Tantura الطنطورة al-Tantura | |
|---|---|
.png) Tantura (c.1920-1933) during the British Mandate | |
| Etymology: "The Peak"[1] | |
.jpg) 1870s map.jpg) 1940s map.jpg) modern map.jpg) 1940s with modern overlay mapA series of historical maps of the area around Tantura (click the buttons) | |
  Tantura Location withinMandatory Palestine | |
| Coordinates:32°36′34″N34°55′04″E / 32.60944°N 34.91778°E /32.60944; 34.91778 | |
| Palestine grid | 142/224 |
| Geopolitical entity | Mandatory Palestine |
| Subdistrict | Haifa |
| Date of depopulation | 23 May 1948[3] |
| Area | |
• Total | 14,250dunams (14.25 km2; 5.50 sq mi) |
| Population (1945) | |
• Total | 1,490[2] |
| Cause(s) of depopulation | Expulsion byYishuv forces |
| Current Localities | Nahsholim,[4]Dor[5] |
Tantura (Arabic:الطنطورة,al-Tantura, lit.The Peak;Hebrew andPhoenician: דור,Dor)[6] was aPalestinian Arab fishing village located 8 kilometers (5 mi) northwest ofZikhron Ya'akov[7] on theMediterranean coast ofMandatory Palestine. Near the village lie the ruins of the ancientPhoenician city ofDor.[8]
The village stood on a low limestone hill overlooking the shoreline of two small bays.[9] The water was supplied from a well in the eastern part of the village.[9] The al-Bab gate was in the southeast of the village. The Roman ruins were on the coast to the north with the hill of Umm Rashid to the south.[10] In 1945 it had a population of 1,490.
The village was targeted in the early stages of the1948 Arab–Israeli War, with its houses looted and its Arab Palestinian inhabitants expelled and others massacred by thePalmach undergroundAlexandroni Brigade. TheTantura massacre was first documented by a Palestinian politician in 1951, decades before a 2022 Israeli documentary revealed testimony from several IDF veterans affirming that a massacre, involving somewhere between several to 200 Palestinian victims, had taken place.[11]
Dor was the most southern settlement of thePhoenicians on the coast ofSyria and a center for the manufacture ofTyrian purple, extracted from themurex snail found there in abundance.[8] Dor is first mentioned in theEgyptianStory of Wenamun, as a port ruled by theTjeker princeBeder, whereWenamun (a priest ofAmun atKarnak) stopped on his way toByblos and was robbed.[12]
According to theBook of Joshua, Dor was an ancient royal city of theCanaanites commanding the heights, whose king became an ally ofJabin ofHazor in the conflict withJoshua (Jos 11:1-2; Jos 12:23). Dor is also mentioned in theBook of Judges as a Canaanite city whose inhabitants were put to 'taskwork' when the area was allotted to the tribe ofManasseh (Judges 1:27–28). In theBook of Kings, Dor was said to be incorporated intoDavid'sIsraelite kingdom. In the 10th century BCE, it became the capital of theHeights of Dor underSolomon, and was governed by his son-in-law,Ben-abinadab[12] as one of Solomon's commissariat districts (1 Kings 4:11).[13]
Josephus Flavius in hisAntiquities of the Jews (14:333) describes Dor as an unsatisfactory port where goods had to be transported bylighters from ships at sea. Dora was the city whereAntiochus, ruler of theHellenisticSeleucid Empire with the aid ofSimon Maccabaeus, laid siege to the usurperTrypho.[14] DuringPompey's invasion ofJudea, Dora was razed, along with all the coastal towns, only to be rebuilt underGabinius's direction.[15]
Dor was an important salt production site, as attested to by pools and channels dug along the coast.[16]
By the mid-3rd century CE, the city had deteriorated to little more than a fishing village.[17]
The importance of Dor/Dora rose again from the 4th to the7th century CE, becoming by the5th century the center of abishopric. Several bishops of Dora of that period are mentioned in Christian church records.[18] The settlement migrated off the ancient tel to the area east of it, centering on thechurch complex, which served as a way-station forpilgrims traveling to the holy places.[17] In 1950–52 a church was excavated by J. Leibowitz, in 1979–1983 by C. Dauphin, and 1994 by S. Gibson and Dauphin.[17]
Underwater exploration of aByzantine wreck salvaged a medium-size boat constructed with iron nails.[19] Based on coins recovered from the site, the boat dates to c. 665 CE, a decade after the Muslim conquest.[19] Artifacts include several objects testifying to the practice of light-fishing.[19]
The village of Tantura, further south, was probably established after the church was abandoned in the Early Islamic period.[17] 34 apparently Muslim graves, dating from the 8th to the14th century, have been excavated from the area of theruinedByzantine church.[20]
In theMiddle Ages, a small fort surrounded by amoat was built on the southwestern promontory of thetell, overlooking the entrance to the southern bay. Dor has been identified with theCrusader principality of Merle, although excavations at the site, known in Arabic as Khirbet el-Burj, indicate that themoat was dug later, in the13th century.[17] The fort was in the possession of theKnights Templar until 1187, when it was conquered by SultanSaladin after theBattle of Hattin. The Templars retook it shortly afterwards, at the latest during theThird Crusade. In the autumn of 1191,Richard the Lionheart rested there with his army as he waited for the Acre fleet. Eventually, the fort was controlled by theMamluks along with theChâteau Pèlerin by 1291 or earlier.
There are records of several 14th and15th centuryLatin bishops of thesee,[18] which under the name Dora is still atitular see of theCatholic Church.[21]
Tantura rose in importance in the mid-18th century with the increased demand for cotton in Europe.Zahir al-Umar carried out a policy of expansion of trade, increasing the capacity of the port at Tantura, as well as those ofHaifa andAcre.[22]
Tantura was visited in 1738 byRichard Pococke, who called it "Tortura." He wrote that it was a small village with a port to the south for large boats.[23]
In 1799 whenNapoleon Bonapartebesieged Acre, he used the anchorage at Tantura as a supply depot. Napoleon camped at Tantura on May 21, 1799, and a garrison was stationed there for the remainder of the French campaign.[24] Napoleon's officer Lambert, who had been sent to investigate the port, reported that it had a population of about 2,000, who seemed sympathetic to the French.[24] After the failure of his campaign, his troops retreated to Tantura, where he hoped to evacuate by sea, but his navy failed to appear. To free up horses for carrying the wounded, he ordered heavy ordnance dumped in the bay. Artillery pieces, muskets and ammunition have been found in underwater surveys around Dor.[17] It appeared as the villageTantourah on the map thatPierre Jacotin compiled duringthis campaign.[25]
The British travellerJames Silk Buckingham, who visited in 1816, described al-Tantura as a small village with a small port and akhan (caravanserai).[26] Mary Rogers, sister of the British vice-consul in Haifa, reported that in 1855 there were 30–40 houses in the village, with cattle and goats as the chief source of income.[27]
In 1859,William McClure Thomson described Tantura/Dor in his travelogue:
'Tantura merits very little attention. It is a sad and sickly hamlet of wretched huts on a naked sea-beach, with a marshy flat between it and the base of the eastern hills. The sheikh's residence and the public menzûl for travellers are the only respectable houses, Dor never could have been a large city, for there are no remains. The artificial tell, with a fragment of the Kùsr standing like a column upon it, was probably the most ancient site. In front of the present village and five small islets, by the aid of which an artificial harbour could easily be constructed. The entrance to which would be by the inlet at the foot of the Kùsr; and should "Dor and her towns" ever rise again into wealth and importance such a harbour will assuredly be made'.[28]
WhenVictor Guérin visited in 1870, he found the village to have twelve hundred inhabitants, and further noted that the village itself was built largely with materials taken from the ancient city of Dor.[29]
In 1882, in thePEF'sSurvey of Western Palestine, Tantura was described as a village on the coast with a harbour located to the north, and a square, stone building used as a guest house for travellers (probably thekhan referred to by Buckingham). The population was engaged in agriculture and conducted a small trade withJaffa.[30]
In 1884 Mordechai Bonstein, a Russian Jewish farmer pioneer fromRosh Pinna, moved to Tantura to farm a tract of land owned by BaronEdmond de Rothschild. Bonstein, his wife Haya, and their nine children were the only Jews in the village. The farm was successful and the family maintained good relations with their Arab neighbours.[31]
A population list from about 1887 showed thatTanturah had about 770 inhabitants, all Muslim.[32] A boys' elementary school was built in Tantura in 1889.[33]
In 1891, Baron Rothschild financed the development of a bottle factory in Tantura,[34] as he planned to use the fine sand on the shore to manufacture glass bottles for the fledgling wine industry inZikhron Ya'akov.[7] A building was constructed under the supervision ofMeir Dizengoff, a French glass specialist was brought in, dozens of workers were hired, and three ships were purchased to transport raw material and bottles. But, he abandoned the factory in 1895 after a string of failures.[7]
In 1898, German EmperorWilhelm II visited the ruins of the crusader castle.
According to theBritish Mandate's1922 census of Palestine, al-Tantura had a population of 750 inhabitants; 749 Muslims and 1 Roman Catholic Christian,[35][36] increasing in the1931 census to 953; 944 Muslims, 8 Christians and 1 Jew.[37] During this period Tantura's houses, situated along the beach, were constructed from stone. In addition to the boys' school, a girls' school was founded in 1937-38.[33] There were two Islamic holy sites in the village, including amaqam (shrine) dedicated to an Abd ar-Rahman Sa'd ad-Din.[38]
During the British Mandate, the fish catch increased from six tons in 1928 to 1,622 tons in 1944. The major agricultural products were grain, vegetables, and fruit. In 1944/45 a total of 26 dunams was devoted to citrus and bananas, 6,593 to cereals and 287 dunams to orchards, mainly olives.[33][39]
InSami Hadawi's land and population survey in1945, the town had a population 1,490; 20 Christians and 1,470 Muslims,[2] and a total land area of 14,250dunams.[40] Of this, Arabs used 26 dunums for citrus and bananas, 6,593 tocereals; 287 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,[39] while a total of 123 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[41]
Palestine Railways main line fromHaifa toKantara viaLydda had a station serving Tantura. In March 1954 the railroad department at theMinistry of Transportation renamed the station intoDor. Up to 1956, theIsrael Railways timetable listed the station asDor (Tantura); from 1957 onwards, only the nameDor was posted. In 1977 the railway station was abolished.[42]
In 1948, al-Tantura was within the area designated by theUnited Nations in thePartition Plan for a Jewish state. Some of the inhabitants were civil servants, working as policemen, customs officials and clerks at the Haifa Magistrates court. A paved road led to the Haifa Highway. The village was one of the most developed in the region.[9] Some residents of Tantura had been involved in the armedArab Revolt against the British, and three were killed in a skirmish with the British near the village. At the beginning of the1948 Palestine war, the wealthier families fled toHaifa. Approximately 1,200 remained in the village, continuing to tend their fields, orchards, and ply their trade as fishermen.[9]
Tantura was part of an Arab enclave cutting off the road from Tel Aviv to Haifa.[17] Following attacks by local Arab villages on Jewish traffic from Tel Aviv to Haifa,[43] on May 9, 1948, theHaganah leadership decided to "expel or subdue" the villages ofKafr Saba,al-Tira,Qaqun,Qalansuwa and Tantura.[44] On May 11,David Ben-Gurion advised the Haganah to "focus on its primary task", which according to theNew Historian,Ilan Pappe, was thebi'ur (lit. cleansing) of Palestine.[45] According to Tiroshi Eitan (a local commander), the people of Tantura were ready to surrender in early May but not prepared to relinquish their arms.[46]
Morale among Tantura's Arab residents was low after thefall of Haifa. In early May, the population was reportedly ready to surrender if attacked or given an ultimatum, but was not to give up their weapons, and some residents began fleeing after an incident in which a local man murdered a Jew and was in turn killed. Many villagers fled toTyre by boat. Perhaps heartened by the arrival of Arab forces in Israel/Palestine in mid-May, Tantura's villagers and those of surrounding towns decided to remain and fight. The inhabitants subsequently began to prepare defensive fortifications and lay mines.[47]
On the night of May 22–23, theAlexandroni Brigade's 33rd battalion launched an attack, employing heavy machine gun fire, followed by an infantry attack from all landward sides with an Israeli naval vessel blocking any chance of escape to the sea. Although the villagers put up serious resistance, the village fell to the Brigade by 0800hrs on May 23.[48] Israeli historianIlan Pappé wrote that in addition to executions, a number of villagers were killed in "a killing spree inside the houses and in the streets."[49] The number of those killed is unknown, with estimates ranging from "dozens" to 200+.[50][51][52][a][b][c]
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Most of the villagers were expelled to the nearby town ofFureidis and territory protected by theArab League in theTriangle region near to what was to become theGreen Line.[53] Women and children were taken to Fureidis, which had already surrendered.[48] On May 31, 1948,Bechor Shitrit, Minister of Minority Affairs of theProvisional government of Israel, sought permission to expel them due to overcrowding, lack of sanitation, and the risk of information being passed to unconquered villages. Haganah intelligence also pressured Ben-Gurion to expel them as they were giving intelligence to nearby unconquered Arab villages and due to problems with sanitation and overcrowding. It is unknown whether Ben-Gurion replied or not, but on 18 June most of the Tantura women and children were expelled toTulkarm. Some women and children, probably those with male relatives still in Israeli detention, were allowed to remain in Fureidis.[48][54] A Ministry official, Ya'akov Epstein ofZikhron Ya'akov, who visited Tantura shortly after the operation, reported seeing bodies, but said nothing of a massacre. In 1998, Yahya Al Yahya published a book on Tantura recording the names of 52 dead.[55] The occupation of the village was followed by looting. Some of the items recovered by the Haganah included 'one carpet, one gramophone ... one basket with cucumbers ... one goat'.[48]
The maleprisoners of war were held in the Zichron Ya'akov police station.[56]
After the war, thekibbutz ofNahsholim and themoshav ofDor were built on land on the outskirts of al-Tantura.[53] Jewish settlers initially moved into the abandonedArab houses in the village but left after building more suitable housing further down the coast. According to local legend, when bulldozers tried to knock down the localMaqam (shrine) of Sheikh al-Majrami, the blades of the bulldozers broke.[57] Kibbutz Nahsholim was established by Polish and American immigrants just southeast of the ancient tell in June 1948 while moshav Dor was established by Jewish immigrants fromGreece along the southernmost bay in 1949.[17] Kibbutz Nahsholim grows bananas, avocado and cotton, and raises fish in ponds. A plastics factory manufactures irrigation equipment. It also operates a beach resort.[58]
Many shipwrecks from several periods have been discovered in the waters off Dor.[19]
A 9th-century wreck known asTantura B, most likely an Arab trading vessel, was discovered in shallow water off the Tantura coast.[59] Excavations were conducted from 1994 to 1996 by the Institute for Nautical Archaeology (Texas A&M University) and theUniversity of Haifa's Center for Maritime Studies under the direction of Shelley Waschsmann and Yaakov Kahanov.[60] The Tantura B hull was found resting on top of another shipwreck dating to the Roman period. Excavations at Tel Dor in 1986 unearthed an intactpurple dye manufacturing installation, based on dye extracted frommurex marine snails.[61]
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