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Ateenage tragedy song is a style ofsentimental ballad in popular music that peaked in popularity in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Lamenting teenage death scenarios inmelodramatic fashion, these songs were variously sung from the viewpoint of the dead person's romantic interest, another witness to the tragedy, or the dead or dying person.[1][2] Examples of the style are also known as "tear jerkers", "death discs" or "splatter platters", among other names coined by DJs that passed into the vernacular.[1]
Notable examples of teenage tragedy songs include "Teen Angel" byMark Dinning (1959), "Tell Laura I Love Her" byRay Peterson (1960), "Ebony Eyes" bythe Everly Brothers (1961), "Last Kiss" byWayne Cochran (1961), "Dead Man's Curve" byJan and Dean (1964), "Leader of the Pack" bythe Shangri-Las (1964).[3] The genre's popularity faded around 1965 amid theBritish Invasion, but the form has inspired many similar songs and parodies since.[4]
By the mid-1950s, postwar youth culture in the United States was embracingrock and roll, and thefolk revival was also approaching its zenith—the narrative style of many teenage tragedy songs would have similarities to folkballads.[5] Prison ballads (such asthe Kingston Trio's "Tom Dooley", based on a folk song about a real murder) and gunfighter ballads (such asJohnny Cash's "Don't Take Your Guns to Town" andMarty Robbins' "El Paso") were also popular during the teenage tragedy song's heyday; "El Paso" was followed at #1 by two consecutive teenage tragedy songs, "Running Bear" and "Teen Angel".
The teenage tragedy genre's popular era began with "Black Denim Trousers and Motorcycle Boots" bythe Cheers, written byJerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. Released just beforeJames Dean's death in an automobile accident in the fall of 1955, it climbed the charts immediately afterward.[6] Teenage tragedies featured specific thematic tropes such asstar-crossed lovers, reckless youth, eternal devotion, suicide, and despair over lost love, along with lyrical elements that teens of the time could relate to their own lives[5] such as dating, motorcycles and automobiles, and disapproving parents or peers.[3][7][8] Contemporarygirl groups borrowed the genre's melodramatic template and use of sound effects, orchestration, andecho for other story-songs.[4]Ethnomusicologist Kirsten Zemke considers these songs as forming a strictly musical genre that was bound by common themes, musical style, and production elements, and as being particularly of their time. As for their popularity, she writes:
They sold well in their time, and the style has persisted throughout the decades in various forms. And … they have an interesting history. The question some writers have asked is "why?". Some of the reasons suggested for this genre’s macabre popularity are:
- These were the ultimate teen rebellion songs. The only way out of parents' (and/or societal) control and expectations was death.
- They were a natural extension of the "unrequited love" song, facilitated by the obvious rhyming of: good bye, cry and die.
Zemke also speculates that the popularity of teenage tragedy songs may be due in part to the many publicized deaths of young musicians and actors during their period of prominence, including those ofSam Cooke,Johnny Ace,Eddie Cochran,Buddy Holly,Ritchie Valens, andthe Big Bopper.[9]
| Title | Original artist | Year | Songwriter(s) | Synopsis | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Black Denim Trousers and Motorcycle Boots" | The Cheers | 1955 | Jerry Leiber,Mike Stoller | Motorcyclist ignores his girlfriend's plea to not ride that night and collides with speeding train, presumed dead but never found. | U.S. #6. |
| "Endless Sleep" | Jody Reynolds | 1958 | Jody Reynolds, Dolores Nance | Man believes his girlfriend has drowned, goes to the sea to do the same but finds and saves her. | Precursor of the genre.[10] The song's original ending was to have the man's girlfriend die, but it was changed at the request of the record company to give the song a happy ending. U.S. #5. |
| "The Grave" | Tony Casanova | 1958 | Tony Casanova | Boyfriend laments the death of his girlfriend, cause of death unspecified. | |
| "Running Bear" | Johnny Preston | 1959 | J. P. Richardson (The Big Bopper) | Star-crossed Native Americans from rival tribes are separated by a raging river; they swim through said river, embrace each other and drown. | The chart success followed Richardson's own death in a plane crash along withBuddy Holly andRitchie Valens. U.S. #1. |
| "The Ballad of Angel" | Bobby Swanson | 1959 | Bobby Swanson | Narrator's girlfriend has died, cause unspecified. | |
| "Teen Angel" | Mark Dinning | 1959 | Jean Dinning, Red Surrey | Couple's car stalls on railroad track; boyfriend pulled girl out in time but she ran back to get his ring and died. He later watches her burial. | U.S. #1. |
| "Tell Laura I Love Her" | Ray Peterson[11] | 1960 | Jeff Barry,Ben Raleigh | Protagonist dies in an automobile racing accident while trying to win the $1,000 prize money to buy an engagement ring. | Cover byRicky Valance was #1 in the UK. U.S. #7. |
| "The Water Was Red" | Johnny Cymbal | 1960 | Stanley Wagner | Narrator meets girl on the beach, then she dies in a shark attack. Devastated, the narrator picks up a knife and sets off to kill the shark in retribution. | |
| "Ebony Eyes" | The Everly Brothers | 1961 | John D. Loudermilk | Protagonist's fiancée dies in a plane crash on the way to the wedding. | U.S. #8, UK #1, Can. #2 |
| "The Prom" | Del Shannon | 1961 | Del Shannon | Narrator is on his way to the high school prom, sees his date fatally injured in a car accident. | |
| "Moody River" | Pat Boone | 1961 | Gary D. Bruce | Singer's girlfriend commits suicide by drowning. | U.S. #1. |
| "Johnny Remember Me" | John Leyton | 1961 | Geoff Goddard | Protagonist's girlfriend died a year ago, cause unspecified, he still misses her. | Produced byJoe Meek; later covered bypsychobilly bandThe Meteors. UK #1. |
| "Last Kiss"[2] | Wayne Cochran & the C.C. Riders | 1961 | Wayne Cochran | Narrator and his girlfriend are in an automobile accident; she dies in his arms. | TheJ. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers cover was a 1964 U.S. #2 Cover byPearl Jam was a 1999 U.S. #2. |
| "Jimmy Love" | Cathy Carroll | 1961 | Jody Reynolds, Bert Carroll | Narrator walks home with her fiance, lightning strikes a tree, a branch breaks off and kills him. | |
| "Star Crossed Lovers" | The Mystics | 1961 | T. Cooper & E. Zolas | Young couple elope, die in car crash. | B-side of "Goodbye Mr Blues". |
| "The Ballad of Billy Brown" | Mort (Doc) Downey, Jr. | 1961 | Mort Downey Jr. | Boyfriend has unexpectedly died, cause unspecified. | |
| "A Thousand Feet Below" | Terry Tyler | 1961 | C. Miller-Munn & J.W. Foster | Girlfriend commits suicide, boyfriend blames himself but does not specify why, decides to do it too. | |
| "Leah" | Roy Orbison | 1962 | Roy Orbison | Protagonist thinks he is drowning while diving for pearls to give as love tokens, wakes and realizes it is a dream about his "lost love." Whether that means she had died or left him is unclear. | U.S. #25, Can. #7 |
| "Call Me Lonesome" | Arthur Alexander | 1962 | Arthur Alexander | At a party another man dances with protagonist's girlfriend; when challenged, he stabs protagonist to death. | Unreleased until 1987; early version of "Lonely Just Like Me" |
| "Patches" | Dickey Lee | 1962 | Barry Mann, Larry Kolber | Patches commits suicide by drowning; her boyfriend follows suit. | U.S. #6. |
| "Echo" | The Emotions | 1962 | The Emotions, Henry Boye | Narrator reminisces about the time he crashed a car and his girlfriend died. | |
| "Chapel Bells Ringing" | Gene Summers | 1962 | M. Torver | Protagonist's fiancée has died, cause unspecified. | |
| "Oh, Susie Forgive Me" | Kenny Karen | 1962 | Barry Mann &Cynthia Weil | Reckless boyfriend crashes car leaving girlfriend paraplegic; he robs a store to fund her surgery, gets shot by cops and lies dying at her feet as he realises she can walk after all. | |
| "The Pickup" | Mark Dinning | 1962 | Helen Carter | Narrator on a first date feels overwhelmed by his strength of feeling for the girl, is embarrassed so says he does not want to see her again; she swiftly kills herself and he is sad. | B-side of "All of This for Sally". |
| "Tragic Honeymoon" | Cody Brennan & the Temptations | 1962 | Tony Lindauer | Narrator recalls his friends; newlyweds get distracted while driving, crash and die. | |
| "Teenage Honeymoon" | Kenny Ancel | 1962 | Buddy Mize | Newlyweds killed in a car crash. | |
| "A Tear for Jesse" | Jody Reynolds | 1963 | George R Brown, Dennis Hardesty | Couple try to elope but her parents catch them; she commits suicide. | |
| "The Girl From King Marie" | Jody Reynolds | 1963 | Jody Reynolds | Singer's girlfriend dies after being struck by lightning. | |
| "A Young Man Is Gone" | The Beach Boys | 1963 | Bobby Troup,Mike Love | Man dies in car crash. | Though it does not mention him by name, it appears to refer toJames Dean. |
| "B.J. the D.J." | Stonewall Jackson | 1963 | Hugh X. Lewis | Country music radio DJ gets little sleep and drives a poorly maintained car, with fatal results. | U.S. Country #1 |
| "Dead Man's Curve" | Jan and Dean | 1964 | Jan Berry,Roger Christian,Brian Wilson,Artie Kornfeld | Narrator takes a dare to street race along a dangerous curve; his opponent dies and he is hospitalized. | U.S. #8. |
| "Terry" | Twinkle | 1964 | Lynn Ripley (Twinkle) | Couple have an argument, boy leaves on his motorcycle and fatally injures himself; unclear if it was deliberate. | UK #4[4] |
| "Leader of the Pack" | The Shangri-Las | 1964 | George "Shadow" Morton, Jeff Barry,Ellie Greenwich | Jimmy, the titular motorcycle gang leader, rides off recklessly after her girlfriend's (the singer's) father rejects him; he is killed in a motorcycle crash. | U.S. #1, Can. #3. |
| "The Hero" | Bernadette Carroll | 1964 | B. Nosal, P. Maheu | Protagonist's fiance is a high school football player, his team bus crashes and kills everyone aboard. | A regional airplay hit in North Carolina (#1), Florida, West Virginia and elsewhere[12] |
| "Down Where the Woodbine Twineth" | Jody Reynolds | 1964 | Jody Reynolds | Singer breaks up with girlfriend; later changes his mind and returns only to find that she has hanged herself. | |
| "Laurie (Strange Things Happen)"[13] | Dickey Lee | 1965 | Milton Addington, Cathie Harmon | Narrator recounts a tale similar to the story ofResurrection Mary. | U.S. #14, Can. #6. |
| "Give Us Your Blessings" | The Shangri-Las | 1965 | Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich | A girl's parents do not approve of her boyfriend, the couple elope and both die in a car crash with an unspecified cause; vision impeded by tears is suggested. | U.S. #29, Can. #11 |
| "I Can Never Go Home Anymore" | The Shangri-Las | 1965 | George "Shadow" Morton | Following an argument with her mother, the narrator runs away only to regret it when her mother dies of a broken heart. | U.S. #6, Can. #2. |
| "A Young Girl of Sixteen" | Noel Harrison | 1965 | Charles Aznavour,Oscar Brown Jr., Robert Chauvigny | Rich girl elopes with a man who eventually leaves her; she dies in an unspecified manner. | From a French song recorded by Aznavour in 1959[14] and byEdith Piaf in 1951. U.S. #51, Can. #5. |
| "Nightmare"[15] | Lori Burton/ The Whyte Boots | 1966 | Pam Sawyer, Lori Burton | Girl's boyfriend goes off with another girl; goaded on by her friends, she attacks the other girl and accidentally kills her. | "The Whyte Boots" were a fabricatedgirl group; Burton sang lead and the track is on her 1967 LPBreakout[4] |
| "Ode to Billie Joe" | Bobbie Gentry | 1967 | Bobbie Gentry | Local boy jumps off a bridge to his death, narrator's family are somewhat indifferent and soon move on, preacher comments that narrator had been with the boy throwing an unidentified object off the same bridge before the death. | U.S. #1, Can. #1 |
| "Condition Red" | The Goodees | 1968 | Don Davis, Freddie Briggs | Girl's parents disapprove of her boyfriend; he leaves on his motorcycle and immediately fatally crashes into a car. | U.S. #46, Can. #14[4] |
| "Sweet Rosie Jones" | Buck Owens | 1968 | Buck Owens | Protagonist's girlfriend falls for another man; she says she would 'rather die than hurt you', but it is unclear if she actually does die; either way, he plans to drown himself in response. | Title track from Owens' album of the same name. #2 US Country, #4 CAN Country. |
| "D.O.A." | Bloodrock | 1971 | Jim Rutledge, Lee Pickens, Ed Grundy, Chris Taylor, Stevie Hill, Rick Cobb | Airplane pilotcrashes with something in mid-air and survives only long enough to describe his maimed state and last recollections to paramedics. | U.S. #36 |
| "Seasons in the Sun" | Terry Jacks | 1974 | Jacques Brel,Rod McKuen | Young adult man dictates to his father, best friend and daughter hislast words before dying from something alcohol-related. | English-language adaptation of Brel's "Le Moribond".[16] CAN #1, US #1, UK #1 |
| "Emma" | Hot Chocolate | 1974 | Errol Brown, Tony Wilson | Teen sweethearts get married; some time later the wife kills herself due to failure to be a film star. | U.S. #8, U.K. #3 |
| "Run Joey Run" | David Geddes | 1975 | Paul Vance & Jack Perricone | Protagonist gets his girlfriend pregnant; her father goes after him with a gun; girlfriend pleads with father for mercy; father accidentally shoots daughter; angels sing. | USBillboard #4,Cash Box #1; Canada #12 |
| "Hello, This Is Joanie" | Paul Evans | 1978 | Paul Evans, Fred Tobias | Protagonist had a drunken argument with titular girlfriend and she left in anger and died in a car crash; he consoles himself by listening to the outgoing message on heranswering machine. | UK #6 |
| "Bat Out of Hell" | Meat Loaf | 1978 | Jim Steinman | Protagonist is a speeding motorcyclist who takes a curve too fast and crashes to the sound of drums and guitar. The biker lies fatally injured and can feel his "heart still beating." The refrain "I'll be gone when the morning comes" becomes a double entendre, signaling both leaving his lover and his impending death.[17][18] Inspired by "Leader of the Pack", "Terry" and "Tell Laura I Love Her", Steinman has said he wanted to write the "most extremecrash song of all time".[18] | UK #8 |
As popular music and the society it mirrored changed from the late 1960s onward, the themes of teenage tragedy songs carried on in different forms and styles. Songs and spoken-word productions about the dangers of drug abuse ranged from three-minute morality plays to lamentations on thegeneration gap. These include "Once You Understand" by Think (U.S. #23, 1971) and radio and TV hostArt Linkletter'sGrammy-winning single "We Love You, Call Collect" (U.S. #42, 1969). Recorded before his daughterDiane's apparent suicide in 1969, the record also included Diane speaking the reply, "Dear Mom and Dad".[19] Into the 1970s, as theVietnam War continued, hit ballads of youth and death includedTerry Jacks' No. 1 hit "Seasons in the Sun" (1974), their protagonists of indeterminate age, or slightly older than teens. A song that was thought to have referenced theCivil War wasPaper Lace's 1974 hit "Billy Don't Be a Hero", made a bigger hit in the U.S. byBo Donaldson and the Heywoods. Hard-rock acts recorded vehicular death scenarios such as "D.O.A." (Bloodrock, 1971), "Detroit Rock City" (Kiss, 1976), and "Bat Out of Hell" (Meat Loaf, 1977).
Teenage tragedy themes would continue to chart through the 1970s. In 1979,the Boomtown Rats' "I Don't Like Mondays",[20] inspired by theGrover Cleveland school shooting in San Diego earlier that year,[21] reached No. 1 in the U.K., and No. 4 in Canada.[22]The Smiths' 1987 song "Girlfriend in a Coma" also took inspiration from teenage tragedy songs. Some songs merely updated the sound of the previous era, such as "Racing Car" by Dutch groupAir Bubble (1976), while others used the melodic and stylistic tropes of teen tragedy in tougher, grittier settings, as in theRamones' "You're Gonna Kill That Girl" (1977) and "7-11" (1981), andthe Misfits' "Saturday Night" (1999). "Teen Idle" byMarina and the Diamonds (2012), evoking an archetype of disenfranchised youth, is a thematic heir to the original teen tragedy oeuvre.[23]
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Notable parodies of teenage tragedy songs over the decades have included:
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