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Taihu Wu

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Wu Chinese language

Taihu Wu
Northern Wu
吳語太湖片
Native to	People's Republic of China
Region	Primarily in southernJiangsu, northernZhejiang, southeasternAnhui, andShanghai
Speakers	47.26 million (2012)^[1]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Wu Taihu Wu
Writing system	Chinese characters
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (`mis`)
ISO 639-6	`taiu tupn`
Glottolog	`taih1244`
Linguasphere	`79-AAA-db`

Taihu Wu (吳語太湖片) orNorthern Wu (北部吳語) is aWu Chinese language spoken in much of the southern part of the province ofJiangsu, includingSuzhou,Wuxi,Changzhou, the southern part ofNantong,Jingjiang andDanyang; the municipality ofShanghai; and the northern part ofZhejiang province, includingHangzhou,Shaoxing,Ningbo,Huzhou, andJiaxing. A notable exception is the dialect of the town of Jinxiang, which is a linguistic exclave of Taihu Wu inZhenan Min-speakingCangnan county ofWenzhou prefecture in Zhejiang province. Speakers in regions aroundTaihu Lake andHangzhou Bay, are the largest population among all Wu speakers. Taihu Wu dialects such as Shanghainese, Shaoxing and Ningbo aremutually intelligible even for L2 Taihu speakers.

History

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Linguistic affinity has also been used as a tool for regional identity and politics in theJiangbei andJiangnan regions. While the city ofYangzhou was the center of trade, flourishing and prosperous, it was considered part of Jiangnan, which was known to be wealthy, even though Yangzhou was north of theYangzi River. OnceYangzhou's wealth and prosperity were gone, it was then considered to be part of Jiangbei, the "backwater".

After Yangzhou was removed from Jiangnan, many of its residents switched fromJianghuai Mandarin, the dialect of Yangzhou, to Taihu Wu dialects. In Jiangnan itself, multiple subdialects of Wu competed for the position of prestige dialect.^[2]

In 1984, around 85 million speakers are mutually intelligible withShanghainese.^[3]

Phonology

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Main article:Northern Wu phonology

Taihu Wu varieties tend to preserve historical voiced initials.^[4] The number of phonemic vowels can reach numbers higher than that of someGermanic languages.^[5] Taihu Wu varieties typically have phonemic 7-8 tones,^[6] though some can go as high as 12 or as low as 5,^[7]^[8] and they all have highly complextone sandhi.^[9]

List of Taihu Wu dialect subgroups

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Su–Jia–Hu (Suzhou–Jiaxing–Huzhou, 蘇嘉湖小片), also known as Su–Hu–Jia (Suzhou–Shanghai–Jiaxing, 蘇滬嘉小片) – 23 million speakers in 1987^[10]
- Suzhou dialect (Jiangsu)
- Shanghainese
- Jiaxing dialect (Zhejiang)
- Wuxi dialect (Jiangsu)
Tiaoxi (苕溪小片, now considered to be a subbranch or sister group to Suzhou–Shanghai–Jiaxing) – 3 million speakers in 1987^[10]
- Huzhou dialect (Zhejiang)
- Southeast Guangde dialect (Anhui)

Northwestern Wu

Piling (毗陵小片, spoken in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces) – 8 million speakers in 1987^[10]
- Changzhou dialect (Jiangsu)
Hangzhou (杭州小片) – 1.2 million speakers in 1987^[10]
- Hangzhou dialect (Zhejiang)

Northern Zhejiang

Lin–Shao (臨紹小片) – 7.8 million speakers in 1987^[10]
- Shaoxing dialect (Zhejiang)
- Lin'an (Zhejiang)
Yongjiang 甬江小片 or Mingzhou (明州小片) – 4 million speakers in 1987^[10]
- Ningbo dialect (Zhejiang)
- Zhoushan (Zhejiang)
Jinxiang dialect (金鄉話, appears to be an isolate, but closely related to the Taihu Wu varieties of Northern Zhejiang.)

List of Taihu Wu dialects

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References

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^Li (2012), p. 104.
^Ko, Dorothy (1994).Teachers of the Inner Chambers: Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century China (illustrated, annotated ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 21.ISBN 0-8047-2359-1.jianghuai mandarin.
^DeFrancis, John (1984).The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
^VanNess Simmons, Richard (1999),Chinese Dialect Classification: A comparative approach to Harngjou, Old Jintarn and Common Northern Wu, John Benjamins Publishing Co., p. 3-7,ISBN 90-272-3694-1
^Li, Hui; Hong, Yulong (2012),偒傣話：世界上元音最多的語言 [Dondac: The language with the most vowels in the world], Fudan University Press, p. 12,ISBN 978-7-309-09153-3
^Chappell, Hilary; Lan, Li (2017), "Mandarin and other Sinitic languages",Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese language, Oxford: Taylor & Francis, p. 605-628
^Xu, Zhen (2009),吴江方言声调研究 [A Study on the Tones of the lect of Wujiang] (thesis), Shanghai Normal University, p. 9
^Qian, Nairong; Xu, Baohua; Tang, Zhenzhu (2007),上海话大词典 [The Great Dictionary of Shanghainese] (1 ed.), Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House, p. 386,ISBN 978-7-5326-2248-1
^Rose, Phil; Toda, Takako (1994), "A Typology of Tone Sandhi Rules in Northern Wu",Current Issues in Sino-Tibetan Linguistics, Ōsaka:267–273
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fSinolect.org."Untitled" (Pie Chart) (in Chinese). Archived fromthe original(GIF) on 2013-05-13.

Works cited

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Li, Rong (2012),中國語言地圖集 [Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese) (2 ed.), The Commercial Press,ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6.

Northeastern	Changchun Harbin Shenyang Taz
Beijing	Beijing Taiwan
Jilu	Tianjin Jinan
Jiaoliao	Dalian Qingdao Weihai
Central Plains	Dongping Gangou Guanzhong Xi'an Luoyang Xuzhou Dungan Xinjiang
Southwestern	Sichuanese Chengdu–Chongqing (?)Minjiang Leshan Renshou–Fushun [zh] Zigong Kunming Nanping Wuhan Gui–Liu Wuming
Jianghuai	Nanjing Nantong Nanping
Lanyin	Lanzhou dialect [zh] Ürümqi dialect [zh] Xinjiang
Other	Junjiahua Qinjiang Gyami

Jin

Taihu	Shanghai Suzhou Wuxi Changzhou (?)Hangzhou Shaoxing Ningbo Jinxiang Jiangyin Shadi
Taizhou Wu	Taizhou Tiantai
Oujiang	Wenzhou Rui'an Wencheng
Wuzhou	Jinhua
Chu–Qu	Quzhou Jiangshan Qingtian
Xuanzhou	Xuancheng

Houguan [zh]	Fuzhou Fuqing Changle Gutian Matsu
Fu–Ning [zh]	Ningde Fu'an
Other	Manjiang Zhongshan Longdu Nanlang

Pu–Xian

Southern

Hokkien	Quanzhou Zhangzhou Amoy Chawan Taiwan Philippines Penang Medan Singapore Southern Malaysia
Teochew	Swatow Haklau Pontianak
Zhongshan	Sanxiang
Other	Zhenan Longyan

Leizhou

Zhanjiang

Hainan

Inland

Hakka

Yue

Yuehai	Guangzhou Hong Kong Malaysia Xiguan Jiujiang Shiqi Weitou Dapeng
Siyi	Taishan Xinhui [zh]
Other	Gao–Yang Goulou Wu–Hua Yong–Xun Luo–Guang Qin–Lian

Pinghua

Unclassified

Shaozhou Tuhua Xiangnan Tuhua Danzhou Badong Yao Shehua Waxiang Yeheni Huizhou Mai Laobeizi
(?)Macro-Bai	Bai Cai-Long Caijia Longjia Luren

Standard forms of Chinese

Mandarin (Standard Chinese)	Sichuanese Taiwanese Philippine Malaysian Singaporean Standard
Other varieties	Cantonese Hokkien Hakka

History, phonology, and grammar

History	Old Chinese Eastern Han Middle Chinese Old Mandarin Middle Mandarin Proto-Min Proto-Hakka Ba–Shu Gan
Phonology	Historical Old Old National Cantonese Hokkien Northern Wu Mandarin Literary and colloquial readings
Grammar	Numerals Classifiers Honorifics Cantonese grammar Classical grammar
Idioms	Chengyu Xiehouyu