Daosheng (Chinese:道生;pinyin:Dàoshēng;Wade–Giles:Tao Sheng; c. 360–434), orZhu Daosheng (Chinese:竺道生;Wade–Giles:Chu Tao-sheng), was an eminentSix Dynasties eraChinese Buddhist scholar. He is known for advocating the concepts ofsudden enlightenment and the universality of the Buddha nature.[1][2]
Born inPengcheng, Daosheng left home to become a monk at eleven.[3] He studied inJiankang underZhu Fatai, and later atLushan (Mount Lu) monastery withHuiyuan, and from 405 or 406 underKumarajiva inChang'an, where he stayed for some two years perfecting his education. He became one of the foremost scholars of his time, counted among the "fifteen great disciples" of Kumarajiva.[4]
Sengzhao reports that Daosheng assisted Kumarajiva in his translation of theLotus Sutra, Daosheng wrote commentaries on the Lotus Sutra, theVimalakirti-nirdesa Sutra and theAstasahasrika-prajnaparamita Sutra (the last of which has been lost).[5] In 408, he returned to Lushan, and in 409 back to Jiankang, where he remained for some twenty years, staying at the Qingyuan Monastery (青园寺) from 419.
Daosheng controversially ascribedBuddha-nature to theicchantikas, based on his reading on a short version of theMahaparinirvana Sutra, which in that short form appears to deny the Buddha-nature to icchantikas; the long version of theNirvana Sutra, however (not yet known to Daosheng), explicitly includes the icchantikas in the universality of the Buddha-nature.[6][7][8] Daosheng's bold doctrine of including icchantikas within the purview of the Buddha-nature, even before that explicit teaching had actually been found in the longNirvana Sutra, led to the expulsion of Daosheng from the Buddhist community in 428 or 429, and he retreated to Lushan in 430.[9]
With the availability of the longNirvana Sutra after 430, through the translation ofDharmakshema, Daosheng was vindicated and praised for his insight.[10] He remained in Lushan, composing his commentary on the Lotus Sutra in 432, until his death in 434.
Daosheng's exegesis of the Nirvana Sutra had an enormous influence on interpretations of the Buddha-nature in Chinese Buddhism that prepared the ground for theChán school emerging in the 6th century.
