Tamarix ramosissima, commonly known assaltcedar[1]salt cedar, ortamarisk, is adeciduous arching shrub with reddish stems, feathery, pale green foliage, and characteristic small pink flowers.
Tamarix ramosissima is a hardy shrub or small tree native to Europe and Asia. It is a vigorous, deciduous shrub grown for its ornamental reddish stems, its showy plumes of flowers, and its unusual feathery leaves. Its hardiness and tolerance for poor soil make it a popular, easy to grow shrub. It can grow up to 8 metres (26 ft) in height and up to 5 metres (16 ft) in width. It can be used as a screen, windbreak, informal hedge or specimen shrub.[4]
It produces uprightracemes of small, pink, five-petaled flowers from late summer to early autumn which cover the new wood of the plant. It is tolerant of many soil types, but prefers a well-drained, light or sandy soil in full sun. This plant is considered an invasive species in warmer climates.[4]
Tamarix ramosissima is a majorinvasive plant species in theSouthwestern United States andDesert Region of California, consuming large amounts of groundwater inriparian andoaseshabitats.[4] The balance and strength of the native flora and fauna are being helped by various restoration projects, by removing tamarisk groves as if they werenoxious weeds.[5] Recent scientific investigations have generally concluded that the primary human-caused impact to desert riparian ecosystems within theColorado River Basin is the alteration of the flood regime by dams;Tamarix ramosissima is relatively tolerant of this hydrologic alteration compared to flood-dependent native woody riparian species such aswillow,cottonwood, andbox elder.[6]
Research on competition between tamarisk seedlings and co-occurring native trees has found thatTamarix seedlings are not competitive over a range of environments,[7][8][9] but stands of mature trees effectively prevent native species' establishment in theunderstory, due to low light, elevated salinity, and possibly changes to thesoil biota.[10][11] Box elder (Acer negundo, a native riparian tree) seedlings survive and grow under higher-shade conditions thanTamarix seedlings, and matureTamarix specimens die after 1–2 years of 98% shade, indicating a pathway for successional replacement ofTamarix by box elder.[12] Anthropogenic activities that preferentially favor tamarisk (such as changes to flooding regimens) are associated with infestation.[13][14][15] To date,Tamarixhas taken over large sections of riparian ecosystems in the western United States that were once home to native cottonwoods and willows,[16][17][18][19] and are projected by some to spread well beyond the current range.[20]
The plant's common name refers to its ability to toleratesalt water[21] by excreting salt into its leaves through specialized salt glands — thereby producing salt deposits which kill other species;[22] these salt deposits can also weaken interatomic binding in soil clays, leading to increased erosion.[21] However, a study involving more than a thousand soil samples across gradients of both flood frequency andTamarix density concluded that "flooding may be the most important factor for assessing floodplain salinity" and "soils underTamarix canopies had lower surface soil salinity than open areas deprived of flooding suggesting that surface evaporation may contribute more to surface soil salinity thanTamarix".[23]
^abcZouhar, Kris. 2003.Tamarix spp. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
^Sher, Anna A.; Marshall, Diane L.; Gilbert, Steven A. (2000). "Competition between native Populus deltoides and invasive Tamarix ramosissima and the implications of reestablishing flooding disturbance".Conservation Biology.14 (6):1744–1754.doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99306.x.
^Sher, A.A.; Marshall, D.L.; Taylor, J.P. (June 2002). "Establishment patterns of nativePopulus andSalix in the presence of invasive, non-nativeTamarix".Ecological Applications.12 (3):760–772.doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0760:eponpa]2.0.co;2.
^Busch, David E.; Smith, Stanley D. (1995). "Mechanisms associated with decline of woody species in riparian ecosystems of the southwestern U.S".Ecological Monographs.65 (3):347–370.doi:10.2307/2937064.JSTOR2937064.
^Taylor, J.; McDaniel, K. (1998). "Restoration of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.)-infested floodplains on the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge".Weed Technology.12 (2):345–352.doi:10.1017/S0890037X0004392X.
^Merritt, David M.; Cooper, David J. (2000). "Riparian vegetation and channel change in response to river regulation: A comparative study of regulated and unregulated streams in the Green River Basin, USA".Regulated Rivers: Research and Management.16 (6):543–564.doi:10.1002/1099-1646(200011/12)16:6<543::AID-RRR590>3.0.CO;2-N.
^Horton, J. L.; Kolb, T. E.; Hart, S. C. (2001). "Responses of riparian trees to interannual variation in ground water depth in a semi-arid river basin".Plant, Cell and Environment.24 (3):293–304.CiteSeerX10.1.1.208.6920.doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00681.x.
^Christensen, E. M. (1962). "The Rate of Naturalization of Tamarix in Utah".American Midland Naturalist.68 (1):51–57.doi:10.2307/2422635.JSTOR2422635.
^Stromberg, J. C. (1998). "Dynamics of Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and saltcedar (Tamarix chinesis) populations along the San Pedro River, Arizona".Journal of Arid Environments.40 (2):133–155.Bibcode:1998JArEn..40..133S.doi:10.1006/jare.1998.0438.
^Zamora-Arroyo F, Nagler PL, Briggs M, Radtke D, et al. (2001). "Regeneration of native trees in response to flood releases from the United States into the delta of the Colorado River, Mexico".Journal of Arid Environments.49 (1):49–64.Bibcode:2001JArEn..49...49Z.doi:10.1006/jare.2001.0835.
^Morisette JT, Jarnevich CS, Ullah A, Cai W, et al. (2006). "A tamarisk habitat suitability map for the continental United States".Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.4 (1):11–17.doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2006)004[0012:ATHSMF]2.0.CO;2.
