| Tai Noi Lao Buhan | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script type | |
Period | c. 1500[1]–1930s (survives as the modernLao script)[2] |
| Direction | Left-to-right |
| Languages | Lao,Isan, and others |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Child systems | Lao |
Sister systems | Tai Yo |
| This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. | |
| Brahmic scripts |
|---|
| TheBrahmi script and its descendants |
TheTai Noi (Thai:อักษรไทน้อย,RTGS: akson thai noi;Lao:ອັກສອນລາວບູຮານ,RTGS: akson lao buhan) also spelledThai Noi orLao Buhan script is aBrahmic script that has historically been used inLaos andIsan[3] since about 1500 CE.[1] The contemporaryLao script is a direct descendant and has preserved the basic letter shapes.[4] The script has mostly dropped out of use in the Isan region ofThailand, due to theThaification policies of the Thai government, that imposed Central Thai culture such as theThai script throughout the country.[4]
The Tai Noi script (Northeastern Thai:อักษรไทน้อย/ʔǎk.sɔ̆ːntʰa᷇jnɔ̑ːj/Akson Thai Noi, cf.Lao:ອັກສອນໄທນ້ອຍAkson Thai Noy,lit. 'Little Tai alphabet') is also calledTo Lao (Northeastern Thai:โตลาว/tōla᷇ːw/, cf.Lao:ໂຕລາວ/tòːláːw/,lit. 'Lao letters'), which in contemporary Isan and Lao would beTua Lao (Northeastern Thai:ตัวลาว/tūala᷇ːw/ andLao:ຕົວລາວ/tùaláːw/, respectively. The script is known in Laos asLao Buhan (Lao:ລາວບູຮານ/láːwbùː.hán/), which meanslit. 'ancient Lao'.[5] In Laos, the script is referred to in academic settings as theAkson Lao Doem (Lao:ອັກສອນລາວເດີມ/ʔák.sɔ̆ːnláːwdɤ̀ːm/Akson Lao Deum, cf.Northeastern Thai:อักษรลาวเดิม,lit. 'Original Lao script').[4] The script is also calledTua Wiang, meaning "orthography of the court".[6]
The Tai Noi/Lao script and the Thai script derive from a common ancestral Tai script of what is now northern Thailand which was an adaptation of theKhmer script, rounded by the influence of theMon script, all of which are descendants of thePallava script of southern India.[4] TheFak Kham script represents the prototype for the Tai Noi script, which was developed inLan Xang. The first true examples of inscriptions in Tai Noi are provided by a stele found inThakhek, dated to 1497.[1]
The 16th century would see the establishment of many of the hallmarks of the contemporary Lao language. Scribes abandoned the use of written Khmer or Lao written in the Khmer alphabet, adopting a simplified, cursive form of the script now known in Thailand asTai Noi.[2] The spread ofTheravada Buddhism spread literacy, as monks served as teachers, teaching reading and writing as well other basic skills to village boys, and the Tai Noi script was the secular script used for personal letters, record-keeping and signage, as well as to record short stories and theklon (Northeastern Thai:กลอน/klɔ̄ːn/, cf.Lao:ກອນ/kɔ̀ːn/kon) poetry that were often incorporated into traditional folksongs.[2] The earliest evidence of the script in what is now Thailand is an inscription at Prathat Si Bunrueang inNong Bua Lamphu dated to 1510, and the last epigraphic evidence is dated to 1840 AD, although large numbers of texts were destroyed or did not survive the heat and humidity. Temples built in what is now Isan still featured the Tai Noi script on its murals and although Siam would intervene in some matters, daily administration was still left to the remaining kings and various Lao princes that served as governors of the largermueang.[citation needed]
The use of the script was banned in Isan in 1871 by royal decree and supplemented with the Thai alphabet, followed by reforms that imposed Thai as the administrative language of the region in 1898, but these edicts had little impact as education was done informally by village monks. The written language survived to some degree until the imposition of the radical Thaification policies of the 1930s, as the Central Thai culture was elevated as the national standard and all expressions of regional and minority culture were brutally suppressed.[7] Many documents were confiscated and burned, religious literature was replaced by royally sanctioned Thai versions and schools, where only the Thai spoken and written language was used, were built in the region. As a result, only a handful of people, such as academic experts, monks that maintain the temple libraries and some elderly people of advanced age are familiar with and can read material written in Tai Noi script. This has led to Isan being mainly a spoken language, and when it is written, if at all, it is written in the Thai script and spelling conventions that distance it from its Lao origins.[4]
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In Laos, Tai Noi survives with a few modifications as theLao script.[2] The Lao script is a direct descendant of Tai Noi and continues its role as the official written language of the Lao language of the left bank as well as the script used to transcribe minority languages.[8][4] In Isan, increased exposure to Tai Noi has been provided by theKhon Kaen University's Isan language and literature BA courses, as of 2004. In addition, theMahachulalongkorn University inKhon Kaen has independently developed the "New Thai Noi" script, which includes a 5-tone diacritic system to simplify the script for students wishing to read and write Tai Noi.[9] In 2012, the Khon Kaen University developed the four-yearIsan Culture Maintenance and Revitalization Programme (ICMRP), which addresses the development of an Isan language curriculum in order to revitalize the language. The Tai Noi script was selected as the writing system for the project due to its historical use for secular writings, as well as for its widespread use in Isan prior to the introduction of the Thai education system.[10] The main outcomes of the program were the first officially approved Isan language curriculum for primary and secondary school students, the first municipal multilingual Thai-Isan-English road signage (featuring Tai Noi) inNortheast Thailand, children's tracing books for learning Tai Noi script, a standardized Tai Noi script presented in alphabet posters, flash cards for teaching Tai Noi and a 16,000-word multilingual Thai-Isan-English dictionary employing the Tai Noi script.[11]
The Tai Noi consonants are written horizontally from left to right, while vowels are written in front, on top, at the bottom, and after the letter, depending on the vowel. The script does not have capital or lowercase letters. There are no spaces between words. Sentences are ended with a space.
The Tai Noi script has its own numbers, which are similar to numbers found in the Lao script.
The Tai Noi script contains 27 initial consonants.
Consonant clusters are initial consonants that consist of two consonant letters combined into one letter.[12]
The following picture illustrates some examples:
The Tai Noi script contains letters specifically for consonants in the final position of a word. There are 11 final consonant letters in total for 8 different sounds.
The Tai Noi script contains 29 vowels formed by numerous diacritics.
Attempts to encode Tai Noi inUnicode have been made.[5]
You can download a Tai Noi fontat the IsanGate website.[13]