Tallinn[a] is thecapital andmost populous city ofEstonia. Situated on abay in north Estonia, on the shore of theGulf of Finland of theBaltic Sea, it has a population of 456,518 as of 2025[3] and administratively lies inHarju County. Tallinn is the main governmental, financial, industrial, and cultural centre of Estonia. It is located 187 km (116 mi) northwest of the country's second largest city,Tartu, however, only 80 km (50 mi) south ofHelsinki,Finland; it is also 320 km (200 mi) west ofSaint Petersburg,Russia, 300 km (190 mi) north ofRiga,Latvia, and 380 km (240 mi) east ofStockholm,Sweden. From the 13th century until the first half of the 20th century, Tallinn was known in most of the world by variants of its other historicalnameReval.[8]
In 2012, Tallinn had the highest number of startup companies (per capita) among all capitals and larger cities in Europe.[13] Tallinn is the birthplace of many international high-technology companies, includingSkype andWise.[14][8] The city is home to the headquarters of theEuropean Union's IT agency,[15] and to theNATOCyber Defence Centre of Excellence.In 2007, Tallinn was listed among the top-10digital cities in the world,[16] and in 2022, Tallinn was listed among the top-10 "medium-sized European cities of the future".[17]
The nameTallinn isEstonian. It has been widely considered a historical derivation ofTaani-linna,[b] meaning "Danish-castle"[c] (Latin:Castrum Danorum), conceivably because theDanish invaders built the castle in place of the Estonian stronghold after the 1219 battle of Lyndanisse.
The IcelandicNjál's saga—composed after 1270, but describing events between 960 and 1020—mentions an event that occurred somewhere in the area of Tallinn and calls the placeRafala (probably a derivation ofRevala,Rävala, or some other variant of the Estonian name of the adjacentmedieval Estonian county). Soon after the Danish conquest in 1219, the town became known in the Scandinavian and German languages asReval (Latin:Revalia). The etymology ofRevala and derivatives in Estonian is unclear and hypotheses are numerous.[18]
In international use, the English and German-languageReval[19] as well as the Russian analogRevel (Ревель) were all gradually replaced by the Estonian name after the country became independent in 1918. At first, both Estonian forms,Tallinna andTallinn, were used.[20][21]
In 1154, a town calledقلون (Qlwn[25] orQuwri[26][27]) was recorded in the description of the world on theworld map (Tabula Rogeriana) commissioned by theNorman KingRoger II of Sicily and compiled byArab cartographerMuhammad al-Idrisi, who described it as "a small town like a large castle" among the towns of 'Astlanda'. It has been suggested that one possible transcription, 'Qlwn', may have denoted a predecessor of the modern city[28][29] and may somehow be related to a toponymKolyvan, which has been discovered from laterEast Slavic chronicles.[30][31] However, a number of historians have considered connecting any of al-Idrisi's placenames with modern Tallinn erroneous, unfounded, or speculative.[32][9][33][34]
Tallinn, then known more widely as Reval, was grantedLübeck town rights by the king of Denmark in 1248.[36] In 1285, Reval became the northernmost member of theHanseatic League – a mercantile and military alliance of German-dominated cities inNorthern Europe. The king of Denmark sold Reval along with other land possessions in northern Estonia to the Teutonic Knights in 1346. Reval was arguably the most significantmedieval port in the Gulf of Finland.[37] Reval enjoyed a strategic position at the crossroads of trade between the rest of western Europe andNovgorod andMuscovy in the east. The city, with a population of about 8,000, was very well fortified withcity walls and 66 defence towers. The city wall has been described as an outstanding example of German Medieval fortification architecture.[38]
Aweather vane, the figure of an old warrior calledOld Thomas, was put on top of the spire of theTallinn Town Hall in 1530. Old Thomas later became a popular symbol of the city.
City skyline of Tallinn (Reval) and the harbour in 1650
On 24 February 1918, theEstonian Declaration of Independence was proclaimed in Tallinn. It was followed byGerman occupation until the end ofWorld War I in November 1918, after which Tallinn became the capital of independent Estonia. DuringWorld War II, Estonia was firstliberated by the Soviet army and annexed to the USSR in the summer of 1940, thenoccupied byNazi Germany from 1941 to 1944. During the German occupation Tallinn suffered from many instances ofaerial bombing by the Soviet air force. During the most devastating bombing of Tallinn during World War II|The Soviet bombing raid on March 9-10, 1944]] more than a thousand incendiary bombs were dropped on the city, which caused large-scale fires, as a result of which 757 Nazi invaders died. After the German retreat in September 1944, the city wasre-liberated by the Soviet Union.
In 1991, the independent democratic Estonian nation was restored and a period of quick development as a modern European capital ensued. Tallinn became the capital of ade facto independent country once again on 20 August 1991. The Old Town became aWorld Heritage Site in 1997,[39] and the city hosted the2002 Eurovision Song Contest.[40] Tallinn was the 2011European Capital of Culture, and is the recipient of the 2023European Green Capital Award.[41] The city has pledged to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030 and takes pride in its biodiversity and high air quality.[42][43] But critics say that the award was received on false promises since it won the title with its "15-minute city" concept, according to which key facilities and services should be accessible within a 15-minute walk or bike ride but the concept was left out of the green capital program and other parts of the 12 million euro program amount to a collection of temporary and one-off projects without any structural and lasting changes.[44]
Aerial view of the city with its lakes and seaside coastHärjapea river, 1889
Tallinn is situated on the southern coast of theGulf of Finland, in north-western Estonia.
The largest lake in Tallinn isLake Ülemiste (9.44 km2 (3.6 sq mi)), which serves as the main source of the city's drinking water.Lake Harku is the second-largest lake within the borders of Tallinn and its area is 1.6 km2 (0.6 sq mi). The only significant river in Tallinn nowadays is thePirita river, in the eponymousPirita city district. Historically, a smaller river, calledHärjapea, flowed from Lake Ülemiste through the town into the sea, but the river was diverted into underground sewerage system in the 1930s and has since completely disappeared from the cityscape. References to it still remain in the street names Jõe (fromjõgi, river) and Kivisilla (fromkivi sild, stone bridge).
The highest point in Tallinn, at 64 m (about 200 ft) above sea level, is situated inHiiu,Nõmme District, in the south-west of the city. A largelimestone cliff runs through the city. It can be seen at Toompea,Lasnamäe, andAstangu. However, the hill at Toompea, despite its prominence, is not geologically connected to the larger limestone cliff formation.
The rocks and sediments underneath Tallinn are of different composition and age. Youngest are theQuaternary deposits. The materials of these deposits aretill,varvedclay, sand, gravel, and pebbles that are ofglacial, marine and lacustrine origin. Some of the Quaternary deposits are valuable as they constituteaquifers, or as in the case of gravels and sands, are used as construction materials. The Quaternary deposits are the fill of valleys that are now buried. Theburied valleys of Tallinn are carved into older rock likely by ancient rivers to be later modified by glaciers. While the valley fill is made up of Quaternary sediments the valleys themselves originated from erosion that took place before the Quaternary.[46] The substrate into which the buried valleys were carved is made up of hardsedimentary rock ofEdiacaran,Cambrian andOrdovician age. Only the upper layer of Ordovician rocks protrudes from the cover of younger deposits,cropping out in theBaltic Klint at the coast and at a few places inland. The Ordovician rocks are made up from top to bottom of a thick layer of limestone andmarlstone, then a first layer ofargillite followed by first layer of sandstone and siltstone and then another layer of argillite also followed by sandstone and siltstone. In other places of the city, hard sedimentary rock is only to be found beneath Quaternary sediments at depths reaching as much as 120 m below sea level. Underlying the sedimentary rock are the rocks of theFennoscandian Craton includinggneisses and othermetamorphic rocks with volcanic rockprotoliths andrapakivi granites. These rocks are much older than the rest (Paleoproterozoic age) and do not crop out anywhere in Estonia.[46]
Winters are cold, but mild for its latitude, owing to its coastal location. The average temperature in February, the coldest month, is −3.6 °C (25.5 °F). During the winters, temperatures tend to hover close to freezing, but mild spells of weather can push temperatures above 0 °C (32 °F), occasionally reaching above 5 °C (41 °F) while cold air masses can push temperatures below −18 °C (0 °F) an average of 6 days a year. Snowfall is common during the winters, which are cloudy[48] and characterised by low amounts of sunshine, ranging from only 20.7 hours of sunshine per month in December to 58.8 hours in February.[49] At thewinter solstice, daylight lasts for less than 6 hours and 5 minutes.[50]
Spring starts out cool, with freezing temperatures common in March and April, but gradually becomes warmer and sunnier in May, when daytime temperatures average 15.4 °C (59.7 °F), although nighttime temperatures still remain cool, averaging −3.7 to 5.2 °C (25.3 to 41.4 °F) from March to May.[51] In early spring, freezing temperatures are common in March and snowfall can occur in April.[48]
Summers are warm with daytime temperatures hovering around 19.2 to 22.2 °C (66.6 to 72.0 °F) and nighttime temperatures averaging between 9.8 to 13.1 °C (49.6 to 55.6 °F) from June to August.[51] The warmest month is usually July, with an average of 17.6 °C (63.7 °F).[51] During summer, partly cloudy or clear days are common[48] and it is the sunniest season, ranging from 255.6 hours of sunshine in August to 312.1 hours in July although precipitation is higher during these months.[52][49] At thesummer solstice, daylight lasts for more than 18 hours and 40 minutes.[50] The highest probability of thunderstorms is in August.[53]
Autumn starts out mild, and increasingly becomes cooler and cloudier in November.[48] In September, temperatures commonly reach 16.1 °C (61.0 °F). In late autumn, snowfall can occur in October and freezing temperatures become more common in November. The highest probability of fog is in September and November.[53]
Tallinn receives 700 mm (28 in) of precipitation annually, which is evenly distributed throughout the year although March, April and May are the driest months, averaging about 35 to 37 mm (1.4 to 1.5 in), while July and August are the wettest months with 82 to 85 mm (3.2 to 3.3 in) of precipitation.[52] The average humidity is 81%, ranging from a high of 89% to a low of 69% in May.[54] Tallinn has an average windspeed of 3.3 m/s (11 ft/s) with winters being the windiest (around 3.7 m/s (12 ft/s) in January) and summers being the least windy at around 2.7 m/s (8.9 ft/s) in August.[48] In Tallinn airport, winds blow predominantly from the southwest, south, and west.[53]
The city's climate, along with Riga and Helsinki, has been characterized as unpredictable.[55]Temperature extremes range from −32.2 °C (−26.0 °F) on 31 December 1978 to 34.3 °C (93.7 °F) on 30 July 1994.[56]
Climate data for Tallinn, Estonia (normals 1991–2020 and extremes 1805–present)
Tallinn is subdivided into eight administrativelinnaosa (districts). Each district has alinnaosa valitsus (district government) which is managed by alinnaosavanem (district elder) who is appointed by the city government. The function of the "district governments", however, is not directly governing, but just limited to providing advice to the city government and the city council on issues related to the administration of respective districts.
The districts are administratively further divided into 84asum (subdistricts or "neighbourhoods" with officially defined borders).[59]
The city is governed by theTallinn City Council which consists of 79 members elected to four year terms via party list. The mayor is elected by the city council.
According toEurostat, in 2004, Tallinn had one of the largest number of non-EU nationals of all EU member states' capital cities. Ethnic Russians are a significant minority in Tallinn, as around a third of the city's residents are first and second generation immigrants from Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union; a majority of the Soviet-era immigrants now hold Estonian citizenship.[62]
Ethnic Estonians made up over 80% of Tallinn's population before World War II. As of 2022, ethnic Estonians made up over 53% of the population. Tallinn was one of the urban areas with industrial and military significance in northern Estonia that during the period ofSoviet occupation underwent extensive changes in its ethnic composition due to large influx of immigrants from Russia and other parts of the former USSR. Whole new city districts were built where the main intent of the then Soviet authorities was to accommodate Russian-speaking immigrants: Mustamäe, Väike-Õismäe, Pelguranna, and most notably, Lasnamäe, which in 1980s became, and is to this day, the most populous district of Tallinn.
The official language of Tallinn is Estonian. As of 2011, 50.1% of the city's residents were native speakers of Estonian, whereas 46.7% had Russian as theirfirst language. While English is the most frequently used foreign language by the residents of Tallinn, there are also a significant number of native speakers ofUkrainian andFinnish.[63]
Tallinn has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in information technology, tourism and logistics. More than half of Estonia's GDP is created in Tallinn.[73] In 2008, the GDP per capita of Tallinn stood at 172% of the Estonian average.[74]In addition to longtime functions as seaport and capital city, Tallinn has seen development of an information technology sector; in its 13 December 2005, edition,The New York Times characterised Estonia as "a sort ofSilicon Valley on the Baltic Sea".[75] One of Tallinn's sister cities is the Silicon Valley town ofLos Gatos, California. Skype is one of the best-known of several Estonian start-ups originating from Tallinn. Many start-ups have originated from theInstitute of Cybernetics. In recent years,[when?] Tallinn has gradually been becoming one of the main IT centres of Europe, with theCooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCD COE) ofNATO,eu-LISA, the EU Digital Agency and the IT development centres of large corporations, such asTeliaSonera andKuehne + Nagel being based in the city.[76]
Tallinn receives 4.3 million visitors annually,[77] a figure that has grown steadily over the past decade. TheFinns are especially a common sight in Tallinn;[78] on average, about 20,000–40,000 Finnish tourists visit the city between June and October.[79] Most of the visitors come from Europe, though Tallinn has also become increasingly visited by tourists from the Asia-Pacific region.[80]Tallinn Passenger Port is one of the busiest cruise destinations on the Baltic Sea, it served more than 520,000 cruise passengers in 2013.[81]
Tallinn is the financial centre of Estonia and also an important economic centre in theBaltoscandian region. Many major banks, such asSEB,Swedbank, andNordea, have their local offices in Tallinn.LHV Pank, an Estonian investment bank, has its corporate headquarters in Tallinn.Tallinn Stock Exchange, part ofNASDAQ OMX Group, is the only regulated exchange in Estonia.
Port of Tallinn is one of the biggest ports in the Baltic sea region, whereas the largest cargo port of Estonia, thePort of Muuga, which is operated by the same business entity, is located in the neighboring town ofMaardu.[82] Old City Harbour has been known as a convenient harbour since the medieval times, but nowadays the cargo operations are shifted to Muuga Cargo Port andPaldiski South Harbour. As of 2010, there was still a small fleet ofoceangoing trawlers that operated out of Tallinn.[83]Tallinn's industries include shipbuilding, machine building, metal processing, electronics, textile manufacturing.BLRT Grupp has its headquarters and some subsidiaries in Tallinn.Air Maintenance Estonia andAS Panaviatic Maintenance, both based in Tallinn Airport, provideMRO services for aircraft, largely expanding their operations in recent years.Liviko, the maker of the internationally knownVana Tallinn liqueur, is similarly based in Tallinn. The headquarters ofKalev, a confectionery company and part of the industrial conglomerateOrkla Group, is located inLehmja, near the city's southeastern boundary.Estonia is ranked third in Europe in terms of shopping centre space per inhabitant, ahead of Sweden and being surpassed only byNorway andLuxembourg.[84]
Tallinn is home to more than 60 museums and galleries.[92] Most of them are located inKesklinn, the central district of the city, and cover Tallinn's rich history.
One of the most visited historical museums in Tallinn is theEstonian History Museum, located in Great Guild Hall atVanalinn, the old part of the city.[93] It covers Estonia's history from prehistoric times up until the end of the 20th century.[94] It features film and hands-on displays that show how Estonian dwellers lived and survived.[94]
TheEstonian Maritime Museum provides an overview of the nation's seafaring past. The museum is located in the Old Town, inside one of Tallinn's former defensive structures – Fat Margaret's Tower.[95] Another historical museum that can be found at city's Old Town, just behind theTown Hall, is Tallinn City Museum. It covers Tallinn's history from pre-history until 1991, when Estonia regained its independence.[96] Tallinn City Museum owns nine more departments and museums around the city,[96] one of which is Tallinn's Museum of Photography, also located just behind theTown Hall. It features a permanent exhibition that covers 100 years of photography in Estonia.[97]
Estonia'sVabamu Museum of Occupations and Freedom is located inKesklinn (the Central district). It covers the 51 years (1940–1991) when Estonia was occupied by the former Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.[98] Not far away is another museum related to the Soviet occupation of Estonia, the KGB Museum, which occupies the 23rd floor ofSokos Hotel Viru. It features equipment, uniforms, and documents of Russian Secret Service agents.[99]
The city is also home toEstonian Museum of Natural History and theEstonian Health Museum, both located in Old Town. The Museum of Natural History features several themed exhibitions that provide an overview of the wildlife of Estonia and the world.[100] The Estonian Health Museum has exhibitions covering human anatomy, health care, and the history of medicine in Estonia on display.[101]
Tallinn is home to several art and design museums. TheEstonian Art Museum, the largest art museum in Estonia, consists of four branches –Kumu Art Museum,Kadriorg Art Museum,Mikkel Museum, andNiguliste Museum. Kumu Art Museum features the country's largest collection of contemporary and modern art. It also displays Estonian art starting from the early 18th century.[102] Those who are interested in Western European and Russian art may enjoy Kadriorg Art Museum collections, located inKadriorg Palace, a beautifulBaroque building erected byPeter the Great. It stores and displays about 9,000 works of art from the 16th to 20th centuries.[103] The Mikkel Museum, in Kadriorg Park, displays a collection of mainly Western art – ceramics and Chinese porcelain donated by Johannes Mikkel in 1994. The Niguliste Museum occupies formerSt. Nicholas' Church; it displays collections of historical ecclesiastical art spanning nearly seven centuries from the Middle Ages to post-Reformation art.
TheEstonian Museum of Applied Art and Design shows Estonian contemporary designs. It displays up to 15.000 pieces of work made of textile art, ceramics, porcelain, leather, glass, jewellery, metalwork, furniture, and product design.[104] More relaxed, culture-oriented exhibits are found at the Museum of Estonian Drinking Culture. This museum showcases the historic Luscher & Matiesen Distillery as well as the history of Estonian alcohol production.[105]
Estonians have an extensive collection of folk songs, consisting of some 133,000 folk songs.[108] From 1987, a cycle of massdemonstrations featuring spontaneous singing of national songs andhymns that were strictly forbidden during the years of the Soviet occupation to peacefully resist the oppression. In September 1988, a record 300,000 people, more than a quarter of allEstonians, gathered in Tallinn for a song festival.[109]
Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival (Estonian: Pimedate Ööde Filmifestival, or PÖFF), is an annual film festival held since 1997 in Tallinn, the capital city of Estonia. PÖFF is the only festival in the Nordic and Baltic region with aFIAPF (International Federation of Film Producers Association) accreditation for holding an international competition programme in the Nordic and Baltic region with 14 other non-specialised festivals, such asCannes,Berlin,Venice. With over 250 feature films screened each year and over 77500 attendances (2014), PÖFF is one of the largest film events of Northern Europe and cultural events in Estonia in the winter season. During its 19th edition in 2015 the festival screened more than 600 films (including 250+ feature-length films from 80 countries), bringing over 900 screenings to an audience of over 80, 000 people as well as over 700 accredited guests and journalists from 50 countries. In 2010 the festival held theEuropean Film Awards ceremony in Tallinn.
The traditional cuisine of Tallinn reflects culinary traditions of north Estonia, the role of the city as a fishing port, and historical German influences. Numerous cafés have played a major role in a social life of the city since the 19th century, as have bars, especially in the Kesklinn district.
Themartsipan industry in Tallinn has a very long history. The production ofmartsipan started in the Middle Ages, almost simultaneously in Tallinn (Reval) andLübeck, both member cities of the Hanseatic League. In 1695,marzipan was mentioned as a medicine, under the designation ofPanis Martius, in the price lists of theTallinn Town Hall Pharmacy.[110] The modern era ofmartsipan in Tallinn began in 1806, when the Swiss confectioner Lorenz Caviezel set up his confectionery on Pikk Street. In 1864, it was bought and expanded by Georg Stude and now is known as theMaiasmokk café. In the late 19th centurymartsipan figurines made by Tallinn's confectioners were supplied to the Russian imperial family.[111]
Arguably, the most symbolic seafood dish of Tallinn isvürtsikilu ("spicy sprat") – saltedsprats pickled with a distinctive set of spices includingblack pepper,allspice andcloves. The making of traditionalvürtsikilu is thought to have originated from the city's outskirts. In 1826, the merchants of Tallinn exported 40,000 cans ofvürtsikilu to Saint Petersburg.[112] A closely associated dish iskiluvõileib ("sprat-butter-bread") – a traditionalrye bread open sandwich covered with a layer of butter andvürtsikilu as the topping. Boiled egg slices and culinary herbs are optional extra toppings. Alcoholic beverages produced in the city include beer, vodka, and liqueurs (such as the eponymousVana Tallinn). The number ofcraft beer breweries has expanded sharply in Tallinn over the last decade, entering local and regional markets.
This area was once an almost separate town, heavily fortified, and has always been the seat of governing power in Estonia. The hill occupies an easily defensible site overlooking the surrounding districts. The major attractions are the medievalToompea Castle (today housing the Estonian Parliament, theRiigikogu), the LutheranSt Mary's Cathedral, also known as the Dome Church (Estonian:Toomkirik), and the Russian OrthodoxAlexander Nevsky Cathedral.
Kadriorg is 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) east of the city centre and is served by buses and trams.Kadriorg Palace, the former palace ofPeter the Great, built just after theGreat Northern War, now houses the foreign art department of theArt Museum of Estonia, the presidential residence and the surrounding grounds include formal gardens and woodland.
This coastal district is a further 2 kilometres north-east of Kadriorg. The marina was built for theMoscow Olympics of 1980, and boats can be hired on thePirita River. Two kilometres inland are theBotanic Gardens and theTallinn TV Tower.
The city operates a system of bus (73 lines),tram (5 lines) andtrolley-bus (4 lines) routes to all districts; the 33 kilometres (21 mi) longtram system[113] is the only tram network in Estonia.[114][115] A flat-fare system is used. The ticket-system is based on prepaid RFID cards available in kiosks and post offices. In January 2013, Tallinn became the first European capital to offer afare-free service on buses, trams and trolleybuses within the city limits. This service is available to residents who register with the municipality.[116]
TheLennart Meri Tallinn Airport is about 4 kilometres (2 miles) fromTown Hall square (Raekoja plats). There is a tram (Line Number: 4) and local bus connection between the airport and the edge of the city centre (bus no. 2). The nearest railway stationÜlemiste is only 1.5 km (0.9 mi) from the airport. The construction of the new section of the airport began in 2007 and was finished in summer 2008.
TheElron railway company operates train services from Tallinn to Tartu,Valga,Türi,Viljandi,Tapa,Narva,Koidula. Buses are also available to all these and various other destinations in Estonia, as well as to Saint Petersburg in Russia and Riga, Latvia. TheRussian railways company operated a daily international sleeper train service between Tallinn – Moscow, and was stopped in 2020.
Tallinn also has a commuter rail service running from Tallinn'smain rail station in two main directions: east (Aegviidu) and to several western destinations (Pääsküla,Keila,Riisipere, Turba,Paldiski, andKloogaranna). These are electrified lines and are used by theElron railroad company.Stadler FLIRT EMU and DMU units are in service since July 2013. The first electrified train service in Tallinn was opened in 1924 from Tallinn to Pääsküla, a distance of 11.2 km (7.0 mi).
TheRail Baltica project, which will link Tallinn with Warsaw via Latvia and Lithuania, will connect Tallinn with the rest of the European rail network. Anundersea tunnel has been proposed between Tallinn andHelsinki,[120] though it remains at a planning phase.
^TheFinnic element-linna, likeGermanic-burg andSlavic-grad /-gorod, originally meant "fortress", but has been used as a suffix in the formation of town names. TheEstonian wordlinn nowadays means "town" or "city".
^The Danish heritage is also evident in the city's lesser coat of arms, depicting theflag of Denmark (Dannebrog).
^(in German) Reval's ältester Estnischer Name Lindanisse, Verhandlungen der gelehrten estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat. Band 3, Heft 1. Dorpat 1854, p. 46–47
^Ammas, Anneli (18 January 2003)."Pealinna esmamainimise aeg kahtluse all" [The date of the capital’s first mention under doubt].Eesti Päevaleht.Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved6 July 2017.
^Günther Grundmann. "Die mittelalterliche Stadtbaukunst".Der Ostseeraum im Blickfeld der Deutschen Geschichte. Studien zum Deutschtum im Osten. Vol. 6. Böhlau Verlag. p. 83.
^Eesti Statistika : kuukiri 1942-03/04 (in German and Estonian). Tallinn: Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo. 1942. pp. 66–67.Archived from the original on 19 September 2024. Retrieved7 May 2023.
^Arumäe, Liisu (9 August 2013)."Tallinnas suureneb Vene ja Aasia turistide arv" [The number of Russian and Asian tourists is increasing in Tallinn].E24 Majandus (in Estonian). Archived fromthe original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved5 November 2013.
^"Martsipani ajalugu".kohvikmaiasmokk.ee (in Estonian). AS Kalev.Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved13 October 2016.
^Gendlin, Vladimir; Shaposhnikov, Vasily (19 May 2003)."Estonia // SPRATS IN LIQUEUR".Kommersant. Moscow. Archived fromthe original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved13 October 2016.
Kattago, Siobhan.War memorials and the politics of memory: The Soviet war memorial in Tallinn.Constellations 16.1 (2009): 150–166.onlineArchived 9 July 2020 at theWayback Machine
Naum, Magdalena.Multi-ethnicity and material exchanges in Late Medieval Tallinn.European Journal of Archaeology 17.4 (2014): 656–677.online[dead link]
Õunapuu, Piret.The Tallinn department of the Estonian National museum: History and developments.Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 48 (2011): 163–196.
Pullat, Raimo.Brief history of Tallinn (Estopol, 1999).
Tannu, Elena (1990).The living past of Tallinn. Perioodika Publishers.ISBN5-7979-0031-9.
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