Initially, the ethnonymTatar possibly referred to theTatar confederation. That confederation was eventually incorporated into theMongol Empire whenGenghis Khan unified the various steppe tribes.[33] Historically, the termTatar (orTartar) wasapplied by western cartographers to anyone from the vastNorthern andCentral Asian landmass then known asTartary, a term that was falsely conflated with the Mongol Empire. More recently, the term has come to refer more narrowly to related ethnic groups who call themselvesTatars.
By far the largest group amongst the Tatars are theVolga Tatars, native to theVolga-Ural region (Tatarstan andBashkortostan) of European Russia, who for this reason are often also known as "Tatars" in Russian. They compose 53% ofTatarstan's population. Their language is known as theTatar language. As of 2010[update], there were an estimated 5.3 million ethnic Tatars in Russia.
While also speaking languages belonging to differentKipchak sub-groups, genetic studies have shown that the three main groups of Tatars (Volga,Crimean, andSiberian) are apparently unrelated, and thus their formation occurred independently of one another, but it is possible that at least one of the Tatar groups had cultural influence mainly from the times of theGolden Horde.[34][35]
Tatar became a name for populations of the formerGolden Horde in Europe, such as those of the formerKazan,Crimean,Astrakhan,Qasim, andSiberian Khanates. The formTartar has its origins in eitherLatin orFrench, coming to Western European languages fromTurkish and thePersian (tātār, "mounted messenger"). From the beginning, the extrar was present in the Western forms and according to theOxford English Dictionary this was most likely due to an association withTartarus.[c][38]
The Persian word is first recorded in the 13th century in reference to the hordes ofGenghis Khan and is of unknown origin; according to the Oxford English Dictionary it is "said to be" ultimately fromtata. TheArabic word for Tatars isتتار. Tatars themselves wrote their name asتاتار orطاطار.
Ochir (2016) states thatSiberian Tatars and the Tatars living in the territories between Asia and Europe are of Turkic origin, acquired the appellation Tatar later, and do not possess ancestral connection to the MongolicNine Tatars, whose ethnogenesis involved Mongolic people as well as Mongolized Turks who had been ruling over them during the 6–8th centuries.[39] Pow (2019) proposes that Turkic-speaking peoples ofCumania, as a sign of political allegiance, adopted the endonymTatar of their Mongol conquerors, before ultimately subsuming the latter culturally and linguistically.[40] Valikhova et al. (2022) states that Siberian Tatars, at least Tom Tatars, have Mongol genetic component, which is in line with their genetic history.[41]
Some Turkic peoples living within the Russian Empire were namedTatar, although not all Turkic peoples of Russian Empire were referred to as Tatars (for instance, this name was never used in relation to theYakuts,Chuvashes,Sarts and some others). Some of these populations used and keep usingTatar as a self-designation, others do not.[42][43][44][45]
Eleventh-centuryKara-khanid scholarMahmud al-Kashgari noted that the historical Tatars were bilingual, speaking other Turkic languages besides their own.[50]
There are two Tatar dialects—Central and Western.[51] TheWestern dialect (Misher) is spoken mostly byMishärs, the Central dialect is spoken by Kazan andAstrakhan Tatars. Both dialects have subdialects. Central Tatar furnishes the base of literary Tatar.
TheSiberian Tatar language is independent of Volga–Ural Tatar. The dialects are quite remote from Standard Tatar and from each other, often preventingmutual comprehension. The claim that Siberian Tatar is part of the modern Tatar language is typically supported by linguists in Kazan and denounced by Siberian Tatars.[citation needed]
Crimean Tatar[e] is the indigenous language of theCrimean Tatar people. Because of its common name, CrimeanTatar is sometimes mistakenly seen in Russia as a dialect ofKazan Tatar. Although these languages are related (as both are Turkic), the Kypchak languages closest to Crimean Tatar are (as mentioned above)Kumyk andKarachay-Balkar, not Kazan Tatar. Still, there exists an opinion (E. R. Tenishev), according to which the Kazan Tatar language is included in the same Kipchak-Cuman group as Crimean Tatar.[52]
The areas of settlement of Tatars in Russia according to the National Population Census 2010Volga Tatars in traditional clothingFyodor Dostoevsky
In the 7th century AD, theVolga Bulgars settled on the territory of the Volga-Kama region, whereFinno-Ugrians lived compactly at that time. Bulgars inhabited part of the modern territory of Tatarstan,Udmurtia,Ulyanovsk region,Samara region andChuvashia. After the invasion ofBatu Khan in 1223–1236, theGolden Horde destroyed Volga Bulgaria. Most of the population of theBulgars survived and crossed to the right bank of the Volga, displacing theMountain Mari (cheremis) from the inhabited territories to the meadow side.[citation needed] In the year 1236, according to a Russian annalist: "there came from the countries of the East into the Bulgar lands the godless Tatars and sacked the good city of Bolgar and killed everyone from the old to the young and the tiniest suckling".[53] It is likely the first time that the nameTatar was used in connection with the region.[53]
Kazan was built by the Perekop fugitives fromTaurida during the reign ofVasily Vasilyevich inMoscow.Vasily Ivanovich forced her to take tsars from him for herself. And then, when she was indignant, he embarrassed her with the hardships of a dangerous war, but he did not conquer her. But in 7061 (1552), his sonIvan IV took the city of Kazan after a six-month siege together with theCheremis. However, in the form of a reward for the offense, he subdued neighboringBulgaria, which he could not stand for frequent rebellions.— The journey to Muscovy of Baron Augustine Mayerberg and Horace Wilhelm Calvucci, ambassadors of the August Roman Emperor Leopold to the Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich in 1661, described by Baron Mayerberg himself
Kazan Tatars are descendants of the Tatars of the Kazan Kingdom of the Kipchak Horde.— "Alphabetical list of peoples living in the Russian Empire in 1895"[1]
Kazan Tatars got their name from the main city of Kazan—and it is so called from the Tatar word Kazan, the cauldron, which was omitted by the servant of the founder of this city, Khan Altyn Bek, not on purpose, when he scooped water for his master to wash, in the river now called Kazanka. In other respects, according to their own legends, they were not of a special tribe, but descended from the fighters who remained here [in Kazan] on the settlement of different generations and from foreigners attracted to Kazan, but especiallyNogai Tatars, who all through their union into a single society formed a special people.
—Carl Wilhelm Müller. "Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state,.." Part Two. About the peoples of the Tatar tribe. S-P, 1776, Translated from German.[34]
—Johann Gottlieb Georgi. Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state : their everyday rituals, customs, clothes, dwellings, exercises, amusements, faiths and other memorabilia. Part 2 : About the peoples of the Tatar tribe and other undecided origin of the Northern Siberian.— 1799. page 8[35]
Also in Kazan there is a famous "Kaban Lake" similar to the name of the "Kuban River", which translates fromNogai as "overflowing".
The main now central Bauman Street that leads to the Kremlin is one of the oldest streets in Kazan. In the era of the Kazan Khanate, it was called the Nogai district. Nogai daruga is a conditional territory, the possessions of which are controlled by the Nogai Horde, they were run by foremen beki:
Alibai Murzagulov, in 1773 the foreman of the Nogaiskaya daruga (administrative territory – district)
Kinzya Arslanov foreman of the Bushmas-Kipchak parish of the Nogaiskaya daruga (administrative territory)
Yamansary Yapparov foreman of the Suun-Kypsak parish of the Nogaiskaya daruga (administrative territory)
The Tatar QueenSyuyumbike, who was the daughter of theNogai biya, also testifies to the Nogai roots of the Kazan Tatars. And this is also confirmed by the Khans of the Kazan Khanate:
Ulu-Muhammad Khan, son of Ichkile Hasan-oglan (1438–1445), former khan of theGolden Horde.
The large coat of arms of TsarIvan IV the Terrible testifies that the Tatars of the Kazan Khanate and the Bulgars of the Volga Bulgarian land are different peoples and territories with different coats of arms.
The majority of Volga Tatars (Kazan Tatars andMishars) are usually thought to be descendants of either theKipchaks (Polovtsians) of Golden Horde, orBulgars, that survived the Mongol conquest of 1236–1237. There were only minor groups of Kipchak tribes on the Bulgarian and Cheremis land, and there were very few of them on the territory of the future Kazan Khanate. But during the events of 1438–1445, associated with the formation of the Kazan Khanate, together with Khan Uluk-Muhammad, about 40 thousand Tatars arrived here at once. Subsequently, Tatars fromAstrakhan,Azov,Crimea,Akhtubinsk and other places moved to theKazan Khanate. The Arab historian Al-Omari (Shihabuddin al-Umari) wrote that, having joined the Golden Horde, the Cumans moved to the position of subjects. The Tatar-Mongols settled on the territory of the Polovtsian steppe and gradually mixed with the Polovtsians. Al-Omari concludes that after several generations, the Tatars began to look like Polovtsy: "as if from the same (with them) kind," because they began to live on their lands.
Tatarkhanates that emerged from the Golden Horde in the 15th century
A minority of Christianized Volga Tatars are known asKeräşens.
The Volga Tatars used the TurkicOld Tatar language for their literature between the 15th and 19th centuries. It was written in theİske imlâ variant of theArabic script, but actual spelling varied regionally. The older literary language included many Arabic and Persian loanwords. However, the modern literary language (generally written using aCyrillic alphabet), often has Russian- and other European-derived words instead.
The Astrakhan Tatars (around 80,000) are a group of Tatars, descendants of theAstrakhan Khanate's population, who live mostly inAstrakhan Oblast. In theRussian census of 2010 most Astrakhan Tatars declared themselves simply as "Tatars" and few declared themselves as "Astrakhan Tatars". Many Volga Tatars live in Astrakhan Oblast, and differences between the two groups have been disappearing.[citation needed]
The Lipka Tatars are a group ofTurkic-speaking Tatars who originally settled in theGrand Duchy of Lithuania at the beginning of the 14th century. The first settlers tried to preserve theirshamanistic religion and sought asylum amongst the non-Christian Lithuanians.[55] Towards the end of the 14th century Grand DukeVytautas the Great of Lithuania (ruled 1392–1430) invited another wave of Tatars—Muslims, this time—into the Grand Duchy. These Tatars first settled inLithuania proper aroundVilnius,Trakai,Hrodna andKaunas[55] and spread to other parts of the Grand Duchy that later became part of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569. These areas comprise parts of present-dayLithuania,Belarus andPoland. From the very beginning of their settlement in Lithuania they were known as the Lipka Tatars.
From the 13th to 17th centuries various groups of Tatars settled and/or found refuge within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Grand Dukes of Lithuania especially promoted the migrations because of the Tatars' reputation as skilled warriors. The Tatar settlers were all grantedszlachta (nobility) status, a tradition that survived until the end of the Commonwealth in the late 18th century. Such migrants included theLipka Tatars (13th–14th centuries) as well as Crimean andNogay Tatars (15th–16th centuries), all of which were notable in Polish military history, as well asVolga Tatars (16th–17th centuries). They all mostly settled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
At theBattle of Warsaw in 1656 Tatars fought with the Poles against the Swedes.
Various estimates of the Tatars in the Commonwealth in the 17th century place their numbers at about 15,000 persons and 60 villages with mosques. Numerous royal privileges, as well as internal autonomy granted by the monarchs, allowed the Tatars to preserve their religion, traditions, and culture over the centuries. The Tatars were allowed tointermarry with Christians, a practice uncommon in Europe at the time. TheMay Constitution of 1791 gave the Tatars representation in the PolishSejm (parliament).
Although by the 18th century the Tatars had adopted the local language, the Islamic religion and many Tatar traditions (e.g. the sacrifice of bulls in their mosques during the main religious festivals) survived. This led to the formation of a distinctiveMuslim culture, in which the elements of Muslim orthodoxy mixed with religious tolerance formed a relatively liberal society. For instance, the women in Lipka Tatar society traditionally had the same rights and status as men, and could attend non-segregated schools.
About 5,500 Tatars lived within the inter-war boundaries ofPoland (1920–1939), and a Tatar cavalry unit had fought for the country's independence. The Tatars had preserved their cultural identity and sustained a number of Tatar organisations, including Tatar archives and a museum in Vilnius.
The Tatars suffered serious losses duringWorld War II and furthermore, after theborder change in 1945, a large part of them found themselves in theSoviet Union. It is estimated that about 3,000 Tatars live in present-day Poland, of which about 500 declared Tatar (rather than Polish) nationality in the 2002 census.[citation needed] There are two Tatar villages (Bohoniki andKruszyniany) in the north-east of present-day Poland, as well as urban Tatar communities inWarsaw,Gdańsk,Białystok, andGorzów Wielkopolski. Tatars in Poland sometimes have a Muslim surname with a Polish ending:Ryzwanowicz; other surnames adopted by more assimilated Tatars areTatara orTataranowicz orTaterczyński, which literally mean "son of a Tatar".
The Tatars played a relatively prominent role for such a small community in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth military as well as in Polish and Lithuanian political and intellectual life.[citation needed] In modern-day Poland, their presence is also widely known, due in part to their noticeable role in the historical novels ofHenryk Sienkiewicz (1846–1916), which are universally recognized in Poland. A number of Polish intellectual figures have also been Tatars, e.g. the prominent historianJerzy Łojek.
A small community of Polish-speaking Tatars settled inBrooklyn,New York City, in the early 20th century. They established a mosque that remained in use as of 2017[update].[56]
Crimean Tatars are an indigenous people of Crimea. Their formation occurred during the 13th–17th centuries, primarily fromCumans that appeared in Crimea in the 10th century, with strong contributions from all the peoples who ever inhabited Crimea (Greeks,Scythians, andGoths).[57]
At the beginning of the 13th century, Crimea, where the majority of the population wereTurkic people Cumans, became a part of theGolden Horde. The Crimean Tatars mostly adopted Islam in the 14th century and thereafter Crimea became one of the centers of Islamic civilization in Eastern Europe. In the same century, trends towards separatism appeared in the Crimean Ulus of the Golden Horde. De facto independence of Crimea from the Golden Horde may be counted since the beginning of the reign in the peninsula ofkhanum (princess) Canike, daughter ofTokhtamysh, the powerful Khan of the Golden Horde, and wife ofEdigey, the founder of theNogai Horde. During her reign she strongly supportedHacı Giray in the struggle for the Crimean throne until her death in 1437. Following the death of Сanike, the situation of Hacı Giray in Crimea weakened and he was forced to leave Crimea for Lithuania.[58]
In 1441, an embassy from the representatives of several strong clans of Crimea, including the Golden Horde clans Shırın andBarın and the Cumanic clan Kıpçak, went to theGrand Duchy of Lithuania to invite Hacı Giray to rule in Crimea. He became the founder of theGiray dynasty, which ruled until the annexation of the Crimean Khanate by Russia in 1783.[59]Hacı I Giray was aJochid descendant ofGenghis Khan and of his grandsonBatu Khan of theGolden Horde. In 1502, during the reign of Hacı's sonMeñli I Giray, the Crimean Khanate defeated the "Great Horde" (the remnant of the Golden Horde) and capturedSarai. Meñli proclaimed himself theGreat Khan and overlord of neigboring khanates.[59][60] Afgter that, the Crimean Khanate was among the strongest powers in Eastern Europe until the beginning of the 18th century.[61] The Khanate was formally a vassal state of theOttoman Empire, with great autonomy after 1580.[62] As a Muslim state, the Crimean Khanate had to recognize the Ottoman caliph as the supreme ruler, in fact, the viceroy of God on earth. A major source of prosperity werefrequents raids into Eastern Europe for slaves.[63]
At the same time, the Nogai hordes, not having their own khan, were vassals of the Crimean Khan. TheTsardom of Russia and thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth[64][65] paid annual tribute to the khan (until1700[66] and1699, respectively). In 1711, whenPeter I of Russia went on a campaign with all his troops (80,000) to gain access to the Black Sea, he was surrounded by the army of the Crimean KhanDevlet II Giray, finding himself in a hopeless situation. And only the betrayal of the Ottoman vizierBaltacı Mehmet Pasha allowed Peter to get out of the encirclement of the Crimean Tatars.[67] When Devlet II Giray protested against the vizier's decision,[f] his response was: "You might know your Tatar affairs. The affairs of theSublime Porte are entrusted to me. You do not have the right to interfere in them."[68] TheTreaty of the Pruth was signed, and 10 years later, Russia declared itself an empire. In 1736, the Crimean KhanQaplan I Giray was summoned by the Turkish SultanAhmed III toPersia. Understanding that Russia could take advantage of the lack of troops in Crimea, Qaplan Giray wrote to the Sultan to think twice, but the Sultan was persistent. As it was expected by Qaplan Giray, in1736 the Russian army invaded Crimea, led byMünnich, devastated the peninsula, killed civilians and destroyed all major cities, occupied the capital,Bakhchisaray, and burnt theKhan's palace with all the archives and documents, and then left Crimea because of the epidemic that had begun in it. One year later the same was done by another Russian general—Peter Lacy.[59][69] Since then, the Crimean Khanate had not been able to recover, and its slow decline began. TheRusso-Turkish War of 1768 to 1774 resulted in the defeat of the Ottomans by the Russians, and according to theTreaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774) signed after the war, Crimea became independent and the Ottomans renounced their political right to protect the Crimean Khanate. After a period of political unrest in Crimea,Imperial Russia violated the treaty andannexed the Crimean Khanate in 1783.
Due to the oppression by the Russian administration, the Crimean Tatars were forced to immigrate to the Ottoman Empire. In total, from 1783 till the beginning of the 20th century, at least 800 thousand Tatars left Crimea. In 1917, the Crimean Tatars, in an effort to recreate their statehood, announced theCrimean People's Republic—the first democratic republic in the Muslim world, where all peoples were equal in rights. The head of the republic was the young politicianNoman Çelebicihan. However, a few months later theBolsheviks captured Crimea, and Çelebicihan was killed without trial and thrown into the Black Sea. Soon in Crimea, Soviet power was established.
Crimean Tatar musician
Through the fault of the Soviet government, which exported bread from Crimea to other regions of the country, in1921–1922, at least 76,000 Crimean Tatars died of starvation,[70] which became a disaster for such a small nation. In 1928, the first wave of repression against the Crimean Tatarintelligentsia was launched, in particular, the head of theCrimean ASSR,Veli İbraimov, was executed in a fabricated case. In 1938, the second wave of repression against the Crimean Tatar intelligentsia was started, during which many Crimean Tatar writers, scientists, poets, politicians, teachers were killed (Asan Sabri Ayvazov,Usein Bodaninsky,Seitdzhelil Hattatov [ru],Ilyas Tarhan [ru] and many others).[71][72][73][74] In May 1944, the USSR State Defense Committeeordered the total deportation of all the Crimean Tatars from Crimea. The deportees were transported incattle trains to Central Asia, primarily to Uzbekistan. During the deportation and in the first years of being in exile, 46% of Crimean Tatars died.[75] In 1956,Khrushchev exposedStalin's cult of personality and allowed deported peoples to return to their homeland. The exception was the Crimean Tatars. Since then, a powerful national movement of the Crimean Tatars, supported abroad and bySoviet dissidents, began, and in 1989 theSupreme Soviet of the Soviet Union was made to condemn thedeportation of Crimean Tatars from their motherland as inhumane and lawless. Crimean Tatars began to return to their homeland. Today, Crimean Tatars constitute approximately 12% of the population of Crimea. There is alarge diaspora inTurkey andUzbekistan, but most (especially in Turkey) of them do not consider themselves Crimean Tatars.[3] Still, there remains a diaspora inDobruja, where most of the Tatars keep identifying themselves as Crimean Tatars.
Steppe Crimean TatarsTat and Yaliboylu Crimean Tatars
Nowadays, the Crimean Tatars comprise three sub-ethnic groups:
theTats (not to be confused withTat people, living in the Caucasus region) who used to inhabit theCrimean Mountains before 1944
theYalıboylu who lived on the southern coast of the peninsula
theNoğays who used to live in the northern part of the Crimea
Some Crimean Tatars have lived in the territory of today'sRomania andBulgaria since the 13th century. In Romania, according to the 2002 census, 24,000 people declared their ethnicity as Tatar, most of them being Crimean Tatars living inConstanța County in the region of Dobruja. Most of the Crimean Tatars, living in Romania and Bulgaria nowadays, left the Crimean peninsula for Dobruja after theannexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire.
Dobrujan Tatars have been present in Romania since the 13th century.[76] The Tatars first reached the mouths of theDanube in the mid-13th century at the height of the power of theGolden Horde. In the 14th and 15th centuries theOttoman Empire colonizedDobruja withNogais fromBudjak. Between 1593 and 1595 Tatars from Nogai and Budjak were also settled to Dobruja. Toward the end of the 16th century, about 30,000 Nogai Tatars from the Budjak were brought toDobruja.[77] After theRussian annexation of Crimea in 1783Crimean Tatars began emigrating to the Ottoman coastal provinces of Dobruja (today divided between Romania and Bulgaria). Once in Dobruja most settled in the areas surroundingMecidiye,Babadag,Köstence,Tulça,Silistre,Beştepe, orVarna and went on to create villages named in honor of their abandoned homeland such as Şirin, Yayla, Akmecit, Yalta, Kefe or Beybucak. Tatars together with Albanians served asgendarmes, who were held in high esteem by the Ottomans and received special tax privileges. The Ottomans additionally accorded a certain degree of autonomy for the Tatars who were allowed governance by their ownkaymakam, Khan Mirza. TheGiray dynasty (1427–1878) multiplied in Dobruja and maintained their respected position. A Dobrujan Tatar, Kara Hussein, was responsible for the destruction of theJanissary corps on orders from Sultan Mahmut II.
They originated in the agglomerations of various indigenous North Asian groups which, in the region north of the Altay, reached some degree of culture between the 4th and 5th centuries, but were subdued and enslaved by the Mongols.[33]The2010 census recorded 6,779 Siberian Tatars in Russia. According to the 2002 census there are 500,000 Tatars in Siberia, but 400,000 of them areVolga Tatars who settled in Siberia during periods of colonization.[78]
^In Turkey, the census does not indicate the nationality, because all residents of Turkey are considered Turks, so it is impossible to name at least the approximate number of Turkish citizens, considering themselves as Crimean Tatars.
^Often spelledTartar in English to specify the pronunciation/ˈtɑː-/ and prevent misinterpretation as/teɪ-/. Tatar:татарлар,romanized: tatarlar,تاتارلر;Crimean Tatar:tatarlar;Old Turkic:𐱃𐱃𐰺,romanized: tatar)
^citing a letter to St Louis of Frances dated 1270 which makes the connection explicit, "In the present danger of the Tartars either we shall push them back into the Tartarus whence they are come, or they will bring us all into heaven."[38]
^The name originating from the name ofspruce–firTaiga forests in Russian language:черневая тайга
^also rarely calledCrimean language or even more rarelyCrimean Turkic
^He was claiming: "Such a strong and merciless enemy as Moscow, falling on its feet, fell into our hands. This is such a convenient case when, if we wish so, we can capture Russia from one side to the other, since I know for sure that the whole the strength of the Russian army is this army. Our task now is to pat the Russian army so that it cannot move anywhere from this place, and we will get to Moscow and bring the matter to the point that the Russian Tsar would be appointed by ourpadishah."[68]
^abcHenryk Jankowski."Crimean Tatars and Noghais in Turkey" // a slightly edited version of the paper with the same title that appeared inTürk Dilleri Arastirmalari [Studies on the Turkic Languages] 10 (2000): 113–131, distributed by Sanat Kitabevi, Ankara, Turkey. A Polish version of this paper was published in Rocznik Tatarów Polskich (Journal of Polish Tatars), vol. 6, 2000, 118–126.
^"Recensamant Romania 2002".Agentia Nationala pentru Intreprinderi Mici si Mijlocii (in Romanian). 2002. Archived fromthe original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved5 August 2007.
^塔塔尔族 [Tatar Nationality].rcenw.lzu.edu.cn (in Chinese). Center for Studies of Ethnic Minorities in Northwest China ofLanzhou University. Retrieved13 October 2025.塔塔尔族人口共有3544人（2021年），是我国人口较少的民族之一。
^"Tatars In Belarus".Radio Free Europe. 12 August 2010. Retrieved31 October 2021.
^Очир А. (2016).Монгольские этнонимы: вопросы происхождения и этнического состава монгольских народов(PDF). Элиста: КИГИ РАН.ISBN978-5-903833-93-1. quote (p. 160–161): "Ныне татарами называют этнические группы, имеющие монгольское и тюркское происхождение. Из них так называемые «девять татар» приняли участие в этнокультурном развитии монголов. Татары эти, как племя, сформировались, видимо, в период существования на территории Монголии Тюркского каганата (VI–VIII вв.); помимо монгольского компонента, в процессе этногенеза приняли участие и тюркские, о чем свидетельствует этнический состав татар. В этот период монголами управляли тюрки, которые со временем омонголились. [...] Что же касается сибирских татар и татар, проживающих на территории между Азией и Европой, то они являются выходцами из тюрок. Название татар они получили позднее и не имеют родовой связи с монгольскими («девятью татарами». — А.О.) татарами."
^Pow, Stephen (2019)."'Nationes que se Tartaros appellant': An Exploration of the Historical Problem of the Usage of the Ethnonyms Tatar and Mongol in Medieval Sources".Golden Horde Review.7 (3):545–567.doi:10.22378/2313-6197.2019-7-3.545-567. Archived fromthe original on 20 July 2021.quote (p 563): "Regarding the Volga Tatar people of today, it appears they took on the endonym of their Mongol conquerors when they overran the Dasht-i-Kipchak. It was preserved as the prevailing ethnonym in the subsequent synthesis of the Mongols and their more numerous Turkic subjects who ultimately subsumed their conquerors culturally and linguistically as al-Umari noted by the fourteenth century [32, p. 141]. I argue that the name 'Tatar' was adopted by the Turkic peoples in the region as a sign of having joined the Tatar conquerors – a practice which Friar Julian reported in the 1230s as the conquest unfolded. The name stands as a testament to the survivability and adaptability of both peoples and ethnonyms. It became, as Sh. Marjani stated, their 'proud Tatar name.'"
^Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (2015). Willem Floor (ed.).Travels through Northern Persia, 1770–1774. Translated by Willem Floor. Mage Publishers. p. 6.ISBN978-1-933823-15-7.Prior to 1920, the Russians used the term Tatar to denote the numerous Turkic speaking peoples in their Empire ranging from the Azeris in the Caucasus to tribal people in Siberia.
^George A. Bournoutian (2021).From the Kur to the Aras. A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813. Iran Studies, vol. 22. Brill. p. 18.ISBN978-90-04-44516-1.Until the Sovietization of the South Caucasus, Russian language sources refer to the Turkish-speaking Muslims of that region as 'Tatars,' while referring to the Ottomans as 'Turks'.
^Arik, Durmuş (1 April 2007). "Islam among the Chuvashes and its Role in the Change of Chuvash Ethnicity".Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs.27 (1):37–54.doi:10.1080/13602000701308814.ISSN1360-2004.Chuvashes who accepted Islam later on became imams, muezzins, teachers in madrasahs and the other religious employees. Many Chuvashes were influenced by Tatars who were strong representatives of Islam in the Volga-Urals region. This caused Chuvashes to define themselves as Tatars.
^Гаркавец А. Н. Кыпчакские языки. — Алма-Ата: Наука, 1987. — С. 18.
^Ушницкий В. В. Средневековые народы Центральной Азии (вопросы происхождения и этнической истории тюрко-монгольских племен). — Казань: Изд-во «Фэн» АН РТ, 2009. — С. 4. — 116 с. —ISBN978-5-9690-0112-1
^Maħmūd al-Kašğari. "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated byRobert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. InSources of Oriental Languages and Literature. Part I. (1982). pp. 82–83
^Akhatov G. "Tatar dialectology". Kazan, 1984. (Tatar language)
^Сравнительно-историческая грамматика тюркских языков. Региональные реконструкции/Отв. ред. Э.Р. Тенишев. – М. Наука. 2002. – 767 с. стр. 732, 736–737
^abBukharaev, Ravil (3 June 2014).Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons. Routledge. pp. 118–119.ISBN978-1-136-80793-0....but of the year 1236 the Russian annalist wrote with great sadness: 'In the autumn of 6744 (1236), there came from the countries of the East into the Bulgar lands the godless Tatars and sacked the good city of Bolgar and killed everyone from the old to the young and the tiniest suckling, and looted a lot of goods, and set the city on fire, and captured the whole of their land.'
^Amid Tatar Renaissance In Europe, An American Mosque Turns To Its Roots – "A Lipka Tatar—a Muslim ethnic group native to the Baltic region—Jakub Szynkiewicz was selected to be Poland's first mufti in 1925, around the time that his community's U.S. diaspora was moving into the very mosque in Brooklyn where his portrait still hangs."
^Klaus Roth, Asker Kartarı, (2017),Cultures of Crisis in Southeast Europe: Part 2: Crises Related to Natural Disasters, to Spaces and Places, and to Identities (19) (Ethnologia Balkanica), p. 223
^Robert Stănciugel and Liliana Monica Bălaşa,Dobrogea în Secolele VII–XIX. Evoluţie istorică, Bucharest, 2005, p.147
Karagöz, Erkan (2021).İdil-Ural (Tatar ve Başkurt) sihirli masalları üzerine karşılaştırmalı motif çalışması: Aktarma – motif tespiti (motif – İndex of Folk-Literature'a göre) – motif dizini (in Turkish). Vol. 1. Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı. pp. 143–586 (Tatar tales).ISBN978-975-17-4742-6.
1 Central Asian (i.e.Turkmeni,Afghani andIranian)Turkmens, distinct from Levantine (i.e.Iraqi andSyrian) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity.2 In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. formerOttoman territories).
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