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| String instrument | |
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| Classification | Plucked |
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Tamburica (/tæmˈbʊərɪtsə/tam-BOOR-it-sə or/ˌtæmbəˈrɪtsə/TAM-bər-IT-sə; sometimes writtentamburrizza ortamburitza;Serbo-Croatian:tamburica /тамбурица,lit. 'little tamboura') ortamboura (Hungarian:tambura;Greek:ταμπουράς,romanized: tampourás) refers to a family of long-neckedlutes popular inSoutheast Europe andCentral Europe, especiallyBosnia and Herzegovina,Croatia (of which it is the national string instrument),Hungary,Serbia (inVojvodina,Mačva, andPosavo-Tamnava), andSlovenia. It is also known inBurgenland,Austria. All took their name and some characteristics from thePersiantanbur but also resemble themandolin andguitar in the sense that its strings areplucked and often paired. The frets may be moveable to allow the playing of variousmodes. The variety of tamburica shapes known today were developed in Serbia and Croatia by a number of indigenous contributors near the end of the 19th century.[1]
There is little reliable data showing how the tamboura enteredCentral Europe. It already existed duringByzantine Empire, and theGreeks and Slavs used to call "pandouras" (seepandoura) or "tambouras" the ancestor of modernbouzouki.[2] The instrument was referred to as θαμπούριν,thambourin in the Byzantine Empire (conferDigenis Akritas, Escorial version, vv. 826–827, ed. and transl. Elizabeth Jeffrey).
It is said it was probably brought by theTurks toBosnia, from where the instrument spread further with migrations ofŠokci andBunjevci above theSava River to all parts ofCroatia,Serbia and further,[3] although this theory is not consistent with the generally accepted view that the ancestor of the tamboura is the ancient Greek pandouris.
Until theGreat Migration of the Serbs at the end of the 17th century, the type of tambura most frequently used in Croatia and Serbia had a long neck and two or three strings (sometimes doubled).[citation needed] Similar string instruments include the Czechbratsche,Turkish saz and thesargija,çiftelia andbouzouki. The oldest surviving and authenticated tambura known, which is still kept in a museum in Osijek, dates from 1847 and was owned by Pajo Kolarić of Osijek, who was also the founder of the first amateur tamburica orchestra. In honour of him, a festival called tamburitzan is held every year in Osijek.[4]
The development process of the modern tamburica was initiated by several Serbian and Croatian citizens over a period of time. The original long neck, pear shaped tamburica was called thesamica and it came in a small or larger size. Thekontra, which had 4 strings tuned in an upper A chord was used only as an accompaniment instrument, it originated inDalmatia. During the autumn of 1875, after a rebellion in Bosnia had broken out, many refugees arrived inSremski Karlovci. Among these refugees was a man named Marko Capkun who brought two tamburas with him. He called the small oneicitel and the larger onesarkija. These tamburas did not use wire strings but rather gut strings pulled through little holes on the neck and tied behind. A woodworker, Josif, in Sremski Karlovci began to make Marko's tamburas, but instead of the traditional pear shape, he made them into the shape of a little guitar. A bird catcher named Joza built a large tambura-much bigger than a guitar in 1877 or 1878. It stretched two thicker and two thinner strings on it and Joza called it thebas orberdon. They developed an orchestra with a little tambura called theprima , 5kontra and 1bas.[1]
The modern tamburica, used inCentral Europe and theBalkans, was developed inBudapest. At the time the tamburica seemed to disappear, receding further south, as it used to be played throughout theKingdom of Hungary, as far north asPozsony. This traditional folk instrument attracted the interest of local skilled instrument makers, who eventually transformed the instrument, originally made with a carving, into the form and tuning we know today. The transformation took place in the1900s and the first half of the1910s, and the model created here has been taken up by traditional ensembles in the current regions.[5]
The number of strings on a tamburica varies and it may have single or double-coursed strings or a mixture of both. Double-coursed strings are tuned inunison. The basic forms of tamburica are (Serbian and Croatian name is given with Hungarian name in the parenthesis, if different):
The Samica is a solo instrument that is rarely found as a part of the standard tamburica orchestra. The samica is thought to be the ancestor of the modern tamburica and usually consists of two doubled strings. The samica is traditionally played inSlavonia,Baranja andVojvodina.[6]
A Dangubica, also known as a "Razbibriga", "Kozarica", "Tikvara", "Potpalac" or "Kuterevka" is another solo instrument very similar to the samica in both shape and sound. It is predominantly played in and around the region ofLika. It is typically larger than the samica and tuned to a lower note.[7]
The Tambura Trožica is a lesser known tambura with three strings (hence the name "trožica" lit. "three stringed"). It was played in theBosanska Krajina andkozara.
The prim comes in a lot of shapes. Sometimes it has a different tune, or it has 6 strings instead of five. The standard that most students use has five strings (one double and three single) But sometimes it has six strings (two doubles and 2 singles). It's the smallest in the family ( (about 50 cm long), but is very loud. It is mostly used as alead instrument or harmonizing instrument. Thebisernica (fromSerbian and Croatian "biser" meaning "pearl") is another name for the "prim". It's also referred to "Tamburica". The name comes from the Croatian diminutive of the word "Tambura"
The Brač has one double string and three single strings. (basprim), a slightly bigger, lower instrument than the bisernica but played in a similar fashion.
Thečelović – originally has one double string and three single strings. It's a deeper version of the basprim.
Thebugarija orkontra (brácsó) – It has four single strings, similar to aguitar, mostly plays chords on the "back beat" for rhythm. A bugarija has four strings, the bottom pair areD, the middle string isA and the top two are tunedF# andF#.
Thečelo (cselló) – It is similar to the bugarija, but it plays in the bass key, there are no chords and the head is similar to the contrabass, but you play it like any other tambura in the family.
The čelo-berde or the standing čelo- it has four strings and it is played vertically, but you sit while you play. It is used for the bass but it is not a very popular instrument in the tambura family.
Thebas orberda (tamburabőgő), also calledbegeš (bőgős) – four strings. It is the largest instrument in the tamburica family, and is similar tocontrabass. It can only be played standing and is used for playing bass lines. It could also be played sitting down by using abar stool or a Double Bass Chair, & the advantage is it allows the instrument to sit flat against the stomach.
There is a view that the first tambura orchestra was formed inHungary in the 19th century.[8] The instruments' names came from the Hungarian names of the musical instruments of thesymphony orchestra ("cselló" meaningcello, "bőgő" meaningcontrabass) and from the Hungarian Gipsy bands (bőgős,prím,kontra).[8][9] These orchestras soon spread to what is nowBosnia,Austria,Slovenia, theCzech Republic andSlovakia.
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The tamburica is made in three parts; body, neck and head. The body (sound box) was pear-shaped until the middle of the nineteenth century CE, and was built by scooping out the log. Today they are mostly built in the way of the guitar and even the smallest, the bisernica, has a constructed box. The fingerboard has frets . The head usually had a sharpened form, which can be found still on some bisernicas, but the "snail" design later got the supremacy.[3] The snail headstock design dates from at least the 19th century and the Viennese guitars ofJohann Georg Stauffer.
Tamburicaorchestras can have various formats from a trio to a large orchestra. A basic trio consists of aprim, akontra and ačelo. Larger orchestras also havebas-prims andbass-prim-terc tamburas.
The first major composer for the tamburica wasPajo Kolarić, who formed the first amateur tamburica orchestra inOsijek in 1847.[10] Kolarić's student Mijo Majer formed the first tamburica choir led by aconductor, the "HrvatskaLira", in 1882. Croatian composers for the tamburica include Franjo Ksaver Kuhač, Siniša Leopold and Julije Njikoš. The instrument is associated withCroatiannationalism.Vinko Žganec, an associate ofBéla Bartók, collected more than 19,000 Croatian folk songs.
The Grand Tamburica Orchestra ofRadio Novi Sad was founded in 1951 under the leadership of Sava Vukosavljev, who composed and arranged many pieces for tamburica orchestra and published a comprehensive bookVojvođanska tambura ("The Tambura ofVojvodina"). There are also orchestras ofRadio Belgrade and RadioPodgorica, RadioKikinda etc.Janika Balaž, a member of the Radio Novi Sad orchestra who also had his own octet, was a popular performer whose name became synonymous with the tamburica. Famous tamburica orchestras of Serbia include those of Maksa Popov and Aleksandar Aranicki.
The village ofSchandorf inAustria, whoseCroatian-speaking inhabitants are descended from 16th Century Croatian immigrants, is the home of a tamburica orchestra, a reflection of its ethnic heritage. The orchestra performs frequently, often outside the village.[11]
Svet Tambure, a magazine about tambura music, published triannually in Serbia.
