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| Tamarins[1][2] | |
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| Emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator) | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Callitrichidae |
| Genus: | Saguinus Hoffmannsegg, 1807 |
| Type species | |
| Saguinus ursulus Hoffmannsegg, 1807 | |
| Species | |
22 species, seetext | |
| Synonyms | |
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Thetamarins aresquirrel-sizedNew World monkeys from thefamilyCallitrichidae in thegenusSaguinus. They are the first offshoot in the Callitrichidae tree, and therefore are the sister group of aclade formed by thelion tamarins,Goeldi's monkeys andmarmosets.[3]
Hershkovitz (1977) recognised ten species in the genusSaguinus, further divided into 33 morphotypes based on facial pelage.[4] A later classification into two clades was based on variations in dental measurements.[5] A taxonomic review (Rylands et al., 2016) showed the tamarins are a sister group to all other callitrichids, branching off 15–13 million years ago. Within this clade, six species groups are historically recognised,nigricollis,mystax,midas,inustus,bicolor andoedipus, five of which were shown to be valid withSanguinus inustus placed within themidas group. The review noted that the smaller-bodiednigricollis group began diverging 11–8 million years ago, leading the authors to move them to a separate genus,Leontocebus (saddle-back tamarins).[6][7] While a 2018 study proposed thatLeontocebus does not have sufficient divergence fromSaguinus to be in its own genus, and thus should be reclassified it as asubgenus ofSaguinus, this proposal has since found significant traction.[8] The same study found themystax group of tamarins to be distinct enough to be classified in the subgenusTamarinus.[3] As of 2021 this proposal has not been universally accepted by primatologists.[9]
Following the taxonomic review of tamarins by Rylands et al. (2016) and Garbino & Martins-Junior (2018), there are 22 species in the genusSaguinus with 19 subspecies.[6][3][10]
Tamarin species vary considerably in appearance, ranging from nearly all black through mixtures of black, brown and white.Mustache-like facial hairs are typical for many species. Their body size ranges from 13 to 30 cm (5.1 to 11.8 in) (plus a 25-to-44 cm-long (9.8-to-17.3 in)tail). They weigh from 348 to 575 grams (12.3 to 20.3 oz).[12] Incaptivity,red-bellied tamarins have been recorded living up to 20.5 years,[13] whilecotton-top tamarins can live up to 23 years old.[14]
Tamarins range from southernCentral America through centralSouth America, where they are found in northwesternColombia, theAmazon basin, andthe Guianas.[4]
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Tamarins are inhabitants oftropical rainforests and open forest areas. They arediurnal andarboreal, and run and jump quickly through the trees. Tamarins live together in groups of up to 40 members consisting of one or more families. More frequently, though, groups are composed of just three to nine members.
Tamarins areomnivores, eating fruits and other plant parts as well asspiders,insects, small vertebrates andbird eggs.
Gestation is typically 140 days, andbirths are normallytwins. The adult males, subadults, and juveniles in the group assist with caring for the young, bringing them to their mother to nurse. After approximately one month the young begin to eat solid food, although they are not fullyweaned for another two to three months. They reach full maturity in their second year. Tamarins are almost exclusivelypolyandrous.
Cottontop tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) breed cooperatively in the wild. Cronin, Kurian, and Snowdon tested eight cottontop tamarins in a series ofcooperative pulling experiments. Two monkeys were put on opposite sides of a transparent apparatus containing food. Only if both monkeys pulled a handle on their side of the apparatus towards themselves at the same time would food drop down for them to obtain. The results showed that tamarins pulled the handles at a lower rate when alone with the apparatus than when in the presence of a partner. Cronin, Kurian, and Snowdon concluded from this that cottontop tamarins have a good understanding of cooperation. They suggest that cottontop tamarins have developed cooperative behaviour as a cognitive adaptation.[15]
In some locations, saddle-back tamarins (subgenusLeontocebus) livesympatrically with tamarins of the subgenusSanguinus, but the saddle-back tamarins typically occupy lower strata of the forest than do theSanguinus species.[6] Saddle-back tamarins have longer and narrower hands thanSanguinus species, possibly adaption to differing foraging behavior, as saddle-back tamarins are more likely to search for insects that are hidden in knotholes, crevices,bromeliad tanks andleaf litter, whileSanguinus species are more likely to forage for insects that are exposed on surfaces such as leaves or branches.[6] This differentiation in lifestyles was why both were formerly considered different genera.[6]
While tamarins spend much of their day foraging, they must be on high alert for aerial and terrestrial predators. Due to their small size compared to other primates, they are an easy target for predatory birds, snakes, and mammals.[16]
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