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Taruma (Taruamá) is a nearly extinct, divergent language isolate of northeastern South America. It has been reported to be extinct several times since as far back as 1770, but Eithne Carlin discovered the last three speakers living inMaruranau among theWapishana, and is documenting the language.[2][3] The people and language are known asSaluma in Suriname.[4]
Taruma is a language isolate.[1] It has been proposed to be distantly related toKatembri (Kaufman 1990), but this relationship has not been repeated in recent surveys of South American languages (Campbell 2012).[5]
Taruma was spoken around the mouth of theRio Negro during the late 1600s, but the speakers later moved to southernGuyana. In the 1940s, theTaruma tribe were reported to no longer exist as a distinct group.[6][4] However, their presence has recently been confirmed in the Wapishana village ofMarunarau, where they are recognized as a distinct tribe.[7] Only one of the three knows Taruma well enough to produce "coherent texts", and the other two have "a much weaker knowledge" of Taruma.[8]
Similarities withChibchan (especially with the Magdalena and Dorasque-Changena subgroups) may be due to the former presence of Chibchan speakers in the Northeast Amazons.[9]: 327 Similarities with Tucanoan suggest that Taruma had originated in theCaquetá basin.[9]: 348
^Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.).The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166.ISBN9783110255133.
^Campbell, Lyle. 2018.Language Isolates. New York: Routledge.
Eithne B. Carlin (2011) "Nested Identities in the Southern Guyana Surinam Corner". In Hornborg & Hill (eds.)Ethnicity in Ancient Amazonia.
Eithne B. Carlin (2006) "Feeling the Need: The Borrowing of Cariban Functional Categories into Mawayana (Arawak)". In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.)Grammars in Contact: A Cross-Linguistic Typology, pp. 313–332. Oxford University Press.
† indicates anextinct language,italics indicates independent status of a language,bold indicates that a language family has at least 6 members, * indicates moribund status
