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| Course | Main course |
|---|---|
| Place of origin | Guatemala andMexico |
| Region or state | Mesoamerica |
| Main ingredients | Corn (maize)masa,banana leaves,corn husks |
| Variations | Corunda,guajolota,uchepos,zacahuil |
| Similar dishes | Humitas,pamonha,hallaca |
Atamale, inSpanishtamal, is a traditionalMesoamerican dish made ofmasa, a dough made fromnixtamalizedcorn, which issteamed in a corn husk orbanana leaves.[1] The wrapping can either be discarded prior to eating or used as a plate. Tamales can be filled with meats,cheeses, fruits, vegetables, herbs,chilies, or any preparation according to taste, and both the filling and the cooking liquid may be seasoned.
Tamale is ananglicized version of the Spanish wordtamal (plural:tamales).[2]Tamal comes from theNahuatltamalli.[3]
The English "tamale" is aback-formation fromtamales, with English speakers applying English pluralization rules, and thus interpreting the-e- as part of thestem, rather than part of the pluralsuffix-es.[4]
Tamales originated inMesoamerica as early as 8000 to 5000 BC.[1]
The preparation of tamales is likely to have spread from the indigenous cultures inMesoamerica to the rest of the Americas. According to archaeologistsKarl Taube,William Saturno, andDavid Stuart, tamales may date from around 100 AD. They found pictorial references in theMural of San Bartolo, in Petén, Guatemala.[5]
TheAztec andMaya civilizations, as well as theOlmec andToltec before them, used tamales as easily portable food for hunting trips, traveling large distances, and nourishing their armies.[1] Tamales were also considered sacred, as they were seen as the food of the gods.[6] The Aztec, Maya, Olmecs, and Toltecs as peoples considered corn as a central part of their cultural identity, so tamales played a large part in their rituals and festivals.[7]
The different forms of tamales eaten and sold in Aztec markets are well documented in the extensiveFlorentine Codex written by ReverendBernardino de Sahagún. In book X he describes how Aztec tamales used a variety of corn for their flour base and were cooked in earth ovens, orolla, which were heated by the steam of dried cane grown and harvested for the express purpose of cooking tamales. Fillings would consist of meat (turkey, fish, frog,axolotl, gopher), fruit, bean, squash seed, turkey egg and even no filling.[8] They would be seasoned with chilis or seeds if they were savory and honey if they were sweet.[9]
Tamales also held great religious and spiritual importance within Aztec culture. It was customary for Aztec women to stay up for two to three days cooking tamales before a wedding. (Codex, Book IX). In terms of festivities, the most notable wasUauhquiltamalcualiztli, which was celebrated during the 18th month of thecalendar round. The name of the celebration translates to 'The Eating of Tamales Stuffed with Amaranth Greens' and was a celebration of the fire deityIxcozauhqui.[9] Another significant ritual for the Aztecs was the feast ofAtamalcualiztli (eating of water tamales). This ritual, held every eight years for a whole week, was done by eating tamales without any seasoning, spices, or filling, which allowed the maize freedom from being overworked in the usual tamale cooking methods.[10]
In the pre-Columbian era, theMayas ate tamales and often served them at feasts and festivals.[11] TheClassic Maya hieroglyph for tamales has been identified on pots and other objects dating back to theClassic Era (200–1000 CE), although they likely were eaten much earlier.[12] Tamales appear often in ceramic ware from the Mayan Classic era (200–1000 CE). The Fenton vase shows a plate of unwrapped tamales being offered as a penance to a powerful Mayan nobleman.[13] While tortillas are the basis for the contemporary Maya diet, remarkably little evidence exists for tortilla production among the Classic period Maya. A lack of griddles in the archaeological record suggests that the primary foodstuff of the Mesoamerican diet may have been thetamal, a cooked, vegetal-wrapped mass of maize dough.[14] Tamales are cooked without the use of ceramic technologies and therefore the form of the tamale is thought to predate the tortilla.[15] Similarities between the two maize products can be found in both the ingredients, preparation techniques, and the linguistic ambiguity exhibited by the pan-Mayan termwa referring to a basic, daily consumed maize product that can refer to either tortillas or tamales.[14]
While the exact origin of tamales has yet to be determined, the oldest people confirmed to have eaten them were the Toltecs, as archaeologists have found fossilized corn husks around thePyramid of the Sun and thePyramid of the Moon inTeotihuacan. (c. 250 BC – 750 CE)[16]
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The tamale is a staple inBelize, where it is also known asdukunu, a sweet corn tamale that gets its name from theGarifuna people.[17] Dukunus are mostly vegetarian and consist of roasted corn kernels blended with coconut milk as a base. Butter, salt, and sugar are also added. Dukunus filled with different meats are also made.
Tamales are a traditional dish inEl Salvador. Tamales are typically eaten during holidays, likeChristmas.[18] Salvadoran tamales have a corn masa base and are wrapped in banana leaves. They contain fillings like chicken, vegetables, and/or beans. Corn tamales, ortamales de elote, are also popular.[19] Bean tamales, ortamales pisques, are also consumed, typically duringHoly Week.[20]
In the classical times of the Maya ofCentral America (Guatemala in particular), the great Mayan lords delighted in a baked dough bun during thewinter solstice, made ofmaize mixed with turkey,tepezcuintle (lowland paca) or venison, spices, and chili pepper, among other ingredients.
This meal was later integrated into modern Guatemalan traditions. For example, on Christmas Eve, families prepare black, red, or sweet tamales for family and friends to show gratitude. The tamales are often accompanied with chocolate, yolk bread, and punch, and participate in theMass of Gallo, at midnight.
In Guatemala, eating tamales at midnight on December 24 and 31 is customary. Guatemalans also eat tamales for holiday celebrations, birthdays, and baptisms, so the tamale is considered an important dish in the culture of Guatemala.
Guatemala has many tamale varieties, from the traditional corn-husked tamale called achuchito, to a sweet version of tamale, which uses the same corn dough, but is seasoned with honey or sugar combined with chocolate, almonds, plums, seeds, and peppers. Tamales are sold in stores and private homes (especially on Saturdays). A red light on a home at night is a sign that tamales are for sale at that home.[21]
The most popular version of the Tamal inNicaragua is thenacatamal and sometimes serves as an entire meal in itself. It is a traditional dish with indigenous origins. The name comes from theNawat language spoken by theNicarao, who were situated on the Southern Pacific coast of Nicaragua, and translates to "meat tamale".[22] Thenacatamal is perhaps the most produced within traditionalNicaraguan cuisine and it is an event often reserved for Sundays at mid-morning. It is usually eaten together with fresh bread and coffee. Enjoyingnacatamales during special occasions and to invite extended family and neighbors to also partake is a common occurrence.
Nacatamales are much larger in size in comparison to their counterparts, and made up of mostly nixtamalized cornmasa (a kind ofdough traditionally made from a process callednizquezar) andlard). The masa and liquified concoction of onion, garlic, tomato, salt,achiote (annatto),naranja agria andbell pepper is cooked and the result becomes the base for the nacatamal and it is also referred to asmasa. This base is ladled onto plantain leaves used for wrapping into large individual portions. The filling usually consists of annatto-seasoned pork meat, rice, slices ofpotatoes, bell peppers,tomatoes, andonions;olives, spearmint sprigs, andchile congo, a very small, egg-shaped chile found in Nicaragua. On occasion, prunes, raisins, or capers can be added. Themasa and filling are then wrapped in plantain leaves, tied with a string, and made into pillow-shaped bundles –nacatamales. They are then steamed orpressure-cooked for several hours. The entire process is very labor-intensive, and it often requires preparation over the course of two days; involving the whole family may be needed to complete it.
In the present day, it is common in certain Maya areas to steam tamales in a spherical vessel known as atamalero, as opposed to boiling them, this practice has been linked back to the Classic Maya period due to the presence of boiler scale in Classic Maya pottery.[23] The other common method of cooking tamales was on acomal which is a large flat stone, this method is also used to cook tortillas. In addition to the leaves of plantain and banana which are commonly used today, Mayan tamales were commonly wrapped in the leaves of avocado orpiper plants, which would be gathered by men during the rainy season.[23] While meat and fish were the customary fillings of tamales of this era, squash seeds and flowers, and greens such aschaya, orchipilin were also common. FrayDiego de Landa Calderón also spoke of 'special breads' [tamales] which were used specifically as offerings, with fillings such as deer heart, or quail.[24] Because of the convenience offered by tamales, specific tamales were made for hunters and travelers. These tamales were cooked with extra wood ashes in order to create a hard 'shell' around the tamales when dried, this allowed tamales to keep for up to 20 days.[23]
Tamales begin with a dough made from groundnixtamalized corn (hominy), calledmasa, or alternatively a rehydratedmasa powder, such asMaseca. It is combined with lard or vegetable shortening, along with broth or water, to bring the dough to the consistency of a very thick batter. It is traditional to whisk the lard, and whisk the resulting batter, with the intent of producing the signature soft and fluffy texture. Modern recipes may use baking powder to achieve a similar effect. Chili purees or dried chili powders are also occasionally added to the batter, which in addition to the spice can cause some tamales to appear red in color. Tamales are generally wrapped in cornhusks orplantain leaves before being steamed, with the choice of husk depending on the region. They usually have a sweet or savory filling and are usually steamed until firm.
Tamale-making is a ritual that has been part of Mexican life since pre-Hispanic times, when special fillings and forms were designated for each specific festival or life event. Today, tamales are typically filled with meats, cheese, or vegetables, especially chilies. Preparation is complex and time-consuming, and an excellent example of Mexican communal cooking, where this task usually falls to the women.[8] Tamales are a favoritecomfort food in Mexico, eaten as both breakfast and dinner, and often accompanied by hotatole orchampurrado andarroz con leche (rice porridge, "rice with milk") or maize-based beverages of indigenous origin. Street vendors can be seen serving them from huge, steaming, covered pots (tamaleras) orollas.
Instead of corn husks, banana or plantain leaves are used in tropical parts of the country, such asOaxaca,Chiapas,Veracruz, and theYucatán Peninsula. These tamales are rather square in shape, often very large—15 inches (40 cm)—and these larger tamales are commonly known aspibs in the Yucatán Peninsula. Another very large type of tamale iszacahuil, made in theHuasteca region of Mexico. Depending on the size,zacahuil can feed between 50 and 200 people; they are made during festivals and holidays, forquinceañeras, and on Sundays to be sold at the markets.[25][26]
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InCuba, before the 1959 Revolution, street vendors sold Mexican-style tamales wrapped in corn husks, usually made without any kind of spicy seasoning. Cuban tamales being identical in form to those made inMexico City suggests they were brought over to Cuba during the period of intense cultural and musical exchange between Cuba and Mexico after the 1920s.[citation needed]
A well-known Cuban song from the 1950s, "Los Tamalitos de Olga", (acha-cha-cha sung byOrquesta Aragón) celebrated the delicious tamales sold by a street vendor inCienfuegos. A peculiarly Cuban invention is the dish known astamal en cazuela, basically consisting of tamale masa with the meat stuffing stirred into the masa, and then cooked in a pot on the stove to form a kind of hearty cornmeal porridge.[27]
In theDominican Republic,guanimo are Dominican tamales stuffed withpicadillo. The nameguanimo has its origin in the nativeTaínos.
Guanime is aPuerto Rican dish that can be traced back to pre-Columbian times. It consists of corn masa that is stuffed with beans, seafood, nuts, or meat, and then wrapped in corn husks slowly cooked on a grill.
Guanimes are prepared in a plain version, without the stuffing, and served with stewed salted cod fish. Since the arrival of Europeans,guanimes have lost their stuffing. Contemporaryguanimes are made with corn masa seasoned with coconut milk, lard, broth, and annatto, wrapped in a banana leaf or corn husk.
The several versions ofguanimes can be made with green plantains,cassava, and a sweet version made with sweet plantains and cornmeal.
Theguanime is also related to thepastel, a root tamale dating to around the same time as the native Taínoguanimes.
InTrinidad and Tobago, the dish is called apastelle and is popular in many households during the entire Christmas season and New Year celebrations. It is usually made with cornmeal and filled with cooked, seasoned meat (chicken and beef being the most popular), raisins, olives, capers, and other seasonings. The entirepastelle is wrapped in a banana leaf, bound withtwine and steamed. When fully cooked, the banana leaf is removed to reveal the brightly yellow-colored dish. It is often enjoyed as is or along with a meal. The sweet version is calledpaymee.[28]
InJamaica, there is a traditional dessert calledduckunoo orduckanoo, also referred to astie-a-leaf orblue drawers (draws).[29] It is a variation oftamal dulce (sweet tamale), and is typically made with batata or sweet potato, coconut, and/or cornmeal, spices like cinnamon, nutmeg and anise, brown sugar, coconut milk and vanilla. Sometimes, raisins and grated green banana are added. The mixture is tied up in a banana leaf or corn husk, and then cooked in boiling water.
Similarly, it is also made inBelize,Haiti,French Guiana and some otherCaribbean islands. Other names include:dokonon (in French Guiana),doukounou (in Haiti),paime (in Trinidad & Tobago), penmi (in St Lucia) anddukunu /ducunu ortamalito (in Belize).
Humitas (from Quechua humint'a) is a Native South American dish from pre-Hispanic times, a traditional food from the Andes and it can be found inColombia,Bolivia,Chile,Ecuador,Peru, and NorthwestArgentina. It consists of freshchoclo (Peruvian corn) pounded to a paste, wrapped in a fresh corn husk, and slowly steamed or boiled in a pot of water. In Bolivia it is known as huminta and inBrazil aspamonha, made of fresh, notnixtamalized, corn paste.[citation needed]
Hallaca is a traditional meal from Venezuela that resembles the aspect of a tamal. It consists of corn dough stuffed with a stew of beef, pork, or chicken and other ingredients such as raisins, capers, and olives, fresh onion rings, red and green bell pepper slices. There are also vegetarian options with black beans or tofu. Hallacas are folded in plantain leaves, tied with strings, and boiled. The dish is traditionally served during the Christmas season and has several regional variants in Venezuela. It has been described as a national dish of Venezuela but it can be found also in variants. A characteristic of the hallaca is the delicate corn dough made with consommé or broth and lard colored with annatto.[citation needed]
Tamales were one of the dishes that the Peruvian chefJuan José Cabezudo was famous for serving from his food stand near thePlaza Mayor in Lima.[30][31]
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In the Philippines and Guam, which were governed by Spain as a province of Mexico, different forms of tamale-like foods exist. In the Philippines, they merged with the native leaf-wrapped rice cakes (kakanin) and are made with a dough derived from ground rice and are filled with seasoned chicken or pork with the addition of peanuts and other seasonings such as sugar. In some places, such as Pampanga, where it is popularly known asbobotu,[32] and Batangas provinces, the tamales are wrapped in banana leaves, but sweet corn varieties from the Visayas region are wrapped in corn husks similar to the sweet corn tamales of the American Southwest and Mexico. Because of the work involved in the preparation of tamales, they usually only appear during the special holidays or other big celebrations. Varioustamal recipes have practically disappeared under the pressures of modern life and the ease of fast food. Several varieties of tamales are also found in the Philippines.[33][34][35]
Tamales,tamalis,tamalos, andpasteles are different varieties found throughout the region. Some are sweet, some are savory, and some are sweet and savory. Mostly wrapped in banana leaves and made of rice, either the whole grain or ground and cooked with coconut milk and other seasonings, they are sometimes filled with meat and seafood, or are plain and have no filling. There are certain varieties, such astamalos, that are made of a sweet corn masa wrapped in a corn husk or leaf. There are also varieties made without masa, liketamalis, which are made with small fish fry wrapped in banana leaves and steamed, similar to thetamales de charal from Mexico, where the small fish are cooked whole with herbs and seasonings wrapped inside a corn husk without masa. The number of varieties has dwindled through the years so certain types of tamales that were once popular in the Philippines have become lost or are simply memories. The variety found in Guam, known astamales guiso, is made with corn masa and wrapped in corn husks, and as with the Philippine tamales, are clear evidence of the influence of the galleon trade that occurred between the ports of Manila and Acapulco.[36][37][38][39][40]
While Mexican-style and other Latin American-style tamales are featured at ethnic restaurants throughout the United States, some distinctly indigenous styles also are made.[citation needed]
TheChoctaw andChickasaw make a dish calledbanaha, which can be stuffed or not (plain). Usually, the filling (ranging from none, fried bacon, turkey, deer, nuts, and vegetables such as onions, potatoes, squash, and sweet potatoes) can either be filled or mixed with the masa and steamed in a corn husk.[citation needed]
Cherokee tamales, also known as bean bread or "broadswords", were made with hominy (in the case of the Cherokee, the masa was made from corn boiled in water treated with wood ashes instead of lime) and beans, and wrapped in green corn leaves or large tree leaves and boiled, similar to the meatless pre-Columbian bean and masa tamales still prepared in Chiapas, central Mexico, and Guatemala.
In northern Louisiana, tamales have been made for several centuries. The Spanish established presidioLos Adaes in 1721 in modern-dayRobeline, Louisiana. The descendants of these Spanish settlers from central Mexico were the first tamale makers to arrive in the eastern US.Zwolle, Louisiana, has a Tamale Fiesta every year in October.
In theMississippi Delta, African Americans developed a spicy tamale called thehot tamale that is made fromcornmeal instead of masa and is boiled in corn husks.[41][42][43]
Tamales have been eaten in the broader United States since at least 1893, when they were featured at theWorld's Columbian Exposition.[41] In 1894, when tamales were the most popular ethnic food in Los Angeles,XLNT Foods started making them. The company is the oldest continuously operating Mexican food brand in the United States, and one of the oldest companies in Southern California.[44]
A tradition of roving tamale sellers was documented in early 20th-centuryblues music.[41] They are the subject of the well-known 1937 blues/ragtime song "They're Red Hot" byRobert Johnson.
Around the beginning of the 20th century, the name "tamale pie" was given to meat pies and casseroles made with a cornmeal crust and typical tamale fillings arranged in layers. Although characterized as Mexican food, these forms are not popular in Mexican American culture in which the individually wrapped style is preferred.[45]
The Indio International Tamale Festival held every December inIndio, California, has earned two Guinness World Records: the largest tamale festival (154 000 in attendance, December 2002)[46] and the world's largest tamale, over one foot (0.3 m) in diameter and 40 feet (12.2 m) in length, created by Chef John Sedlar, since beaten by H. Ayuntamiento de Centro Villahermosa (Mexico) in Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico, on 25 November 2018. The current record stands at 50.05 m.[47] The 2006 Guinness book calls the festival "the world's largest cooking and culinary festival".[citation needed]
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