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Tarsiiformes

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Group of primates

For an explanation of very similar terms, seeOmomyiformes.

Tarsiiformes Temporal range:56–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Paleocene to Recent

Carlito syrichta
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Tarsiiformes Gregory, 1915^[1]
Families
See text sister:Simiiformes
Synonyms
†Omomyiformes (cladistically including theTarsiidae^[2])

Tarsiiformes/ˈtɑːrsi.ɪfɔːrmiːz/ are a group ofprimates that once ranged across Europe, northern Africa, Asia, and North America, but whoseextant species are all found in the islands ofSoutheast Asia.Tarsiers (family Tarsiidae) are the only living members of theinfraorder; other members of Tarsiidae include the extinctTarsius eocaenus from theEocene,^[3] andTarsius thailandicus from theMiocene.^[4] Two extinct genera,Xanthorhysis andAfrotarsius, are considered to be close relatives of the living tarsiers, and are generally classified within Tarsiiformes, with the former grouped within family Tarsiidae, and the latter listed asincertae sedis (undefined).^[3]Omomyids are generally considered to be extinct relatives, or even ancestors, of the living tarsiers, and are often classified within Tarsiiformes.

Otherfossil primates, includingMicrochoeridae,Carpolestidae,^[5] andEosimiidae,^[6] have been included in this classification, although the fossil evidence is debated. Eosimiidae has also been classified under the infraorderSimiiformes (withmonkeys andapes), and most experts now consider Eosimiidae to be stem^{[clarification needed]} simians.^[7]^[8] Likewise, Carpolestidae is often classified within the orderPlesiadapiformes, a very close, extinct relative of primates.^[9]

These conflicting classifications lie at the heart of the debate over early primate evolution. Even the placement of Tarsiiformes within suborderHaplorhini, as a sister group to the simians (monkeys and apes), is still debated.^[3]^[10]

Classification

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Main article:List of tarsiiformes

Generally accepted members of this infraorder include the living tarsiers,^[1] the extinct omomyids, two extinct fossil genera, and two extinct fossil species within the genusTarsius.^[3] Ashaplorhines, they are more closely related to monkeys and apes than to thestrepsirrhine primates, which includelemurs,galagos, andlorises.

OrderPrimates
- SuborderStrepsirrhini: lemurs, lorises, and galagos
- SuborderHaplorhini
  - InfraorderSimiiformes: monkeys and apes
  - Infraorder Tarsiiformes/Omomyiformes^{[N 1]}
    - †Archicebidae
    - FamilyTarsiidae: tarsiers
      - Genus †Afrotarsius^{[N 2]}
      - Genus †Xanthorhysis
      - GenusTarsius
      - GenusCephalopachus
      - GenusCarlito^{[N 3]}

Footnotes

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^Other extinct taxa that are thought to belong to Tarsiiformes but are yet unranked includeEkgmowechashala,Kohatius,Altanius, andAltiatlasius.^[3]
^Alternatively, this genus is sometimes listed in the family Afrotarsiidae within Tarsiiformes,^[5] or as a family within the infraorder Simiiformes.^[7]
^In 2010,Colin Groves and Myron Shekelle suggested splitting the living tarsiers into three genera:Tarsius,Cephalopachus, andCarlito.^[11]

References

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^^a ^bGroves, C. P. (2005)."Order Primates". InWilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.).Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.).Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 111–184.ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.OCLC 62265494.
^Morse, Paul E.; Chester, Stephen G. B.; Boyer, Doug M.; Smith, Thierry; Smith, Richard; Gigase, Paul; Bloch, Jonathan I. (2019-03-01)."New fossils, systematics, and biogeography of the oldest known crown primate Teilhardina from the earliest Eocene of Asia, Europe, and North America".Journal of Human Evolution.128:103–131.doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.08.005.ISSN 0047-2484.PMID 30497682.S2CID 54167483.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eGunnell, G.; Rose, K. (2002). "Tarsiiformes: Evolutionary History and Adaptation". In Hartwig, W.C. (ed.).The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press.Bibcode:2002prfr.book.....H.ISBN 978-0-521-66315-1.
^Nowak, R.M. (1999).Walker's Mammals of the World (6th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 94–97.ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.
^^a ^bMcKenna, M.C., and Bell, S.K. 1997.Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 337–340 pp.ISBN 0-231-11013-8
^Simons, E.L. (2003). "The Fossil Record of Tarsier Evolution". In Wright, P.C.; Simons, E.L.; Gursky, S. (eds.).Tarsiers: past, present, and future. Rutgers University Press.ISBN 978-0-8135-3236-3.
^^a ^bBeard, C. (2002). "Basal Anthropoids". In Hartwig, W.C. (ed.).The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press.Bibcode:2002prfr.book.....H.ISBN 978-0-521-66315-1.
^Williams, Blythe A; Kay, Richard F; Kirk, E Christopher (January 2010). Walker, Alan (ed.)."New perspectives on anthropoid origins".PNAS.107 (11):4797–4804.Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.4797W.doi:10.1073/pnas.0908320107.PMC 2841917.PMID 20212104.
^Fleagle, J. G. 2013.Primate Adaptation and Evolution. San Diego, Academic Press.
^Ankel-Simons, F. (2007).Primate Anatomy (3rd ed.). Academic Press. p. 96.ISBN 978-0-12-372576-9.
^Groves, C.; Shekelle, M. (2010). "The Genera and Species of Tarsiidae".International Journal of Primatology.31 (6):1071–1082.doi:10.1007/s10764-010-9443-1.S2CID 21220811.

Wikispecies has information related toTarsiiformes.

Haplorhini

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Primates

Haplorhini

†"Omomyidae"

Altanius? Altiatlasius? Bownomomys Kohatius
Microchoerinae	Indusomys Melaneremia Microchoerus Nannopithex Necrolemur Paraloris Pseudoloris Quercyloris Vectipithex
"Anaptomorphinae"	Absarokius Anaptomorphus Anemorhysis Arapahovius Aycrossia Chlororhysis Gazinius Pseudotetonius Sphacorhysis Strigorhysis Tatmanius Teilhardina Tetonius Tetonoides Trogolemur Walshina
"Omomyinae"	Ageitodendron Asiomomys Brontomomys Chipetaia Chumashius Diablomomys Dyseolemur Ekwiiyemakius Gunnelltarsius Hemiacodon Jemezius Loveina Macrotarsius Nesomomys Omomys Ourayia Rooneyia Shoshonius Steinius Stockia Uintanius Utahia Washakius Wyomomys Yaquius
Tarkadectinae	Tarka Tarkadectes Tarkops

Tarsiiformes

†Archicebus †Afrotarsiidae? †"Omomyidae"?
Tarsiidae	Carlito Cephalopachus †Hesperotarsius †Oligotarsius Tarsius †Xanthorhysis?

Simiiformes

- see below↓

Simiiformes

†Afrotarsiidae?

Afrasia
Afrotarsius

†Eosimiidae

†Amphipithecidae

†Parapithecoidea

Arsinoea Biretia
Proteopithecidae	Proteopithecus Serapia
Parapithecidae	Abuqatrania Apidium Parapithecus Qatrania Ucayalipithecus

Platyrrhini

†Parvimico †Perupithecus †Szalatavus †Canaanimico †Branisella †Lagonimico
Aotidae	Aotus †Tremacebus
Pitheciidae	†Antillothrix Cacajao Callicebus †Carlocebus †Cebupithecia Cheracebus Chiropotes †Homunculus †Insulacebus †Mazzonicebus †Miocallicebus †Nuciruptor Pithecia Plecturocebus †Proteropithecia †Soriacebus †Xenothrix
Atelidae	Alouatta Ateles Brachyteles †Caipora †Cartelles †Chilecebus Lagothrix †Mohanamico Oreonax †Paralouatta †Protopithecus †Solimoea †Stirtonia
Cebidae	†Acrecebus Cebus †Dolichocebus †Killikaike †Panamacebus †Patasola Saimiri Sapajus
Callitrichidae	Callimico Callithrix Cebuella Leontocebus Leontopithecus Mico †Micodon Saguinus

Catarrhini	see below↓

Catarrhini

†Micropithecus
†Saadanius

†Oligopithecidae

†Propliopithecidae

†Pliopithecoidea

Krishnapithecus Paidopithex †Kapi
Pliopithecidae	Epipliopithecus Pliopithecus
Dionysopithecidae	Dionysopithecus Platodontopithecus
Crouzeliidae	Anapithecus Barberapithecus Crouzelia Egarapithecus Fanchangia Laccopithecus Plesiopliopithecus Pliobates

Cercopithecoidea

†Alophe

†Victoriapithecidae

Colobinae

Cercopithecinae

Cercopithecini	Allenopithecus Allochrocebus Cercopithecus Chlorocebus Erythrocebus Miopithecus †Nanopithecus
Papionini	Cercocebus †Dinopithecus †Gorgopithecus Lophocebus Macaca Mandrillus Papio †Paradolichopithecus †Parapapio †Pliopapio †Procercocebus †Procynocephalus Rungwecebus †Soromandrillus Theropithecus

Hominoidea	see below↓

Hominoidea

†Afropithecus †Ekembo †Equatorius †Griphopithecus †Kamoyapithecus? †Kenyapithecus †Morotopithecus †Nacholapithecus †Otavipithecus †Proconsul †Samburupithecus
†Dendropithecidae	Dendropithecus Micropithecus? Nyanzapithecus Oreopithecus? Rangwapithecus Rukwapithecus Simiolus Turkanapithecus
Hylobatidae	†Bunopithecus Hoolock Hylobates †Junzi Nomascus Symphalangus †Yuanmoupithecus

Hominidae

†Buronius †Graecopithecus †Nakalipithecus †Ouranopithecus
Ponginae	†Ankarapithecus †Gigantopithecus †Indopithecus †Khoratpithecus †Lufengpithecus †Meganthropus Pongo †Sivapithecus

Pan
Hominina	†Ardipithecus? †Australopithecus †Graecopithecus? Homo †Kenyanthropus †Orrorin? †Sahelanthropus? †Paranthropus

Taxon identifiers
Tarsiiformes	Wikidata:Q2703853 Wikispecies:Tarsiiformes CoL:4QB ITIS:943779 MSW:12100164 NCBI:376912 Paleobiology Database:40792 Paleobiology Database:95856

Authority control databases: National	Germany

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