Tolışon • تالشان | |
|---|---|
 Talysh people dancing, early 20th century in Iran | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Iran | 700,000–1,000,000[1] |
| Azerbaijan | 500,000[2]–1,000,000[3][4] |
| Languages | |
| Talysh | |
| Religion | |
| Islam (predominantlyShia in Azerbaijan, predominantlySunni inIran[5][6][7]) | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| otherIranian peoples especiallyGilaks,Mazandaranis andKurds | |
TheTalysh people (Talysh:Tolışon,تالشان) orTalyshis,Talyshes,Talyshs,Talishis,Talishes,Talishs,Talesh are anIranian ethnic group, with the majority residing inAzerbaijan and a minority inIran.[8] They are theindigenous people of theTalish, a region on the western shore of theCaspian Sea shared between Azerbaijan and Iran.[9] The main city of the Talysh people and their homeland isLankaran,[8][10][11] the majority of the population of which is ethnically Talysh.[12][13][14][15] They speak theTalysh language, one of the NorthwesternIranian languages.[8] The majority of Talyshis in Azerbaijan areShiiteMuslims,[8] and predominantlySunni inIran.[5][6][7]
The Talysh people are famous for their longevity andcentenarianism.[16][17]
The Talyshis have traditionally inhabited theTalish[a] district in the southwestern part of theCaspian Sea, which is usually considered to extend more than 150 km. Today, the northern part of Talish is located in theRepublic of Azerbaijan, encompassing the districts ofLankaran,Astara,Lerik,Masally, andYardimli.[18] Within these five districts there are over 350 Talysh villages and towns.[13] The southern part of Talish encompasses the western part of theGilan province ofIran,[18] extending to the village ofKapurchal.[19] The most important center of the Talysh people and their ethnic homeland is the city ofLankaran,[8][20][21] the majority of the population of which is ethnically Talysh.[12][13][14][15]
It is challenging to determine the Talyshis origin because so little is known about them prior to the modern era. Like other ethnonyms, the nameTāliš cannot be established with certainty. It appears in early Arabic sources asal-Țaylasān.[18] According toAl-Tabari (died 923); "In the mountains surrounding Azarbaijan there used to live such peoples as the Gels and the al-Taylasan, who did not obey the Arabs and mastered their freedom and independence".[22] In Persian, they are calledȚālišān andȚavāliš, both plural versions ofTāliš.[18] The native transliteration ofTāliš first appears in the 16th-century, in theArmenian version of theAlexander Romance; "And he related that he is a refugee from the Caspian gates, near the country of Talish, in the province of Gilan."[6]
Local Talysh experts commonly claim that the Talyshis are descended from theCadusii, an ancient tribe which inhabited the district. According toGarnik Asatrian andHabib Borjian; "this is one of the rare cases when a folk self-identification with an ancient people can be, at least tentatively, substantiated with historical and linguistic backgrounds."[23] TheIranologistRichard N. Frye believed that the Talyshis are possibly descended from the Cadusii.[24]
Talish has traditionally been associated with either Gilan orMughan, especially withArdabil, the center of the latter, which appears to have shared a similar linguistic and ethnic bond with Talish prior to theTurkicization ofIranian Azerbaijan. This connection was still apparent during the time of the earlySafavids, who were descended fromSafi-ad-Din Ardabili (died 1334), a disciple ofZahed Gilani (died 1301), who was of probable Talysh descent. Two out of the four Sufi teachers of the first Safavid monarchShah Ismail I (r. 1501–1524) carried the epithet "Talishi".[6] Other figures with the same epithet served as governmental officials under the Safavids and their successors.[6] Several Talysh chieftains were one of the first supporters of the Safavids, who gave them the governorship ofAstara,[25] which was part of the province ofAzerbaijan.[26] The governor of Astara was also known as thehakem (governor) of Talish, which indicates that Astara was the capital of the district. From 1539 and onwards the governorship of Astara was held hereditarily by the family of Bayandor Khan Talesh.[26]
Talish was composed of various fiefs which would sometimes be granted to other emirs than the governor of Talish. For instance, Mohammad Khan Torkman was given control over a number of fiefs in Talish and Mughan in 1586.[26] Later in 1684, Safiqoli Khan was one of the officers in control ofLankaran, and Hoseyn was another. Meanwhile, the unnamed governor of Talish lived in Ardabil.[27] The Safavidshahs (kings) of Iran attempted to control local Talysh chiefs by subordinating them to obedient officials. Nevertheless, despite their centralization strategy, the Safavid administration was unable to terminate the local autonomy in theSouth Caucasus.[28] Officially, the local chiefs were not hereditary lords, but officials whose rank were acknowledged by a royalfarman (edict) which in reality was an acceptance of their local autonomy. The familial succession of the chiefs gave rise to dynasties that dominated local affairs and sought to consolidate their influence whenever the national government weakened.[28]
During the decline of Safavid rule in the early 18th-century, Talysh leaders attempted to establish autonomous principalities.[28] During theRussian invasion of Iran, the people of Talish volunteered to fight for the Safavid monarchTahmasp II (r. 1722–1732). The latter was unable to provide them with military or material support; all he could do was give them an ineffective permit that allowed them to collect the taxes ofRasht.[29] In 1723, Russians and Ottomans agreed to divide northern and western Iran between themselves.[30] While the Caspian provinces were under Russian control, one of the local leaders Mir-Abbas Beg, who claimed to be aseyyed (descendant of the Islamic prophetMuhammad), worked together with the Russian commanderMikhail Matyushkin.[28] By the end of 1735, the reconquest of northern and western Iran was completed, being led by the Iranian military leaderNader.[31] It was also during this period that he set his sights on the throne, as he believed his campaigns had stabilised the country and brought him enough fame. On 8 March 1736, he was crowned the newshah of Iran, marking the start of theAfsharid dynasty.[32]
Mir-Abbas Beg kept up his relations with the Russians even after they pulled out of Iran. In order to demonstrate his loyalty to Nader Shah, he sent his sonJamal al-Din as a hostage to his court. Due to his dark complexion, Jamal al-Din earned the nickname Qara ("the Black") Beg. He rose to important posts in Nader Shah's army and was assigned the task of putting down Kalb Hoseyn Beg's uprising in southern Talish in 1744.[28] The murder of Nader Shah in 1747 led to the fragment of his empire; in the same fashion as the other rulers in the Southern Caucasus, Jamal al-Din (who had succeeded his father) established himself as a semi-independent ruler, marking the start of theTalysh Khanate, which used Lankaran as its capital.[33] Akhanate was a type of administrative unit governed by a hereditary or appointed ruler subject to Iranian rule. The title of the ruler was eitherbeglarbegi orkhan, which was identical to the Ottoman rank ofpasha.[34] The khanates were still seen as Iranian dependencies even when the shahs in mainland Iran lacked the power to enforce their rule in the area.[35][36]
Jamal al-Din preserved his fathers correspondence with Russia, sending a letter to its empressCatherine II (r. 1762–1796) that pledged his allegiance to her and offered the Russian troops access to his domains. TheZand ruler of Iran,Karim Khan Zand (r. 1751–1779), was informed of this by Zohrab Beg, one of the grandees of Talish. As a result, Jamal al-Din was sent to a prison inShiraz, the Zand capital. Karim Khan soon reversed his decision after he had discovered that Zohrab Beg had made an agreement with his rivalHedayat-Allah Khan, who ruled Gilan.[33] Jamal al-Din was thus reinstated in Talish as its governor, being given the title of khan.[25] After destroying Zohrab's army and seizing control of Uluf and Dashtvand, Jamal al-Din now directed his attention towards Astara. He captured and killed its ruler Shoja al-Din, but failed to establish his rule in Astara, as the city was given to Shoja al-Din's son by Karim Khan in an attempt to restrict Jamal al-Din's authority. The latter, however, was able to conquer a number of towns in Talish and gain control over most of the region.[33]
After having made peace with Hedayat-Allah Khan in 1767, Karim Khan confirmed the latter as the ruler of Gilan. The following year, Hedayat-Allah Khan launched an attack into Talish, where he defeated and captured Jamal al-Din, imprisoning him in Rasht.[33] He then installed Jamal al-Din's son Mir-Askar Beg as the governor of Talish.[25] In 1772, Jamal al-Din broke out of prison and went back to Talish.[33] In 1784, the Talysh Khanate was attacked byFath Ali Khan ofQuba, the most dominant khan in the Caucasus. He made Jamal al-Din his vassal and also had him imprisoned inBaku. Due to pressure from Russia, however, Jamal al-Din was soon released.[37] In 1786, Jamal al-Din died and was succeeded by his sonMir-Mostafa Khan.[38]
Following the death of Fath-Ali Khan in 1789, Mir-Mostafa was able to rule more autonomously. However, a new threat soon emerged. Since the death of Karim Khan in 1779,Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar of theQajar dynasty was attempting to reestablish the Iranian empire under his own rule.[38] He issued threatening letters to the khans who had established connections with Russia in an effort to reestablish Iranian dominance over the border districts.[39] In 1791, Agha Mohammad Khan plundered Talish, but did not succeed in subjugating it.[40]
Agha Mohammad Khan was prepared to reinstate Iranian rule in the southeastern Caucasus by the summer of 1795. His 60,000 soldiers, which was primarily made up ofcavalry, advanced into the area in the summer of that year. The first few months were spent by Agha Mohammad Khan winning the Muslim rulers' compliance. Mir-Mostafa and two other khans (Ibrahim Khalil Khan ofKarabakh andMohammad Khan Qajar ofErivan) entered into correspondence with the Russians, who gave them hope that they could defeat the Iranian forces. Heraclius also contacted the Russians, asking them for assistance against the impending invasion. Agha Mohammad Khan first directed his attention towards Talish; 10,000 soldiers led by Mostafa Khan Qajar was sent to Talish, which quickly submitted.[41]
Russia more or less openly pursued a policy to free their newly conquered land from Iran's influence. By doing this, the Russian government helped to create and spread a new Turkic identity that, in contrast to the previous one, was founded on secular principles, particularly the shared language. As a result, many Iranian-speaking residents of the future Azerbaijan Republic at the time either started hiding their Iranian ancestry or underwent progressive assimilation.[5]
In the 19th century, there was a migration of Talyshis towards the north of modern Republic of Azerbaijan in search of work in theoil industry and fisheries. As a result, several Talysh-speaking settlements have been continued to exist since that time on theAbsheron Peninsula, in particular inBaku, as well as a significant Talysh community inSumgait.[42]
Talish was an economically important region for the Soviet Union, as it supplied a wide variety of products, including fruits, vegetables, tea, grains and meat. The military base in Lankaran, located near the border with Iran, was among the largest in the Caucasus.[43]
In the early Soviet period, there were Talysh high schools, a newspaper called "Red Talysh", and several Talysh language books published, but by end of the 1930s these schools were closed and the Talysh identity was not acknowledged in official statistics, with the Talysh being classified as "Azerbaijani".[44]
Talyshis with their identity and language experienced strong suppression inSoviet Azerbaijan.[42][45][46] Like many other peoples of the republic, such asTats andKurds, the Talysh were subjected toforced assimilation by the Azerbaijani authorities.[47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]
The 1939 census stated that Talysh people constituted the fifth largest national community in Azerbaijan SSR, following Azeris, Russians, Armenians, and Lezgins, numbering 87,510 people. However, the Talysh population of the republic, according to the 1959 census, was only 85 individuals. The official explanation of the authorities for the almost complete disappearance of thousands of the Talyshes in this census was that "Talyshes voluntarily and en masse self-identified as Azeri to census workers".[60] In her book,Krista Goff shows through documentary evidence that theCentral Statistical Administration in Moscow had plans to include a Talysh nationality category in the 1959 census, but this category was excluded during the process of collecting and reporting the census in Azerbaijan itself.[61]
The leadership of the Azerbaijan SSR used the manipulated census data in Soviet ethnography, creating a narrative about the "voluntary and complete assimilation" of the Talysh people, and that it occurred "naturally over time rather than from artificial manipulations of minority communities and identifications".[62] Subsequently, there followed the production of a large amount of encyclopedic, ethnographic, linguistic, historical-geographical and other material that developed and reproduced narratives designed to justify the national "erasure" of the Talysh and strengthen the official myth of their "voluntary assimilation". Soviet ethnographers emphasized their common features in culture and life with the Azerbaijanis and presented the "assimilation" of the Iranian-speaking Talysh by the Turkic-speaking Azerbaijanis as an "impressive achievement" of the Soviet state, "ethnohistorical progress".[63] So, for example, theGreat Soviet Encyclopedia began to say that "in the USSR, the Talysh almost merged with the Azerbaijanis, who are very close in material and spiritual culture, and therefore were not identified in the 1970 census".[64][65] According to researchers, "erasing" the Talysh from censuses, like some other peoples, was one of the main ways to increase the "titular" Azerbaijani majority in the republic and homogenize it.[66][59]
This assimilation policy put great social, political and economic pressure on the Talysh and on their daily life, encouraging them to "merge" with the titular Azerbaijani nation. For example, Talysh could not register as representatives of Talysh nationality in official documents, and parents could not enroll their children in schools teaching in the Talysh language. Some Talysh petitioned the authorities for their rights to be identified as Talysh in government documents, but all these requests were rejected by the authorities until 1989. Others, finding no other way out, accepted Azerbaijani identification in order to avoid discrimination in everyday life, for example, when applying for a job. Krista Goff also cites stories of Talysh who admitted that due to the stigmatization of their nationality, the lack of schools, books and other resources for the Talysh of Azerbaijan, as well as the lack of any preferences for being Talysh, they preferred the Azerbaijani self-identification and the Azerbaijani language, even fearing that their children could face discrimination if they speak Azerbaijani with a Talysh accent. Representatives of the Talysh people often internalized these assimilation narratives about themselves that were told to them and which they found in encyclopedias, articles and other printed material.[67]
From 1960 to 1989, Talysh were not included in censuses as a separate ethnic group because they were considered part of the Azeris (Azerbaijani Turks).
In her book, Krista Goff provides interviews with some Talyshes: "During these censuses [from 1959 to 1979] no one asked us about our nationality or self-identification. The census workers sat in the regional or village office and filled in the national composition of the population ahead of time based on orders from above. Then they asked us to fill in the other lines." Respondents also shared with Goff stories about how census takers recorded them as "Azerbaijanis" when they presented themselves as Talysh, and denied the very existence of Talysh nationality; In addition, when collecting information for the census, workers avoided the categories of native language and nationality.[68] During the preparation of materials for the 1970 population census, some ethnographers and cartographers in Moscow expressed doubts about the census data, claiming that the Azerbaijani census authorities artificially assimilated the Talysh in order to "portray their region as more ethnically homogeneous" and Azeris to be "more consolidated", than in reality.[61]
According to Goff, in order to justify the assimilation policy regarding non-titular minorities, Azerbaijani officials and scholars increasingly began to talk from the 1950s about the "purportedly ancient, local origins of the Azeri nation", writing minorities, including the Talysh, into its history. Thus, emphasizing that the Talysh and other peoples of the Azerbaijan SSR "descended from the same ancient population" as the Azerbaijanis (Azerbaijani Turks), they tried to pass off "the formation of the Azeri-defined Soviet Azerbaijani people" as a "natural, centuries-long process rather than the result of forced assimilation, as some minorities claimed."[69]
It was only in 1989 that Talysh ethnicity was returned to the census, immediately counting 21,169 Talysh.[70]
Historical repression of identity and the inability to practice their culture and language has led the Talysh to an internalized self-repression.[44] This makes it difficult to gauge support for any type of Talysh movement.[44] According to Hema Kotecha, many Talysh fear being associated with the separatistTalysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic, with Russia, or withArmenia if they acknowledge or attempt to talk about their beliefs in the public sphere. The fear of the police is another factor to this silence, although support for secular democracy and shared Azerbaijani-Talysh feelings towards Nagorno-Karabakh contribute as well.[44]
The Talysh people have historically had a highbirth rate,[71] and during the 2000s, were the ethnic group experiencing the highest growth rate in Azerbaijan.[72]
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty voiced their concerns about the arrest ofNovruzali Mamedov, Chairman of the Talysh Cultural Centre and editor-in-chief of theTolyshi Sado newspaper.[73] According to a U.S. government interview with Khilal Mamedov, a Talysh rights activist, Mr. Mamedov: "Accused the Azerbaijani leadership of Turkic nationalism and of seeking to suppress non-Turkic minorities…. He said the Azerbaijani leadership seeks to minimize contacts between the Talysh communities in Azerbaijan and Iran and to run Azerbaijan into a monoethnic state."[74]
TheNational Talysh Movement (NTM) was formally created in 2007 by Talysh leaders exiled in theNetherlands. The members of the organization include those who were in support of the Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic such asAlikram Hummatov, the self-proclaimed president of Talysh-Mughan. The movement favors an autonomous region within Azerbaijan. It also demands the promotion of democratic, cultural, and linguistic rights of all minorities within Azerbaijan.[75]
According to some sources, the Azerbaijani government has also implemented a policy of forceful integration of all minorities, including Talysh,Tat, andLezgins.[76]
Currently, the Talysh community in Azerbaijan is oppressed by poverty, unemployment and lack of basic infrastructure such as electricity.[77]
Talysh have also settled in other parts of Republic of Azerbaijan. Pockets of Talysh can be found south of theKura River in theBilasuvar,Neftchala, andJalilabad districts. Large numbers of Talysh have also moved to the urban surroundings of the capital,Baku. In particular, the cities of Bina and Sumqayıt have seen an influx of Talysh.[13]
The Talysh language is aNorthwestern Iranian language, being part of Tatic language family. Despite the absence of older Talysh texts, it is considered to be descended fromOld Azeri, the indigenous Iranian language of Iranian Azerbaijan.[78][79]
Talysh has three major dialects, Southern Talyshi (Masali, Masulei, Shandermani and others), Central Talyshi (Asalemi, Hashtpari and others) and Northern Talyshi (spoken in four closely linked dialect sections of Lerik, Masally, Lankaran, Astara in Azerbaijan Republic and in the dialects of Astara,Sayyadlar, Vizane, as well asAnbaran and neighbouring villages in Iran). A transitional stage of these dialects also exist, such as inJow Kandan-e Bozorg, where a transition between Northern to Central Talyshi is spoken.[80] Linguist Donald Stilo argues that Northern and Southern Talyshi should be regarded as individual languages in the same manner as theKurdish languages, due to the low intelligibility between the two.[81]
The Old Azeriquatrains of Safi-ad-din Ardabili are considered to be a variant of Talysh.[82] There are two other collections of poetry from theMiddle Ages, which are typically regarded asGilaki, though also occasionally as Talysh; the quatrains by the 13th-century writer Sayyed Sharif al-Din, also known as Sharafshah of Dula or Dulab (i.e. Talishdula[b]); and the poems ofQasim-i Anvar,[83] who lived in the 14th and 15th centuries.[84]
The Safavids' campaign ofShi'iteproselytism in Talish remained unfinished because of the district's mountainous, remote location. Because of this, a substantial number of the Talyshis in Iran and the Azerbaijan Republic are adherents ofSunni Islam. The majority of the Talyshis in the Iranian portion of Talish are Sunnis and adherents of theNaqshbandi order. On the other hand, the majority of Talyshis in the Azerbaijani portion of Talish are Shi'ites, with the exception of around twenty-four mountain villages.[6]
Despite the fact that the Talyshis in both Iran and Azerbaijan have a distinctive Iranian identity, its importance in Azerbaijan is considerably bigger. Their identity in Azerbaijan is built on the conflict between Iranians and Turks.[85] They have developed a strong sense of self-identity as a result of consistently receiving unfaithful treatment on behalf of Azerbaijan.[23] One of the main drivers of the growing Iranian identity of the Talyshis in Azerbaijan was the rise of thePan-Turkist ideology in the country after the Soviet era.[4] The Talyshi identity in Azerbaijan has grown significantly during the past few decades. Even after the Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic was abolished, Talyshis in Azerbaijan and Russia's diaspora firmly believe in the possibility of an independent Talysh state.[86]
Meanwhile, among the Talyshis of Iran, the search for Iranian forebears among the South Caspian indigenous peoples is an essential sign of their Iranianness.[85]
The topic of the Talyshis' population size is among the most difficult areas of research. For various reasons, precise statistics for the Talyshi population in Iran and the Azerbaijan Republic are unavailable. This is demonstrated in the official data on the Talyshis and other ethnic minorities in the Azerbaijan Republic.[87] According to the census conducted by the Russian Empire in 1894, there were 88,499 Talyshis in the area that corresponds to the southwestern part of the later Azerbaijan Republic. However, the number of Talyshis became downplayed during the Soviet era due to the "title nations enlargement" plan.[4]
Data from the Soviet census conducted in 1926 state that there were 77,300 Talyshis residing in theAzerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic at that time. According to the 1937 Soviet census, the Talysh population had increased to 99,200. However, the Soviet census in 1939 claims that the Talysh population had decreased to 87,500. The Soviet census in 1959 claims that the Talysh population had decreased even more, now numbering eighty five. The Talyshis are not included in any Soviet population census from 1970 and 1979.[87] However, during theGlasnost era of the Soviet leaderMikhail Gorbachev, the Talyshis reappear abruptly again in the amount of 21,200 in the 1989 census of the Azerbaijan Soviet Republic, the final census of the Soviet era.[88]
According to the official 1999 census of the Republic of Azerbaijan the number of Talysh people in the Republic of Azerbaijan was 76,000.[89]
Talysh nationalists have always asserted that the number of Talysh in Azerbaijan is substantially higher than the official statistics.[90][91] According to unofficial statistics, between 200,000 and 300,000 Talysh citizens live in Azerbaijan.[90][91] Some claim that the population of the Talysh inhabiting the southern regions of Azerbaijan is 600,000.[44] The number of Talysh speakers in 2003 was estimated to be at least 400,000 in the Republic of Azerbaijan.[92]
According to Swedish scholar on EurasiaSvante E. Cornell Azerbaijani government denies Lezgins claim that the number of Lezgins is many times higher than official numbers, but in private many Azeris acknowledge the fact that Lezgins – for that matter Talysh or the Kurdish population of Azerbaijan is far higher than the official figure.[93]
Obtaining accurate statistics is difficult, due to the unavailability of reliable sources, intermarriage, and the decline of the Talysh language.[94][95]
The Talysh are the ethnic group experiencing the highest growth rate in modern Azerbaijan.[72]
With regards to theirNRY-Y-DNAhaplogroups, the Talysh show salient Near-Eastern affinities, withhaplogroup J2, associated with the advent and diffusion of agriculture in theNeolithicNear East, found in over 25% of the sample.[96] Another patriline,haplogroup R1, is also seen to range from 1/4 to up to 1/2, whileR1a1, a marker associated with EasternIndo-European, which includesIndo-Iranian peoples ofCentral/SouthEurasia, only reaches to under 5%, along withhaplogroup G.[96]
Largely concentrated in southern Azerbaijan and north-western Iran, with a major population centre in the city of Lenkoran.
Its inhabitants are mostly Talysh, an Iranian-speaking people who are Shiite Muslims.
Only a few kilometers from the Iranian border, the southeastern town of Lankoran has close ties with Iran. The people in Lankoran are mainly Talysh, linguistically and ethnically similar to Persians.
Largely concentrated in southern Azerbaijan and north-western Iran, with a major population centre in the city of Lenkoran.
It is noteworthy that local national leaders had been pursuiting apolicy of discrimitation toward minorities in the republics even before the USSR's disintegration. Thus, for example, in Uzbekistan a policy of "Uzbekization" of Tajiks (especially in Samarkand and the adjacent areas where Tajiks were forced to register as Uzbeks in official documents), was carried out throughout the postwar period.In Azerbaijan, the Talysh suffered from forced assimilation, and the same policy was pursued in tolerant Latvia toward the Livonians
Not only did Turkey and Azerbaijan pursue an identical policy, both employed identical techniques, e.g.forced assimilation, manipulation of population figures, settlement of non-Kurds in areas predominantly Kurdish, suppression of publications and abolition of Kurdish as a medium of instruction in schools. A familiar Soviet technique was also used…
While the Tats, a Persian-speaking people, were subjected toforced assimilation into the Azerbaijani nationality, Kurds experienced bothcompulsory assimilation and, in 1937, deportation to Kazakhstan.
Like the other Caucasian nationalities,the Talysh ofAzerbaijan were slated for assimilation, not into Russian culture butinto the greater Azeri culture.
Более того, власти проводилиоткровенную политику принудительной ассимиляции нетюркских национальных меньшинств: лезгин, курдов, аварцев, цахуров, лакцев,талышей.
В годы советской властиталыши подвергались усиленной азербайджанизации, что создавало у них сепаратистские настроения.
In the Soviet period, the Talysh talked privately of their separate identity and language, but officially they were nearly assimilated into the Azerbaijani majority. Resentment did linger below the surface — on the Talysh side for theassimilation, part of Soviet policy from the 1930s, and on the Azerbaijani side because the Talysh were perceived as having proliferated in the Baku police organs in the 1970s.
In Azerbaijan, similarly,the Talysh, a Persian-speaking people to the south,have resented being submerged in Azeri Turkic culture, especially given the Soviet language-educationpolicy thatforced a choice between Azeri (the language of the autonomous republic) and Russian without regard to minority languages.The Lezghin, a Dagestani group to the north of Azerbaijan,were similar but their misgivings were less openly expressed.
In postwar Azerbaijan,republican leaders moved aggressively to fully nationalize their republic—to create an Azerbaijan for Azeris and of Azeris first and foremost. In schools, the Azerbaijani language was privileged over all other non-Russian languages natively spoken by the peoples of Azerbaijan.Everyone who lived in Azerbaijan was expected to assimilate to the language and culture of the titular Azeris. Azeri census-takers, meanwhile, statistically "assimilated" minority groups to the Azeri majority by denying them the opportunity to identify themselves as belonging to any other ethnic group. In this manner ofmanipulating census results in order to statistically homogenize Azerbaijan, theTalysh population of Azerbaijan—numbered at 87,510 in the 1939 Soviet census—was whittled down to a mere eighty-five persons in the 1959 census.
«В СССР Т. почти слились с азербайджанцами, которым очень близки по материальной и духовной культуре, поэтому не выделены в переписи 1970».
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