| Tatev Monastery | |
|---|---|
Տաթևի վանք | |
 The Tatev Monastery complex and its fortifications | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Armenian Apostolic Church |
| Location | |
| Location | Tatev,Syunik Province,Armenia |
  Shown within Armenia Show map of Armenia Tatev Monastery (Syunik Province) Show map of Syunik Province | |
| Geographic coordinates | 39°22′46″N46°15′00″E / 39.379367°N 46.250031°E /39.379367; 46.250031 |
| Architecture | |
| Style | Armenian |
| Groundbreaking | 8th century |
TheTatev Monastery (Armenian:Տաթևի վանք,romanized: Tat'evi vank') is a 9th-centuryArmenian ApostolicChristian monastery located on a large basalt plateau near the village ofTatev in theSyunik Province in southeasternArmenia. The term "Tatev" usually refers to the monastery. The monastic ensemble stands on the edge of a deep gorge of theVorotan River. Tatev is known as the bishopric seat of Syunik and played a significant role in the history of the region as a center of economic, political, spiritual and cultural activity.
The Monastery of Tatev has been described as one of the two best-known monasteries in Armenia, along withNoravank in the province ofVayots Dzor.[1]
In the 14th and 15th centuries, the monastery hosted one of the most important Armenian medieval universities, the University of Tatev, which contributed to the advancement of science, religion and philosophy, reproduction of books and development ofminiature painting. Scholars of the Tatev University contributed to the preservation ofArmenian culture andcreed during one of its most turbulent periods in its history.
The restoration of the monastery, re-establishing its educational legacy and reviving monastic life at Tatev is one of the main goals of Tatev Revival Program, a part of which is theWings of Tatev aerial tramway,[2] a cableway from Tatev to the village ofHalidzor, which was opened in October 2010.[3][4] It was included in theGuinness World Records as world's "longest non-stop double track cable car."[5]
According to tradition, Tatev Monastery is named after Eustateus, a disciple ofSt. Thaddeus the Apostle, who preached and was martyred in this region. His name has evolved to Tatev.[6]
Folk etymology includes a legend telling of an event that is tied to the construction of the main church, where the builder falls down the abyss while completing the final structure of the dome, and during fall he calls "Ta Tev" meaning - give me wings. Folk legend says that he came down unharmed. where an apprentice secretly climbs to the top of its steeple intending to place a cross of his own design. However, the apprentice is spotted by his master during his descent. Shocked by his discovery, the apprentice loses his foothold and falls into the abyss as he calls upon God to grant him wings, which, in Armenian is: "Ta Tev".[7]
Tatev Monastery is located in South-EastArmenia, in the area of ancient ArmenianSyunik, not far from the city ofGoris and 280 km away fromYerevan. The Tatev plateau has been in use since pre-Christian times, hosting a pagan temple. The temple was replaced with a modest church following the Christianization of Armenia in the 4th century.[7]
Development of the Tatev Monastery began in the 9th century when it became the seat of the bishop of Syunik. In hisHistory of the Province of Syunik, historianStepanos Orbelian describes the construction of a new church near the old one in 848 through the financial assistance of Prince Philip ofSyunik. With the growth of economic and political importance of the centre, the aging buildings no longer suited its requirements, and thus Bishop Hovhannes (John) obtained the financial assistance of Prince Ashot of Syunik to construct the new monastery.[6]
In the beginning of the 11th century, Tatev hosted around 1,000 monks and a large number of artisans. In 1044, armed forces of neighbouring emirates destroyed the St. Gregory Church and its surrounding buildings, which were reconstructed soon after that. In 1087, the church of St. Mary was built to the north of the complex. The monastery suffered significant damage duringSeljuk invasions in the 12th century and the earthquake in 1136. In 1170,Seljuk Turks plundered the Monastery and burnt some 10,000 manuscripts. The Monastery was rebuilt through the efforts of Bishop Stepanos near the end of the 13th century.[9]
The Monastery was granted an exemption from taxes during Mongol rule. It regained its economic strength with the assistance of the Orbelian family. Its influence grew further when, in 1286, theOrbelians assumed control of the monastery,Stepanos Orbelian was consecratedmetropolitan and succeeded in reuniting a number of surrounding dioceses within its realm. With the establishment of the university in the 14th century Tatev became a principal centre of Armenian culture.[9]
DuringTimur lane's campaigns intoSyunik (1381–1387), Tatev was looted, burnt, and dispossessed of a significant portion of its territories. The Monastery received an additional blow duringShah Rukh's invasion in 1434.[9]
The monastery was reborn in the 17th and 18th centuries; its structures restored and new ones were added. It was looted again during the incursions of Persian forces led by Aga Mahmet Khan in 1796.[9] In 1836, Czarist Russia put an end to the metropolitan authorities of Tatev through the imposition of Pologenia, andSyunik became part of the Diocese of Yerevan.[10]
On 26 April 1921, the 2nd Pan-Zangezurian congress, held in Tatev, announced the independence of theRepublic of Mountainous Armenia. The state included the regions of Tatev canyon,Sisian and Gndevaz. The city ofGoris became the capital of the unrecognized state withGaregin Nzhdeh as its supreme commander.
The monastery was seriously damaged after anearthquake in 1931, the dome of the Sts. Paul and Peter church and the bell tower were destroyed. In the latter years the Sts. Paul and Peter church was reconstructed, but the bell tower remains destroyed up to today.
The fortified Tatev monastery consists of three churches - Saints Paul and Peter Church, Saint Gregory the Illuminator's Church, and the Holy Mother of God Church, a library,refectory,bell tower,mausoleum, as well as other administrative and auxiliary buildings.[9]
The church of Saints Paul and Peter was built between 895 and 906. An arched hall was added adjacent to the southern wall of the church in 1043. Soon after in 1087, the church of the Holy Mother of God was added along the northern fortifications. In 1295, the church of Saint Gregory the Illuminator, which had been destroyed during an earthquake, was replaced with a new one through the initiative of then bishopStepanos Orbelian. In 1787, themausoleum of the Armenian theologianGregory of Tatev was built adjacent to the western wall of the Church of Saint Gregory and by the end of 19th century avestibule and a belfry were added at the western entrance of the church of Saints Paul and Peter.[9]
Aside from the buildings, the monastery boasts an uprightpendulum, known as the Gavazan (staff). This column was built in the 10th century following the completion of the Paul and Peter church and has survived numerous invasions and earthquakes relatively unscathed.[9]
In the 14th century, fortifications were built to the south, west and north of the monastery with buildings for habitation, administration and other purposes. In the 18th century, additions were made to house the bishop's residence, cells for the monks, storage, dining hall, kitchen, bakery and winery. Sixteen rectangular classrooms, covered with arched ceilings, were built along the main fortifications.[9]
To the northeast of the monastery, outside of the fortifications is theolive press. It has four production rooms including two domed storage rooms and pressing chambers with arched ceilings. This mill is one of the best preserved inArmenia and is an excellent illustration of olive presses built in the region during theMiddle Ages.[9]
The school buildings of the Tatev Monastery characterize the architectural style of monasticeducational architecture used in the late medieval period.[9]
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The church of Saints Paul and Peter is dedicated to the two apostles of Christ. It is also referred to as the church of the Apostles or the cathedral. It's likely that this church was built on the location of the old church and also inherited its name.[6] On the western wall of the Church is preserved the dedicational cross-stone installed by Bishop Hovhannes that provides important historical information regarding the construction of the Church.[6]
The Saints Paul and Peter Church is the oldest remaining construction within the complex of the Monastery. It was built with the initiative of Bishop Hovhannes and the financial assistance of reigning Prince Ashot, his wife Princess Shushan and Princes Grigor Supan and Dzagik.[9]
The church is a rectangularbasilica that extends from west to east. The apse on the east side contains the altar, and is flanked by two depositories; one on either side.[9] The central dome is supported by two pillars on the eastern side, while on the west, annexes act asabutments. The roof has a two tiered, inclined style covered with large tiles. The inside and outside walls are covered with hewn stones. The walls and dome have narrow windows that allow thenave to be illuminated.[6] The eastern façade containsniches that are crowned withbas-relief portraits of its benefactors, Prince Ashot and Princess Shushan, each bordered by protective snakes.[9]
In 930 the church walls were decorated withfrescoes upon the initiative of Bishop Hakob Dvinetsi. The work was carried out by French artists invited fromConstantinople working alongside localArmenian painters.[10] The faces of the main characters have eastern features, and all inscriptions are inArmenian.[11] The easternapse is decorated with a throned Christ with His disciples and saints. The western wall portrays theLast Judgment, while the northern wall illustrates scenes from theNativity of Jesus.[9] Little of those decorations survive today.
The Saint Gregory Church is adjacent to the southern wall of the Sts. Paul and Peter Cathedral. The church was first built between 836 and 848 with the order and financial support of Prince Philipé of Syunik.[6] It was renovated in the 11th century immediately after theSeljuk campaigns, but was completely destroyed again during the earthquake of 1138. It remained in this condition for more than a century until its reconstruction in 1295.[11]
The church of St. Gregory is simple in construction. It does not have a dome. It has three support pillars in its northern and southern walls that bear the arches upon which the inclined roof tiles are installed. Its entrance is decorated with fine geometric carvings.[7]
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The Holy Mother of God Church or the St. Astvatsatsin Church is located along the northern fortifications of the monastic complex. It was built in 1087 as a second storey to the coveredmausoleum near the entrance.[9] It was severely damaged during the earthquake of 1931, but was restored in the late 20th century.[6]
The pendulous column or swinging column (Armenian:Գավազան) is a monument dedicated to theHoly trinity. It is located to the south of the Cathedral.[7] It comprises a column about eight meters tall crowned with akhachkar-type cross. The column has been dated to the 10th century; the cross is no earlier than the 18th century but its form may be based on an earlier example.[12] Built in the year906, this unique structure stands at a total height of 9 meters. What sets Gavazan apart is its remarkable ability to sway or swing without collapsing, making it the only structure in the complex to have survived the test of time, remaining intact despite centuries of existence.[13]
The key purpose of the column is to alert of minor earth tremors and thus giving early warning signals about possible earthquakes. The column returns to its vertical position after it moves.[7]
The swaying motion of Gavazan is attributed to its innovative design, particularly its articulated construction at the base of the column. This design allows the monument to maintain a constant angle of 90° to the Earth's surface, ensuring its balance and stability. Over the years, Gavazan has become a symbol of resilience and architectural ingenuity, attracting visitors from around the world to marvel at its unique construction and historical significance.[14]
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Based on the description ofStepanos Orbelyan (1250–1305),[15] who lived about 400 years after the supposed establishment, the construction of the column is dated904-906.[16] In their valuable surveyAyvazyan and A. Badishyan note thatTatev's column is close to similar pre-Christian columns in its form and construction methods.[17] It is known that in the 16th century, Arakel archbishop, who was fromSyunik, installed a newkhachkar (Armenian cross-stone) instead of the khachkar on the head of the pillar, which is still standing today.
With the naked and non-professional eye, one can see that the khachkar, imported later, is a foreign element to the general appearance of the pillar with its shape and dimensions. Khachkar looks like a toy placed on a giant pillar, which will fall anywhere. It is obvious that in the initial version of the pillar, in place of the khachkar, there was a different emblem compared to the size and nature of the pillar. The column is made of porous bluish basalt, and the current (probably also the former) khachkar is made of tuff rock. Probably, the previous khachkar was more incommeasurable to the appearance of the pillar, which forced Arakel to change it. At the beginning of the 10th century, the modification of the upper part of the pillar and the installation of the khachkar could be presented as a complete column construction. This is exactly the same phenomenon as building a church on the foundation of pre-Christian worshiping places, turning the monuments of inscriptions of the kings of Qajants country into khachkars.
The views expressed about the function of the pillar are unfounded and illogical (checking the spiritual-energetic power of clergies, warning of earthquakes or alerting of approaching enemy cavalry). Surely, clergies did not have such spiritual strength to shake the pillar with their thoughts. If the pillar is swung due to an earthquake, it was not a warning, but a fact that an earthquake occurred, which is obvious even to a person far from the pillar. And in order for the column to swing from the sound of many horses' stamping with the foot, they must be very close, within visible distance. In short, they are childish explanations.
The examples of similar monuments, since prehistoric times show that they mostly had worshiping significance (sometimes they were set up as reminders of memorable historical events). I think that Tatev's column was also religious in its initial significance and was set up in pre-Christian times. The top part of it was modified, a khachkar was erected on it, it was turned into a Christian structure and with that the original meaning of the structure was obscured and forgotten. It is very likely that the top part of the column fell and broke during the devastating Moz earthquake in the 8th century and caused the top of the column to be modified and Christianized.
If we mentally remove the khachkar from the top of the Tatev pillar and recall the widespread symbols of the ancient world, then the first thing that will claim to be in the place of the khachkar are the arrow-statues, which archaeologists call phallus type monuments (see figure 1).
Starting from the 5th-4th millennia BC, the image of the arrow was widespread in the iconography of the Middle East. Later cuneiform inscriptions testify that it was the ideogram of an adverb in the name ofMarduk, the eldest son of the Armenian God. Marduk was worshiped as the Son of God and was the supreme God ofBabylon.[18] Marduk was always represented on the momuments of Qajants (2nd millennium BC) with the image of a dart on a bagin or only a dart. One of Marduk's titles is marked with a symbol depicting a cross. Marduk is one of about 70 names of Marduk attested in cuneiform sources, which is identical to the name of the sacred mountain Maratuk inSason province. The name of the mountain is the supreme oath of the people of Sason.
In the 1st millennium BC, the Supreme God of Qajants (Urartu) was also worshiped as the Son of God. In Qajants country the use of a symbol depicting an arrow was also widespread. And most importantly, a huge arrow was placed on the temple of the Son of God. The mythological names of Marduk and Son represent the God on the basis of whose worshipChristianity arose as a sect in the Semitic environment.[19]
The worship of this God among Armenians continued until the Christianization of Armenia, Tatev's column was previously a huge teg statue about 8.5m high, which was set up in a complex dedicated to the worship of the Son of God.[20]
Tatev Monastery was afeudal organization.[21] It became a prominent and influential monastic centre soon after its foundation, possessing expansive areas of land and a large number of villages. The earliest references to its foundation are described inStepanos Orbelian'sHistory of the Province of Syunik, where Orbelian describes the accord through which Prince Ashot, son of Prince Philipé of Syunik delineated its borders.[6]
Soon after the transfer of the lands, peasants of Tsouraberd (present day Svarants), Tamalek, Aveladasht and other villages, rejected the authority of the Monastery and began a prolonged struggle against it. Twice the protests transformed into open uprisings[21] and continued, with some interruptions, until 990 when King Vasak of Syunik razed Tsouraberd and dispersed its population . Historians link the uprisings to theTondrakian Heresy, which appeared inArmenian history at roughly the same time as the peasant uprisings (9th–11th centuries) and which was also suppressed around the same time.[22]
The Tatev bishopric owned 47 villages and received tithes from 677 other villages.[23] It gained such economic power that in 940–950 Bishop Hakob attempted to secede from theMother See of Etchmiadzin. His separatist dreams were dashed when CatholicosAnania Mokatsianathematized him. Surrounding regions benefited from Tatev's weakened position, rejected its supremacy and established their own dioceses.[11] In 958, Bishop Vahan (later Catholicos Vahan Syunetsi) recovered some of the bishopric rights and properties.[9] In 1006, Bishop Hovhannes V succeeded in re-establishing the metropolitan privileges of the diocese.[10]
Tatev Monastery has played a notable role in the advancement of cultural life ofArmenia. In hisHistory of the Province of Syunik,Stepanos Orbelian describes how the monastery served as the repository for thousands of valuablemanuscripts, monastic and official documents and contracts. The Monastery hosted a university that operated between 1390 and 1434, where instructors were educated and trained not only for the province ofSyunik, but also for other regions of Armenia.
In the beginning of the 1340s, following the decline of theUniversity of Gladzor, Hovhan Vorotnetsi departed fromVayots Dzor, and arriving in Dzghook, Vorotn, he obtained the blessing and patronage of theOrbelian princes to advance the educational system at Tatev. Vorotnetsi used his experience fromGladzor to revise the educational plan and to organize the admission and classification of students and instructors. This enabled Tatev to be transformed to a deserving university within a short period of time,[24] attracting students from various regions ofGreater Armenia andCilicia.[22]
Vorotnetsi organized the university into three departments – study of Armenian and foreign scriptures, the study of scriptural arts, and finally, the study of music. The first included the study of humanities and social sciences, philosophy, oration, grammar, literature and history. The second focused oncalligraphy, artistic design of books and the painting of miniatures and murals. The third department included ancient music and musicology.[11]
Following the death of Vorotnetsi in 1388,Grigor Tatevatsi assumed the role of abbot. He succeeded in raising the standard of the University to unprecedented heights. During his tenure, Tatev experienced its most dynamic and creative period. Topics of instruction includedArmenian literature, interpretation and analysis of the Old and New Testaments, works of the holy fathers, works ofPlato,Aristotle,Philo of Alexandria andPorphyry, and their analysis.[24]
The University of Tatev became the leading scientific and cultural centre of the time. Its achievements appear even more significant when they are viewed in context with the turbulent political situation and endless devastations of the period, when the University was occasionally forced to migrate to avoid persecutions from invading forces.[25][26]
Tatev University led the effort to combat the influence of the Fratres Unitores inArmenia. The Unitores were an Armenian branch of theDominican order and the result of an initiative taken byPope John XXII to extend the influence ofHoly See of Rome onto Asia and to LatinizeGreater Armenia.[27] Scholars of Tatev University fought against the proselytizing of the Unitores and sought to diminish their influence on theArmenian Church and people.[25]
Following the collapse of theArmenian Kingdom of Cilicia in 1375, scholars of Tatev, led byGrigor Tatevatsi and then his followers, especiallyTovma Metsobetsi and Hovhannes Hermonetsi played an important role in convincing the authorities to repatriate of the supreme patriarchal throne of theArmenian Church fromSis toEtchmiadzin, the original See of SaintGregory the Illuminator.[26] The effort succeeded in 1441 following the decisions of the National Congress of Etchmiadzin, proving to be one of the most significant events in Armenian history of that century.[24][25]
The prominence of the University began to wane following the death ofGrigor Tatevatsi. In spite of the dauntless efforts of its new leaders, the political and economic conditions, compounded with the security complications of the period led Tatev to lose its luster and finally ceased to function following the invasions ofShah Rukh in 1434.[11][24]
In 1995, the monasteries of Tatev,Tatevi Anapat and their adjacent areas of the Vorotan Valley were added to the tentative list of World Heritage Sites of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).[28]
Launched in 2008, Tatev Revival foundation was founded by impact investor and entrepreneurRuben Vardanyan. The main goal of Tatev Revival is the restoration of Tatev Monastery. Included in this objective is the creation of infrastructure around the monastery while respecting its cultural, historical and spiritual significance, as well as the concurrent development of local communities. The official start of the project is given in October 2010 by the launch of the world's longest reversible aerial tramway (5750 m long), as part of its effort to revive tourism in the area. This link, namedWings of Tatev connects the village ofHalidzor with the Tatev Monastery.[7] The project is executed by the Swiss competence center of the Doppelmayr/Garaventa group and cost US$25 million.[29] The Wings of Tatev cableway has been used by nearly 950,000 tourists over the course of its operations. In the townGoris, more than 50 hotels and guesthouses opened after the launch of the program. In nearby villages around 50 B&B were founded by locals. TheKapan-basedArk Ecological NGO is currently building hiking trail infrastructure to connect Kapan and Tatev monastery to promote the ecotourism in the Syunik region.[30]
The Oil Mill was one of the first architectural structures restored in 2010 as part of the Tatev Revival program and is now fully operational.
Since summer 2016, visitors have been entering the Tatev monastery complex through the restored North Entrance. In 2017, display stands were installed near the entrance retelling the monastery's restoration. The adjacent territory was also improved. The water spring reconstruction works started at the end of 2015. Research was carried out to establish the original location of the water source and how it was constructed. In the summer of 2016, the spring was restored to its historic location near the North Entrance.
The reconstruction of the Church of Surb Astvatsatsin to its original appearance was incorporated in the first stage of the Tatev monastic complex restoration. Work began in August 2016 and finished in October 2018.
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