| Tang Sanzang | |
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 Depiction of Tang Sanzang | |
| First appearance | Journey to the West |
| Created by | Wu Cheng'en |
| Based on | Xuanzang |
| In-universe information | |
| Alias | Tripitaka Tang Seng |
| Species | Human |
| Gender | Male |
| Title | Buddha of Sandalwood Merit |
| Occupation | Buddhist monk |
| Affiliation | Sangha |
| Religion | Mahayana Buddhism |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Tang Sanzang | |||||||||||||||||
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 The four heroes ofJourney to the West, Tang Sanzang on the second from the left, riding on Yulong. Painted decoration in the Long Corridor at the Summer Palace in Beijing, China | |||||||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 唐三藏 | ||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | three collections | ||||||||||||||||
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| Xuanzang | |||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 玄奘 | ||||||||||||||||
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| Tripitaka | |||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 三藏經 | ||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 三藏经 | ||||||||||||||||
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| Tang Seng | |||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 唐僧 | ||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Tang Monk | ||||||||||||||||
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| Buddha of Sandalwood Merit | |||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 旃檀功德佛 | ||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Buddha of Sandalwood Merit | ||||||||||||||||
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| River Float | |||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 江流 | ||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | River Float | ||||||||||||||||
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| Japanese name | |||||||||||||||||
| Kanji | 玄奘三蔵 | ||||||||||||||||
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| Sanskrit name | |||||||||||||||||
| Sanskrit | Tripiṭaka | ||||||||||||||||
Tang Sanzang is aBuddhist monk and pilgrim who is a central character in the 16th century novelJourney to the West byWu Cheng'en. Tang Sanzang is based on the historicalTang dynasty monkXuanzang.
Tang Sanzang's birth surname name wasChen (陳), but having been found in a river as a baby—he was abandoned after birth—he was given the nameJiāng Liú (江流; thisgiven name literally meaning "River Float", a nod to the fact that he was found in a river). When he first became a monk, hisDharma name isXuánzàng (玄奘; literally meaning "Great Mystery"). Later, uponswearing brotherhood with theTang Emperor, he gains the newsurname,Tang (唐), and for the pilgrimage, he is called by the new given-name/epithet,Sānzàng (三藏, lit. The "Three Baskets"; referring to theTripiṭaka), but is also widely known by hiscourtesy nameTang Seng (唐僧, lit. the "Tang Monk").
The titleSānzàng refers to his mission to seek theSanzangjing, or the "Three Collections of (BuddhistGreat vehicle) Scriptures". In some English translations ofJourney to the West, the title is rendered asTripitaka which is the original Sanskrit term for theSanzangjing. His name Tang Sanzang reflects his status as an oath brother ofEmperor Taizong of theTang dynasty.[1][2][3]
The monk's title Sanzang refers to his mission to seek theTripitaka, which is theSanskrit name for collections of ancient Buddhist scriptures. In most English translations ofJourney to the West, including the authoritative translation by Anthony Yu, his name is rendered as Tripitaka. In the novel, he takes the name Tang after becoming an oath brother ofEmperor Taizong of theTang dynasty.[2][3]
Tang Sanzang is aBuddhist monk who is areincarnation of Golden Cicada (Chinese:金蟬子), a disciple of theBuddha.[3] Tang Sanzang's original family name was Chen, the posthumous son of Palace Graduate Chen Guangrui and Yin Wenjiao, the daughter of chief minister Yin Kaishen. After being awarded the first place in a national examination, Chen Guangrui was appointed Prefect ofJiangzhou (modern Jiujiang). While on his way to take office, he was murdered by a ferryman named Liu Hong, who also abducts his wife and takes his place as Prefect. When Chen's son is born, Yin Wenjiao puts the baby on a wooden board and sets him floating adrift down theYangzi River, out of fear of him being killed by Liu Hong. The baby reaches Gold Mountain Monastery and is found by the Abbot, who gives him the nickname "Jiāngliú" (江流, lit. "River Float").[3] The abbot sees that River Float is taken care of, and when he grows up and becomes a Buddhist novice, he gives him theDharma name Xuanzang. When Xuanzang turns 18, he is reunited with his father, whose body was saved from death by the Dragon King of River Hong; together they look for Lady Yin and bring Liu Hong to justice.
He is sent by the Emperor Taizong on a mission toTianzhu (an ancient Chinese name forIndia) to fetch a set ofMahayana Buddhist scriptures back to China for the purpose of spreading Buddhism in his native land. He becomes sworn brothers with the Emperor of the Tang dynasty, and the emperor sees him off from the capitalChang'an with two escorts to accompany him. This contrasts with the historical Xuanzang, who disobeyed the Emperor's orders against foreign travel and did not have his permission.
Tang Sanzang is helpless at defending himself and his two escorts are killed during his first encounter with demons after his departure from Chang'an. ThebodhisattvaGuanyin helps Tang Sanzang find three powerful supernatural beings—Sun Wukong,Zhu Bajie andSha Wujing (a monkey, pig and fish spirit, respectively)—to aid and protect him on his journey. The three become Tang Sanzang's disciples and receive enlightenment and redemption for their past sins once the pilgrimage is complete.
Along the journey, Tang Sanzang is constantly terrorised by monsters and demons due to a legend which says that one can attain immortality by consuming his flesh because he is a reincarnation of a holy being. One of his disciples is caught by a monster,[4] and the other falls into the Tongtian River,[5] also known as the River of Communion with Heaven.[6] On the other hand, there are several attempts on marrying him made by demons such as theScorpion Demoness and theGolden-Nosed Albino Rat Spirit.
At the end of the novel, Tang Sanzang is appointed as the Buddha of Sandalwood Merit.[2][3] This is a nod to the fact that, in Buddhism,sandalwood (and, by extension, sandalwood incense) is seen as having the power to distil purity by burning-away negative spiritual impurities; Tang Sanzang, as Golden Cicada, had dismissed the Buddha's teachings and-so was sentenced to re-incarnate as a Buddhist ten consecutive times to distil himself spiritually, expelling spiritual impurities until only purity was left, ultimately achieving Buddhahood, making him the "Buddha of Sandalwood Merit".[7]
Tang Sanzang is modeled after the historicalTang dynastyBuddhist monkXuanzang, whose life was the book's inspiration; the real Xuanzang made a perilous journey on foot from China to India (and back) to obtain Buddhistsutras.[3]
In contrast to the historical Xuanzang, a wise and learned scholar (he was in his late 20s when he left for India), the fictional Tang Sanzang is presented as a young monk who is extremely naive, showing idealistic compassion without wisdom. Tang Sanzang is usually quick to fall for the facades of demons who have disguised themselves as innocent humans, as he cannot recognize them, whereasSun Wukong can. This frequently leads to tension when Sun Wukong tries to protect him from such threats. One such popular instance was when theWhite Bone Demon disguised three times as family members—first, a young woman. After Wukong "killed" the woman, the demon escaped, but Wukong was punished by Tang Sanzang for it. The second was the young woman's elderly mother, looking for her daughter. The third was the young woman's elderly father, searching for his wife and child. Upon the "death" of the father by Wukong's hands, Wukong finally killed the demon before she got away. Tang Sanzang, convinced that Wukong had actually killed three innocent people, sent him away, despite protests. Tang Sanzang usually punishes him by chanting the words of theTight-Fillet Spell (Chinese:緊箍咒) given to Tang Sanzang by the bodhisattva Guanyin to control Wukong, which causes the latter's headband to contract and give him acute headaches.
Like Sun Wukong, Tang Sanzang is often described as a god of protection.Ksitigarbha, a highly revered bodhisattva inEast Asian Buddhism, is occasionally mistaken for Tang Sanzang because the former is often portrayed like Tang Sanzang - dressed in a similarly patternedkasaya robe, wearing a Buddhist crown (anUshnisha or aBlack Crown), and wielding akhakkhara staff.[2][3] In some depictions or media sometimes Sanzang is depicted as a female monk or nun but this is mostly in Japan.
