Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey | |
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| Motto | Espíritu emprendedor con sentido humano. |
|---|---|
| Type | Non-profit Private OrganizationResearch University |
| Established | September 6, 1943; 82 years ago (1943-09-06)[1] |
| Founder | Eugenio Garza Sada |
Academic affiliations | SACS,APRU,Universitas 21,ECIU,ANUIES,CUDI, FIMPES,CGU,WUN,Washington University in St. Louis McDonnell International Scholars Academy[2] |
| Chairman | Ricardo Saldívar Escajadillo |
| Rector | David Garza Salazar |
Academic staff | 9,916 (2019)[3] |
| Students | 91,200 (2019)[3] |
| Undergraduates | 57,066 (2019)[3] |
| Postgraduates | 6,984 (2019)[3] |
Other students | 27,150 (2019)[3] |
| Location | ,, |
| Campus | 26 acrossMexico[4] |
| Colors | Blue |
| Nickname | Borregos Salvajes |
| Mascot | Teus[5] |
| Website | tec |
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Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM;Spanish:Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey), also known as theTechnological Institute of Monterrey (Spanish:Tecnológico de Monterrey) or simplyTec, is aprivateresearch university based inMonterrey, Mexico. It has expanded to include 35campuses across 25 cities in the country and 22 liaison offices in 15 other countries.[6][4]
The university was founded in 1943 byEugenio Garza Sada, who was educated atMIT in the United States. Eugenio Garza Sada was an industrialist andphilanthropist from Monterrey.
ITESM was the first university outside the U.S. to establish an internet connection in theWestern Hemisphere, linking theUniversity of Texas at San Antonio directly.[7]
The institute was founded on September 6, 1943, by a group of local businessmen led byEugenio Garza Sada, a moneyed heir of abrewing conglomerate who was interested in creating an institution that could provide highly skilled personnel — both university graduates and technicians— to the booming Monterrey corporations of the 1940s.[8] The group was structured into anon-profit organization calledEnseñanza e Investigación Superior A.C. (EISAC) and recruited several academicians led byLeón Ávalos y Vez, anMIT alumnus and then director-general of the School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering of theNational Polytechnic Institute, who designed its first academic programs and served as its firstdirector-general.[9][page needed]
In its early years the Institute operated at Abasolo 858 Oriente in a large, two-story house located a block and a half away from Zaragoza Square, behind the city's Metropolitan Cathedral.[9][page needed] As these facilities soon proved to be insufficient, it started renting out adjacent buildings and by 1945 it became apparent that a university campus was necessary. For that reason, a master plan was commissioned toEnrique de la Mora and on February 3, 1947, what would later be known as itsMonterrey Campus was inaugurated byMexican PresidentMiguel Alemán Valdés.[1][page needed]
Because the operations of the local companies were highly reliant on U.S. markets, investments, and technology; internationalization became one of its earliest priorities. In 1950 it became the first foreign university in history to be accredited by theSouthern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS),[10][page needed] one of the six regional accreditation agencies recognized by theUnited States Department of Education. Its foreign accreditation would end up being a decisive influence in its development, as it was forced to submit itself to external evaluation earlier than most Mexican universities (1967)[10][page needed] and unlocked additional sources of revenue, such as tuition funds from foreign students interested in taking summer courses in Mexico for full-academic credit.[10][page needed]
Its growth outside the city of Monterrey began in the late-1960s, when both itsrector and head of academics lobbied for expansion. A first attempt, funded a few years earlier by several businessmen fromMexicali, Baja California, was staffed and organized by the Institute but faced opposition from the Board of Trustees once the federal government refused any additional subsidy[11] and members of the Board cast doubt on its ability to get funds as an out-of-state university. At the end the project was renamedCentro de Enseñanza Técnica y Superior (CETYS) and grew into a fully independent institution.[9][page needed][12][page needed]
Aside from the CETYS experiment and the 150 hectares bought in 1951 for the agricultural program's experimental facilities in nearbyApodaca, Nuevo León, no other expansion outside Monterrey was attempted until 1967, when a school of maritime studies was built in the port ofGuaymas, Sonora. Shortly thereafter, premises were built inObregón and courses began to be offered inMexico City. Those premises and the ones that followed, then called external units, were fully dependent on the Monterrey Campus until 1984, when they were restructured as semi-independent campuses and reorganized in regional rectorates (seeOrganization).[citation needed]
In 1987, when the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools demanded faculty members with master's degrees to lecture 100% of its undergraduate courses,[13] the Institute invested considerably in bothdistance learning andcomputer network technologies and training, effectively becoming, on February 1, 1989, the first university ever connected to theInternet in bothLatin America[14] and theSpanish-speaking world.[15] Such efforts contributed to the creation of its formerVirtual University a few years later and allowed it to become the firstcountry-code top level domain registry in Mexico; first by itself from 1989 to 1995, and then as a major shareholder ofNIC Mexico, the current national registry.[16]
There are thirty-one campuses of the Institute distributed in twenty-five Mexican cities. Each campus is relatively independent but shares a national academic curriculum (seeAcademics). The flagship campus is located inMonterrey, where the national, system-widerectorate is located. Most of them deliver both high school and undergraduate education, some offer postgraduate programs and only eight (Cumbres, Eugenio Garza Sada, Eugenio Garza Lagüera, Santa Catarina, Metepec, Santa Anita, Esmeralda and Valle Alto) deliver high school courses exclusively. Nevertheless, curricular and extension courses and seminars are usually available at most facilities.[citation needed]
Former campuses include Celaya (Prepa Tec, closed in 2020), Veracruz (closed in 2021), Guaymas (transferred toTecMilenio University in the early 2000s) and Mazatlán (transferred to TecMilenio University in 2009).[17]
As of June 2019, campuses were divided into the following Mexican regions:[18]
In addition to the campuses, the Institute manages:
All campuses are sponsored bynon-profit organizations composed primarily of local businesspeople. The Monterrey Campus is sponsored byEnseñanza e Investigación Superior, A.C. (EISAC), which co-sponsored the system as a whole until a newly built organization,Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, A.C. (ITESM AC) overtook those responsibilities.[12][page needed] Such organizations (effectively serving asboards of trustees) are responsible for electing the rectors or directors of a particular campus. Since February 2012, the president of ITESMAC isJosé Antonio Fernández, a class of 1976 alumnus and current chairman and CEO ofFEMSA.[21][22] Former presidents include the founder,Eugenio Garza Sada (1943–73) and his son,Eugenio Garza Lagüera (1973–97), andLorenzo Zambrano (1997–2012), a class of 1966 alumnus and until his passing.[23]
Former heads of the Institute include:
Since 2020, The Tecnológico de Monterrey Rector and Executive President is David Garza Salazar.
Following the historical trend of Mexico's largest universities,[28] the Institute sponsors severalhigh schools which are united under the name "HighPoint International School". This high schools share one or more national curricula: bicultural, multicultural and/orInternational Baccalaureate, which is administered fromGeneva, Switzerland.[29] The bicultural focuses on better understanding of the English language, the multicultural program requires studying a third language and to have an exchange program abroad. Finally, the IB is an academically challenging program where students can obtain theIB Diploma when they graduate. Additionally, students can receive college credits both at the TEC and universities abroad.[30][failed verification] Multicultural students are able to take IB courses if they wish with the focus on obtaining IB Subject Certificates. As of December 2017[update], over 26,000 students in several campuses were registered as high school students within the system.[3]
Academically, the university is organized into several departments and divisions —as opposed to the traditionalfaculty school scheme used by most Mexican public universities— and it was the first Mexican university in history to divide the academic year insemesters. Current academic calendar for both high school and undergraduate students is composed of two semesters running from August to December and from January to May (each lasting 16 weeks) and an optional summer session from June to July, where at most two courses can be taken in an intensive basis.[citation needed]
As of 2010[update], the institute offers 57 undergraduate degrees, of which 37 are taught in English and are generally awarded after nine semesters of study (except forMedicine andArchitecture);[3] 33master's degrees, generally lasting three to five semesters (and can also be structured in three-months terms),[3] and 11doctorate degrees varying in length according to their academic field.[3]
Since 1969 the Institute requires every college applicant to achieve a minimum pass mark at an academic aptitude test which is 900 out of 1600. (Prueba de Aptitud Académica, PAA) delivered byThe College Board, anot-for-profit examination board in theUnited States.[31] However, each campus is free to request additional requirements; such as a grade average of 80 or 90 in high school (on a 100-point scale) for those willing to transfer or apply to the Monterrey Campus.[32] As for the graduate schools, the requirements may vary according to the discipline, such as a grade average of 80/100 and 550-points in both theGMAT and theTOEFL for some programs at its Graduate Business School (EGADE).[33]
Studies at the institute are officially accredited by theSecretariat of Public Education of Mexico (Secretaría de Educación Pública, SEP) and by theSouthern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS)[34] of the United States. In November 2008, its graduate business school (EGADE) became one of the 34business schools in the world to hold simultaneous accreditation of its programs by theAACSB of the United States, theAssociation of MBAs of theUnited Kingdom and theEuropean Quality Improvement System (EQUIS)[35] while the Institute became the firstLatin American university in history to receive full-accreditation on some of its engineering programs byABET (as opposed to the traditionalsubstantially-equivalent designation given to most schools outside the United States).[36]
The quality of its programs is also audited by theInstitute of Food Technologists, theAssociation for Public Policy Analysis and Management and by the national accrediting councils of Mexico, such as the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (Consejo para la Acreditación de la Educación Superior, COPAES) and the Inter-Institutional Committees for Higher Education Evaluation (Comités Interinstitucionales de Evaluación de la Educación Superior, CIEES).[37]
As of 2017[update], 169 undergraduate degrees were accredited by national accrediting councils and 36 were accredited by international accrediting agencies.[3] As for graduate degrees, 11 were accredited by international accrediting agencies and 58 were listed in the National Census of High-Quality Postgraduate Studies (Padrón Nacional de Posgrados de Calidad, PNPC) by theNational Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT).[3]
The institute is the only Latin American institution at theEuropean Consortium of Innovative Universities (ECIU) —an organization committed to innovations in both teaching and learning[38]— and atUniversitas 21; an international network of research-intensive universities established as an "international reference point and resource for strategic thinking on issues of global significance."[39] It is also the only Mexican university, along the National Autonomous University of Mexico, to be enrolled at theAssociation of Pacific Rim Universities, an international consortium of leading research universities includingStanford University,University of California, Berkeley andCaltech.[40] The institute was also the firstprivate university to become a member of theNational Association of Universities and Institutions of Higher Education of Mexico (ANUIES) back when it was composed entirely bypublic universities (1958)[10] and is a full member of the Mexican Federation of Private Institutions of Higher Education (Federación de Instituciones Mexicanas Particulares de Educación Superior, FIMPES). The university recently became a partner ofWashington University in St. Louis through the McDonnell International Scholars Academy.[41][42]
The institute has over 10,000 professors at high school, undergraduate and postgraduate levels: 2,207 tenured and 7,900 associated professors, and all of them have the appropriate academic credentials to lecture at their corresponding academic level according to theSouthern Association of Colleges and Schools.[3] As of 2017[update] some 470 professors taught courses, worked in international projects or attended seminars or congresses at foreign universities while some 590 foreign professors taught courses at the institute.[3] As for their academic development, its faculty training program was bestowed with the 2004 Andrew Heiskell Award for Innovation in International Education by theInstitute of International Education.[43]
The institute has at least thirty-three libraries in twenty-five Mexican cities holding over 2.4 millionbooks, publications, and 46 types ofelectronic databases with at least 51,000 specialized magazines andacademic journals and over 9000e-books.[44] ItsCervantean Library, named afterMiguel de Cervantes and located in the current rectorate, holds one of the largest collections ofDon Quixoteincunabula, an original edition ofL'Encyclopédie, and theMario Pani Archives, and other bibliographical treasures while the main library of the Monterrey Campus holds the personal collections ofarchaeologistIgnacio Bernal.[45]
| University rankings | |
|---|---|
| Global – Overall | |
| ARWU World[46] | 801–900 (2022) |
| QS World[47] | =184 (2024) |
| THE World[48] | 601–800 (2024) |
| USNWR Global[49] | =759 (2023) |
| 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QS[50] | 279 | 253 | 238 | 206 | 199 | 178 | 158 | 155 | 161 | 170 | 184 | 185 |
 | This article needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(September 2020) |
Overall, the institute is the only Mexican university besides theNational Autonomous University of Mexico to be ranked at the 2010QS World University Rankings, in which it was classified #65 worldwide at its Employer's Review, #269 in Engineering and Information Technology, #232 in Social Sciences and #387 at its overall ranking.[51] In the 2010International Professional Ranking of World Universities, developed by theÉcole nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, it ranked 224 out of 390 worldwide.[52]
Among its graduate schools,EGADE has been ranked 7th among the bestbusiness schools outside theUnited States according to theWall Street Journal (2006),[53] 4th in the world in business ethics and social-responsibility programs according toBusinessWeek magazine (2005),[54] among the 100 best graduate business schools in the world by theEconomist Intelligence Unit (2009)[55] and its OneMBA program, delivered in partnership with four different institutions (seeJoint programs and international partnerships below) was ranked 27 worldwide by theFinancial Times in its 2009 Executive Master in Business Administration rankings.[56]
| This article needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(September 2020) |
Some of its academic programs are offered as joint degrees or in partnership with foreign universities:
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TheIgnacio A. Santos School of Medicine (Escuela de Medicina Ignacio A. Santos, aka: EMIS) is the medical school division of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM). Established in 1978 in Monterrey, Mexico.[66]
The School of Medicine was founded to satisfy the country's need for high quality medical training and innovation inbiomedical research. Currently, there are approximately 500 students enrolled in the M.D. program and about 105 postgraduate students. Aside from the medical doctor program, the School of Medicine also offers a joint M.D.-Ph.D. program with Houston Methodist Hospital, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas A&M Health Science Center, and other Bachelors in Biosciences, Nutrition Sciences and Biomedical Engineering. The graduate medical education department offers several medical residency and fellowship programs.[67] The general director of the TecSalud organization is Guillermo Torre M.D. PhD, a cardiologist who trained underMichael E. DeBakey MD atBaylor College of Medicine.[68][69]
Although some of the founding members of its faculty were prominent researchers (first rectorLeón Ávalos y Vez had formed a National Commission on Science and served as director-general of the School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering of theNational Polytechnic Institute) formal research activities at the institute did not start until 1951, when its Institute of Industrial Research was founded in close collaboration with theSouthwest Research Institute ofSan Antonio, Texas —one of the oldest and largest independent, nonprofit, applied research and development organizations in theUnited States.[73]
Notwithstanding some reputable achievements, throughout most of the 20th century its research activities —normally financed independently or under private sponsorship— were rather scarce in comparison to public universities such as theNational Autonomous University of Mexico or theNational Polytechnic Institute, whose budgets make up to 30% of the federal spending in higher education and, as such, are heavily financed by the government through the federal budget.[74]
Despite its inherent difficulties to secure research funds in adeveloping country where private sponsorship barely accounts for 1.1% of the national spending on science,[75] a new institutional mission in 2005 made social and scientific research in Mexico's strategic areas one of its top priorities for the next decade. As a result, new corporate endowments and funds were committed, new research programs were created (including the first research program financed byGoogle inLatin America)[76] and important labs and infrastructure have been built, such as theUS$ 43 million Femsa Biotechnology Center,[77] the Water Center for Latin America and the Caribbean (financed by theInter-American Development Bank and the Femsa Foundation),[78] theMotorola Research and Development Center on Home & Networks Mobility,[79] itsMXN $24 million Center for Advanced Design at theGuadalajara Campus[80] and, in association with theMainz Institute of Microtechnology ofGermany (IMM), the first center of chemicalmicro process engineering inLatin America.[81]
Additionally, the Institute developed a researcher-friendlypatent scheme that aims to attract talented researchers and reduce the nationalbrain drain. The scheme, in which the researcher may receive up to 30% of the patent licensing income,[82] works in combination with its internalMXN$ 100,000Rómulo Garza Prize and its nationalMXN$ 200,000Luis Elizondo Prize and has allowed it to become the leadingpatent applicant among Mexican universities since 2006.[83]
Student life, traditions and activities vary among campuses. Generally speaking, student involvement is encouraged by the local campus through an office of student affairs and the Department of Leadership and Student Formation (LiFE), which supervises most of the student groups, sports teams, regional associations and its student federation (FETEC).
The Institute goes to great lengths to provide scholarships to those in need, awarding partial financial assistance to 49% of its student population.[3] However, with tuition fees exceedingMXN $200,000 per academic year[85] (among the highest inLatin America according toForbes magazine)[86] most of its student community comes from upper and upper-middle class and the overall atmosphere is arguably politically and socially conservative. For example, opposite-sex visits are forbidden in dormitories unless it is in common areas and somehigh school staff in the Mexico City Campus has publicly admonished students for questioning conservative politicians during school visits[87] (although no disciplinary action was ever taken).[88]
The number of international students vary notably among campuses. As of December 2017[update], 4,714 foreign students were studying in one of its campuses while 10,618 Tech students were taking courses in a foreign university.[3]
| This article needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(September 2020) |
Tec has a good record in college athletics, picking up over 18% of the medals at the 2007 national collegiate competition (Universiada)[92] and one of its campuses won every American Football Collegiate Championship in Mexico (ONEFA) from 1998 to 2008.[84] Such accomplishments were possible through the institute's investments in sports facilities and personnel and a well-funded and comprehensive athletic scholarships program, which attracted a significant number of promising athletes but prompted allegations of talent drain by some of its rivals.[93] Before the 2009 season the Institute decided to part ways with the organization and create a new league;[94] however, the league didn't materialize after other breakaway universities decided to remain in the ONEFA.[95] The Institute asked to return to the organization, but the ONEFA Board decided that the request should be formally presented in its next ordinary meeting, after the 2009 season,[96] which its four teams ended up playing between themselves in a Tech-only championship.[97] For the 2010 season, the Institute decided not to participate in the ONEFA championship and, instead, asked the CONADEIP, a national athletic association of private educational institutions, to create an American football championship.[98]
Although there are local adaptations, since 1945 the system-wide sports mascot is the ram (borrego salvaje), traditionally embodied in a malebighorn sheep. A somewhat popularurban legend states that the mascot was chosen by the American football team on its way to a match, after spotting a male sheep on the road. According to the official sources, however, the mascot was chosen during an official contest held by students in the mid-1940s.[10]
From December 2006 to January 2009 both theU.S. Secretary of Commerce and theMexican Secretary of Economy (formerKelloggs' CEOCarlos Gutiérrez[99] andGerardo Ruiz Mateos[100]) were Tech alumni. Other businesspeople includeCemex' CEOLorenzo Zambrano,[101]FEMSA's CEOJosé Antonio Fernández,[102]Grupo Salinas' CEORicardo Salinas Pliego,[103] film producer and activistMax Appedole, and Casa Cuervo's CEO Juan Beckman.[104]
In science and technology,Alexander Balankin, former lecturer at theMexico City Campus,[105] has received the 2005UNESCO Science Prize for his works on Fractal Mechanics;Ernesto Enkerlin received UNESCO's 2005Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation for his involvement in sustainability[106] and two alumni have been members of theUnited States President's Information Technology Advisory Committee:Pedro Celis (Distinguished Engineer atMicrosoft) andHéctor García Molina, former Director ofStanford University's Computer Science Department, 1999ACMSIGMOD Innovations Award[107] and highesth-index inComputer Science.[108]
At least two late presidential candidates and democracy activists,Luis Donaldo Colosio andManuel Clouthier, were former graduates. Over a dozen Mexican governors and cabinet members have attended classes at the institute, including former Secretary of Commerce andNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) negotiatorHerminio Blanco. In cultural affairs,Gabriel Zaid has distinguished himself as one of the leading Mexican intellectuals of the 20th century, and in sports,Fernando Platas andVíctor Estrada have both wonOlympics medals, while former coach ofMexico's national football team,Miguel Mejía Barón, is in charge of the Football Department atPuebla.[109]
As for staff and faculty, at least two rectors or directors of different universities have been lecturers or members of the staff at the institute.Luis Ernesto Derbez, a former Foreign Minister, is currently the Rector of theUniversity of the Americas, Puebla. Enrique Cabrero Mendoza is the current head ofThe National Council for Science and Technology and a former rector ofCIDE. In addition, the Ex-RectorRafael Rangel Sostmann is member of the External Advisory Council of theWorld Bank Institute.
Circula la versión – errónea, pero compartida por muchos – de que surgió como escuela técnica y evolucionó hasta convertirse en universidad. También es falsa la suposición de que se desarrolló siguiendo el modelo del Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts, alma mater de don Eugenio Garza Sada, el promotor de la idea y uno de sus fundadores. En realidad, el proyecto nació de la visión de un grupo de empresarios consciente de la necesidad de preparar dentro del país a los profesionistas que se requerían para la construcción del México moderno…El país contaba entonces con capital y también con mano de obra, pero no con personal que estuviera calificado para encargarse de la supervisión y la administración de la planta industrial: en una palabra, faltaban los mandos intermedios, mismos que, a su vez, deberían conocer las características de la cultura mexicana. Era indispensable que los profesionistas que requerían las empresas de casa se educaran en casa; eso sí, a condición de que tanto la educación como los graduados fueran de calidad equiparable a lo que se ofrecía fuera de México.
[E]l exrector del Tec, Víctor Bravo Ahuja, entonces subsecretario de Educación Pública, prometió un subsidio para la naciente escuela, siempre y cuando no llevara el nombre del Tecnológico de Monterrey. No era conveniente, decía, pues eran los tiempos en que el gobierno federal todavía mostraba franca animadversión en contra del Grupo Monterrey
The SACS required that all professors have at least a master's degree, which at the time was not the case at ITESM on a systemwide basis. Due to the multicampus structure of ITESM, not every campus had the academic programs necessary for their professors to earn a master's degree on-site. Therefore, ITESM opted to use satellite technology to give all undergraduate professors the opportunity to pursue a graduate degree and thereby satisfy the requirements set forth by the SACS.
Así, fruto de esta decisión, la primera conexión plena desde España a la Internet tuvo lugar a mediados del año 1990
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)"Fue creado bajo patrocinio de Enseñanza e Investigación Superior, y está afiliado al Southwest Research Institute, centro de investigaciones norteamericano.
Las universidades que presentaron más solicitudes de patente en nuestro país fueron: el Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) con 37, la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) con 21 y la Universidad de Guanajuato (UG) con 10.
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