoATR 42 commuterturboprops. It operated year-round scheduled services to secondary and tertiary destinations that could not be viably served with Pan Am's Tegel-based "mainline" fleet of Boeing 727-200s and Airbus A310s. These includedBasel,Bremen,Dortmund,Hanover,Innsbruck,Kassel,Kiel,Milan,Salzburg, Stockholm andVienna. In addition, Pan Am Express also helped Pan Am increase the number of flights on some of the other scheduled routes it used to serve from Berlin such as Tegel–Zürich by operating additional off-peak frequencies.[79]
British Airways was the last of West Berlin's three main scheduled carriers to commence regular operations from Tegel following the move from Tempelhof on 1 September 1975. However, like Pan Am, it and its predecessor BEA had used the airport as a diversion airfield before.[59][60][80] Initially, all British Airways services from Tegel—with the exception of the daily non-stop service to London Heathrow—continued to be operated byBAC One-Eleven 500s. The daily London–Heathrow non-stop was operated withHawker Siddeley Trident 2E/3B equipment based at that airport until the end of the 1975 summer season.[80] (It subsequently reverted to a One-Eleven 500 operation.[81])
From 1983, British Airways began updating its Berlin fleet. This entailed phasing out the ageing One-Elevens, which were replaced with new Boeing 737-200 Adv.[82] During the second half of the 1980s, British Airways augmented its Berlin 737s withregional airliners. These initially comprisedBritish Aerospace (BAe) 748s (from 1986) and subsequentlyBAe ATPs (from 1989). The introduction of these turboprops enabled the airline to serve shorter and thinner regional domestic routes from Berlin more economically. It also permitted a frequency increase, thereby enhancing competitiveness.[83][84][85][86][87]
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From 1966 until 1968, UK independentLloyd International was contracted by Neckermann und Reisen, the tour operator of West German mail-order concernNeckermann, to launch a series ofinclusive tour (IT) flights from Tegel. These flights were operated withBristol Britannia turboprops.[88] They served principal European holiday resorts in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands.[89]
From April 1968, all non-scheduled services, i.e. primarily the rapidly growing number of IT holiday flights that several UK independent[nb 4] airlines as well as a number of US supplemental carriers[nb 5] had mainly operated from Tempelhof since the early 1960s under contract to West Berlin's leading package tour operators, were concentrated at Tegel. This traffic redistribution between West Berlin's two commercial airports was intended to alleviate Tempelhof's increasing congestion and to make better use of Tegel, which was underutilised at the time.[20]
During that period, the Alliedcharter carriers had begun replacing their obsolete propliners with contemporary turboprop and jet aircraft types, which suffered payload and range restrictions on Tempelhof's short runways. The absence of such restrictions at Tegel gave airlines greater operational flexibility regarding aircraft types and destinations. This was the reason charter carriers favoured Tegel despite being less popular than Tempelhof because of its greater distance from West Berlin's city centre and poor public transport links.[24][37]
A new passenger handling facility exclusively dedicated to charter airline passengers was opened to accommodate the additional traffic.[20] Both this facility (a wooden shed) and the original terminal used by Air France's and Pan Am's scheduled passengers were located on the airport's north side.[20]
Following the transfer of all charter traffic to Tegel,British Eagle,Dan-Air Services,Invicta International Airlines,Laker Airways andModern Air Transport began stationing several of their jets at the airport.[20][90][91]
While British Eagle's and Invicta's presence at Tegel lasted only for the 1968 summer season, Dan-Air, Laker Airways, and Modern Air were present at the airport for a number of years.[20][90][91]
In March 1971,Channel Airways began stationing aircraft at Tegel as well; however, its presence at the airport lasted only until the end of that year's summer season.[92][93]
Channel Airways's collapse in early 1972 provided the impetus for Dan-Air to take over the failed carrier's charter contracts and to expand its own operations at Tegel.[94]
Dan-Air, one of Britain's foremost wholly private, independent airlines during the 1970s and 80s, eventually became the third-biggest operator at Tegel Airport, ahead of Air France. In addition to firmly establishing itself as the airport's and West Berlin's leading charter airline, it also operated scheduled services linking Tegel withAmsterdam Schiphol,Saarbrücken andLondon–Gatwick, its main operating base. By the time that airline was taken over by British Airways at the end of October 1992, it had served Tegel Airport for a quarter of a century.[95][96]
Modern Air's departure in October 1974 coincided withAeroamerica's arrival.[56][97]That carrier's departure following the end of the 1979 summer season was followed byAir Berlin USA's arrival.[98]
Laker Airways's decision to replace its Tegel-based BAC One-Eleven fleet with one of its newly acquired Airbus A300 B4 widebodies from the 1981 summer season resulted inMonarch Airlines taking over that airline's long-standing charter contract with Flug-Union Berlin, one of West Berlin's leading contemporary tour operators.[99][100][101]
In the late 1980s, Monarch Airlines provided the aircraft as well as the flightdeck crew and maintenance support forEuroberlin France, a Tegel-based scheduled airline headquartered in Paris, France. Euroberlin was jointly owned by Air France and Lufthansa, with the former holding a 51% majority stake, thereby making it a Frenchlegal entity and enabling it to conduct commercial airline operations in West Berlin.[37][102][103]
The following airlines operated regular services to/from Tegel Airport during the Cold War era as well:
In addition to the aforementioned airlines, a host of others – mainly British independents and US supplementals – were frequent visitors to Berlin Tegel, especially during the early 1970s. These includedBritannia Airways,British Airtours,British United,Caledonian,Caledonian/BUA /British Caledonian,Capitol International Airways,Overseas National Airways,Saturn Airways,Trans International Airlines,Transamerica Airlines andWorld Airways. During that period, the airport scene at Berlin Tegel could be very colourful, with Air France Caravelles, the UK independents' BAC One-Elevens, de Havilland Comets, and Hawker Siddeley Tridents as well as the US supplementals' Boeing 707s,Convair Coronados and Douglas DC-8s congregating on its ramp.[54][55][56] During 1974 alone, 22 airlines were operating at Tegel Airport.[110]
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Construction of a new, hexagonally shaped terminal complex on the airport's south side began during the 1960s. This coincided with the lengthening of the runways to permit fully laden widebodied aircraft to take off and land without restricting their range and construction of a motorway and access road linking the new terminal to the city centre.[111][112] It became operational on 1 November 1974.
ABritish AirwaysL-1011 Tristar,[97][113] aLaker AirwaysMcDonnell-Douglas DC-10-10,[114] aPan AmBoeing 747-100[115] and anAir FranceAirbus A300B2[114] were among the widebodied aircraft specially flown in for a pre-inauguration of the new terminal on 23 October 1974.[41][110][116] Dan-Air operated the first commercial flight to arrive at the airport's new terminal at 06.00 am local time with a BAC One-Eleven that was inbound fromTenerife.[110][116]
Following Pan Am's and British Airways's move from Tempelhof to Tegel on 1 September 1975, the latter replaced Tempelhof as the main airport of West Berlin.[61]
Following Germany'sreunification on 3 October 1990, all access restrictions to the former West Berlin airports were lifted.[117]
Lufthansa resumed flights to Berlin on 28 October 1990, initially operating twelve daily pairs of flights on a limited number of routes, including Tegel–Cologne, Tegel–Frankfurt and Tegel–London Gatwick.[118] To facilitate the German flag carrier's resumption of services from/to Berlin, it purchasedPan Am's Internal German Services (IGS) division[111] for US$150 million. This included Pan Am's internal German traffic rights as well as its gates andslots at Tegel. This agreement, under which Lufthansa contracted up to seven of Pan Am's Tegel-based Boeing 727-200s operated by that airline's flightdeck and cabin crews to ply its scheduled routes to Munich, Nuremberg and Stuttgart until mid-1991, also facilitated Pan Am's orderly exit from the internal German air transport market after 40 years' uninterrupted service asEuropean Union (EU) legislation prevented it from participating in the internal air transport market of the EU/European Economic Area (EEA) as a non-EU/EEA headquartered carrier.[117][118] However, Pan Am continued operating its non-stop Tegel–JFK service untilDelta Air Lines assumed most of Pan Am's transatlantic scheduled services in November 1991. Pan Am Express, which was not included in Pan Am's IGS sale to Lufthansa, continued operating all of its domestic and international regional scheduled routes from Tegel as an independent legal entity until its acquisition by TWA in 1991. Following TWA's takeover of Pan Am Express, the former Pan Am Express Berlin operations were closed. Until December 1994, Lufthansa also contracted Euroberlin to operate some of its internal German flights from its new Tegel base, making use of that airline's gates and slots at Tegel as well.
As a US-registered airline,Air Berlin found itself in the same situation as Pan Am following German reunification. It chose to reconstitute itself as aGerman company.
These were the days when liberalisation of the EU/EEA internal air transport market was still in progress and when domestic traffic rights were reserved for each member country's own airlines. The German government therefore insisted that all non-German EU/EEA carriers either withdraw their internal German scheduled services from Berlin or transfer them to majority German-ownedsubsidiaries by the end of 1992.[87] It also wanted the bulk of all charter flights from Berlin to be operated by German airlines. These measures were squarely aimed at UK carriers with a major presence in the internal German air transport market from Berlin as well as the city's charter market, specifically British Airways and Dan-Air. Lufthansa and other German airlines reportedly lobbied their government to curtail British Airways's and Dan-Air's activities in Berlin, arguing that German airlines enjoyed no equivalent rights in the UK.[87] This resulted in British Airways taking a 49% stake inFriedrichshafen-based German regional airlineDelta Air, renaming itDeutsche BA (DBA) and transferring its internal German traffic rights to the new airline.[119] BA also replaced the commuter aircraft DBA had inherited from Delta Air with new Boeing 737-300s.[120] These in turn replaced the Boeing 737-200 Adv and BAe ATPairliners British Airways had used on its internal German scheduled services from Berlin.[87]
At the time of German reunification, Dan-Air's Berlin fleet numbered five aircraft, comprising three Boeing 737s (one−400, one−300 and one 200 Adv) and twoHS 748s.[121] The former were used to fly locally based holidaymakers from Tegel to overseas resorts on IT flights under contract to German package tour operators. The latter operated the airline's scheduled routes linking Tegel with Amsterdam and Saarbrücken.Dan-Air discontinued its charter operations from Berlin on behalf of German tour operators at the end of the 1990–91 winter season and replaced the ageing748 turboprop it had used on its Amsterdam schedule since the mid-1980s with larger, more advanced BAe 146 100 series jets. It also introduced new direct scheduled air links from Berlin toManchester andNewcastle via Amsterdam.[121][122][123] The Saarbrücken route was withdrawn at the end of the 1991 summer season, while the Amsterdam route was gradually taken over byNLM Cityhopper, the contemporary regional arm of Dutch flag carrierKLM.[124][125] This reduced Dan-Air's presence in Berlin to a single daily scheduled service as well as up to four weekly charter flights linking the airline's Gatwick base with its former overseas base at Tegel. Flights were operated by Gatwick aircraft and crews until the firm's takeover by British Airways at the end of October 1992.[126][127] The restructuring of Dan-Air's long-established Berlin operation was not only the result of political changes. It was also driven by its own corporate restructuring, which aimed to refocus the airline as a Gatwick-based short-haul "mainline" scheduled operator and involved phasing out its smaller aircraft and thinner routes.[128]
Other airlines that commenced/resumed scheduled operations from Berlin Tegel at the beginning of the post-reunification era includedAero Lloyd,Alitalia,American Airlines,Austrian Airlines,SASEurolink,Swissair, TWA andUnited Airlines.[129][130]
Aero Lloyd,Germania andCondor Berlin began operating charter flights from Berlin Tegel during that period.[129]
The events of the early post-reunification years (1990–1995) were followed by further, high-profile international route launches and growing consolidation among German airlines with a major presence at Tegel.
Amongst the former were the December 2005 launch of Tegel Airport's first-ever scheduled service to the Qatari capitalDoha byQatar Airways, operated non-stop at an initial frequency of four flights a week, and Air Berlin's November 2010 launch of non-stop, thrice-weekly Tegel–Dubai flights (another first). This was followed by the latter's May 2011 launch of a non-stop, four-times-a-week Tegel–JFK service.[131][132][133][134][135]
The latter began with British Airways mid-2003 sale for a symbolic €1 (72p) of its German subsidiary DBA to Intro Verwaltungsgesellschaft, a Nuremberg-based consultancy and investment company headed by German entrepreneur Hans Rudolf Wöhrl who founded German charter airlineEurowings and also was a former DBA board member.[136][137] Further consolidation among Tegel's German airlines took place when Air Berlin entered into an agreement to assume Germania's management shortly before the death of that airline's founder, took over DBA and gained control ofLTU. These events occurred in November 2005, August 2006 and March 2007, respectively.[138][139][140]
On 9 October 2017, Air Berlin announced termination of all of its own operations, excluding wet leases, by the end of the month,[141] leading to the loss of the airport's largest customer. On 28 October 2017,easyJet announced it would take over some of bankrupt Air Berlin's former assets at Tegel Airport to gradually start its own base operations there on 7 January 2018. Previously, it only servedBerlin Schönefeld Airport, which was already an easyJet base.[142][7]
As a consequence of theCOVID-19 pandemic in Germany, passenger numbers at Tegel declined significantly.[143] On 29 April 2020, airport management announced plans to close Tegel temporarily from 1 June 2020.[144] However, shortly after this plan was cancelled with the airport remaining operational until early November 2020.[8]
On 1 October 2020,the new airport received final approval for opening on 31 October 2020, meaning a closure of Tegel shortly after.[145] In the days leading up to Tegel's closure, many airlines and their aircraft receivedwater salutes before entering the runway for the last time. At this point, the tower and the main terminal were lit up in red with the #DankeTXL hashtag projected on them at night. The final scheduled flight to leave the airport was operated byAir France toParis–Charles de Gaulle on 8 November 2020.[2]Lufthansa concluded their Tegel operations on 7 November 2020 with the last scheduled flight to Munich, specially operated by anAirbus A350-900 to mark the occasion.[146]Sundair also operated a special commemorative flight from Tegel to the newBerlin Brandenburg Airport using an Airbus A320 that still had the base colours ofAir Berlin. Many former Air Berlin employees also came to the airport in their old Air Berlin uniforms.
Due to legal and safety reasons, Tegel had been held operational for air traffic for another six months without handling any scheduled services before being decommissioned as an aviation facility.[147] The separate minor military area on the northern side of Tegel (Tegel Nord) was used for governmental helicopter flights until October 2025, when the helicopters were relocated to Berlin Brandenburg Airport.[148][11]
The airport was decommissioned on 4 May 2021.[1] At the same time, the first facilities, including interim terminal C2 and baggage halls have been already torn down while the main terminal, which will be kept, had been emptied of most facilities.[149]
The airport terminal building was used as aCOVID-19 vaccination centre during the coronavirus pandemic.[150] In March 2022, the former airport was converted into temporary shelters forrefugees fleeing Ukraine.[151]
In June 2024 some 5,000 refugees and migrants were housed in the Tegel Airport facility. 4,000 from Ukraine, the rest from nations likeTurkey,Afghanistan,Iraq,Georgia andVietnam. This housing at Tegel, run by non-governmental organizations like theGerman Red Cross, costs the state of Berlin 200 Euros per day per single individual, mounting to 30 million per month.[152]
The airport was scheduled to close in June 2012 afterBerlin Brandenburg Airport (BER) opened. Due to the delays with finishing construction of BER, the future of Tegel had long remained uncertain.[153][154]
A campaign was launched to keep Tegel Airport open, which gathered signatures for areferendum for voters to decide on the future of the airport.[155] In September 2017, a public quorum was held parallel to the German federal election to decide whether Tegel Airport should remain open onceBerlin Brandenburg Airport started its operations. The majority of voters voted in favour of Tegel remaining open;[156] however, the federal authorities and the state of Brandenburg, which together hold a majority against Berlin over the airport's ownership, overrode the vote shortly afterwards, leading to the shutdown of Tegel.[157]
Tegel consisted of five terminals. As the airport was small compared to other major airports handling the same number of passengers, these terminals might be regarded as "halls" or "boarding areas"; nevertheless, they are officially referred to as "terminals", even if most of them shared the same building.
Tegel Airport was originally planned to have a second hexagonal terminal like the main building right next to it.[158] The second terminal ring was never built because of Berlin municipal budgetary constraints and the post-reunification decision to replace the former West Berlin airports with the newBerlin Brandenburg Airport.
The main building was the original part of the airport. It consisted of two parts:
Terminal C was opened in May 2007 as a temporary solution because all other terminals were operating at their maximum capacity. It was largely used byAir Berlin until its demise. It featured 26 check-in counters and gates numbered C38-C51, C60–C67 (Section C2), and C80-C89 (in the newest addition Section C3). From 2008 until August 2009, 5 additional aircraft stands were constructed and the building was expanded by approximately 50% of its original size, in order to handle another 1.5 million passengers per year. The extended terminal housed a transit zone for connecting passengers that did not exist at any other terminal at Tegel Airport. Due to noise protection treaties, the overall number of aircraft stands at the airport was restricted, thus aircraft stands on the apron (serving Terminals A and D) had to be removed for compensation.[160] Terminal C was able to handle widebody-aircraft like Air Berlin's formerAirbus A330-200s up to the size of aBoeing 747-400 but featured no jet bridges.
Terminal D was opened in 2001 and is a converted car park. It featured 22 check-in counters (D70–D91), with one bus-boarding gate and two walk-boarding gates. Most passengers of airlines operating smaller aircraft (likeEmbraer 190s for example) were brought to the remote aircraft stands by bus from here. Terminal D was the only part of the airport that remained open all night long. The lower level arrival area was called Terminal E (Gates E16-E18).
Tegel was the primary airport of Berlin and therefore saw flights by most major European airlines includingBritish Airways andAir France to many large European cities as well as frequent services to leisure routes mainly around the Mediterranean. After the demise ofAir Berlin, which maintained a hub here, Tegel served as a base foreasyJet andRyanair — which both also operated out ofBerlin Schönefeld Airport — alongsideEurowings. German flag carrierLufthansa however only maintained two routes to connect their hubs inFrankfurt andMunich with several flights per day. Despite the size and importance of Berlin as one of Europe's largest capital cities, Tegel handled only eight long-haul routes prior to theCOVID-19 pandemic,[161] several of them seasonal — most notably byQatar Airways toDoha,United Airlines toNewark andScoot toSingapore.[162]
| Year | Passengers | % change |
|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 10,343,697 |  |
| 2001 | 9,909,453 |  −4.2% |
| 2002 | 9,879,888 | −0.3% |
| 2003 | 11,104,106 |  12.4% |
| 2004 | 11,047,954 | −0.1% |
| 2005 | 11,532,302 | 4.3% |
| 2006 | 11,812,623 | 2.4% |
| 2007 | 13,357,741 | 13% |
| 2008 | 14,486,610 | 8.4% |
| 2009 | 14,180,237 | −2% |
| 2010 | 15,025,600 | 6% |
| 2011 | 16,919,820 | 12.6% |
| 2012 | 18,164,203 | 7.3% |
| 2013 | 19,591,838 | 8% |
| 2014 | 20,688,016 | 5.6% |
| 2015 | 21,005,215 | 1.5% |
| 2016 | 21,253,959 | 1.1% |
| 2017 | 20,455,278 | −3.7% |
| 2018 | 22,000,430 | 7.5% |
| 2019 | 24,227,570 | 10.1% |
| 2020 | 9,097,788 | -74.48%[164] |
| Rank | Destination | All passengers | Operating airlines |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Munich | 1,972,901 | easyJet,Lufthansa |
| 2 |  Frankfurt | 1,956,370 | easyJet,Lufthansa |
| 3 |  Cologne/Bonn | 1,232,847 | easyJet,Eurowings |
| 4 | Düsseldorf | 1,144,793 | easyJet,Eurowings |
| 5 |  Stuttgart | 1,037,326 | easyJet,Eurowings |
| Rank | Destination | All passengers | Operating airlines |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Zürich | 980,950 | easyJet,Swiss |
| 2 |  Paris-Charles de Gaulle | 867,378 | easyJet,Joon |
| 3 |  London-Heathrow | 774,372 | British Airways,Eurowings |
| 4 |  Vienna | 714,409 | Austrian,easyJet |
| 5 |  Amsterdam | 590,625 | KLM |
| Rank | Destination airport | Passengers 2019 | % change | Passengers 2018 | Departures 2019 | % change | Departures 2018 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Zürich | 587,865 | 19.83% | 490,600 | 5,261 | 42.69% | 3.687 |
| 2 | Vienna | 461,391 | 30.09% | 354,673 | 4,312 | 51.4% | 2.848 |
| 3 | Paris–Charles de Gaulle | 420,056 | –1.78% | 427,669 | 2,782 | –4.69% | 2.919 |
| 4 |  Palma de Mallorca | 407,039 | 74.18% | 233,688 | 2,848 | 79.8% | 1.584 |
| 5 | London–Heathrow | 401,583 | 4.48% | 384,370 | 3,340 | 2.42% | 3.261 |
| 6 | Amsterdam | 326,970 | 11.08% | 294,354 | 2,388 | 11.75% | 2.137 |
| 7 |  Istanbul | 274,000 | 5.56% | 259,565 | 1,579 | –5.22% | 1.666 |
| 8 |  Helsinki-Vantaa | 233,391 | –5.41% | 246,730 | 1,819 | –5.36% | 1.922 |
| 9 | Madrid | 173,562 | 53.38% | 113,161 | 1,163 | 49.1% | 780 |
| 10 |  Copenhagen | 170,673 | –8.83% | 187,210 | 1,498 | –2.73% | 1.540 |
| 11 |  Brussels | 165,961 | 4.11% | 159,412 | 1,481 | –4.14% | 1.545 |
| 12 | Paris–Orly | 160,250 | 781.12% | 18,187 | 1,038 | 565.38% | 156 |
| 13 |  Rome–Fiumicino | 149,880 | 8.95% | 137,567 | 1,080 | 7.57% | 1.004 |
| 14 |  Stockholm–Arlanda | 141,711 | –31.63% | 207,278 | 1,133 | –31.21% | 1.647 |
| 15 | Antalya | 120,783 | 21.6% | 99,330 | 764 | 20.13% | 636 |
| 16 | London–Gatwick | 86,077 | new route | 0 | 591 | new route | 0 |
| 17 | Barcelona | 83,355 | –7.77% | 90,379 | 530 | –11.22% | 597 |
| 18 |  Dublin | 81,685 | 10.93% | 73,634 | 611 | 4.98% | 582 |
| 19 |  Lisbon | 81,558 | 12.72% | 72,357 | 614 | 10.43% | 556 |
| 20 | Milan–Malpensa | 74,234 | new route | 0 | 488 | new route | 0 |
| These statistics include departures only. | |||||||
Tegel Airport did not have a direct rail connection, but was served by several bus routes and motorways. An underground station directly serving Tegel Airport had been planned since the 1960s, but was never built. Note that theAlt-Tegel U-Bahn station andTegel S-Bahn station do not serve Tegel Airport, but rather theTegel quarter of Berlin. Extensions of thetram system fromHauptbahnhof and theU6 branch from Kurt-Schumacher Platz to the airport were discussed, but not implemented before its closure.
The airport has a direct connection tomotorway A111 (ExitFlughafen Tegel), which further links it to motorways A10, A110 and A115 (via A110) reaching out in all directions.[167] Taxis and car hire were available at the airport.
The airport was linked by severalBVGbus lines, which offered connections to theU-Bahn andS-Bahn, as well as toRegional Express trains andlong-distance trains:[168]
Tegel Airport was in theVerkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg's Berlin B fare zone, with no additional fare for BVG services to and from the airport.
There are no recorded fatal accidents involving commercial airline operations at Berlin Tegel itself. However, two commercial flights, one of which was due to arrive at Tegel Airport and the other of which had departed the airport, were involved in fatal accidents. These accidents are listed below:
The following notable, non-fatal incidents involving airline operations occurred at Tegel. These include commercial flights that were about to depart or had actually departed/arrived as well as unscheduled stopovers:
There were also two Cold war era incidents relating to an American and a British airliner that had departed Tegel on international non-scheduled passenger services. Both of these occurred in Bulgarian airspace. The former was a charter flight carrying German holidaymakers to theBulgarian Black Sea coast, the latter amigrantcharter en route to Turkey:
Media related toBerlin-Tegel Airport at Wikimedia Commons
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