ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔ Katagalugan /Mga Tagalog /Lahing Tagalog | |
|---|---|
 Amaginoo (nobility) couple, both wearing blue-colored clothing articles (blue being the distinctive color of their class),c. 16th century. | |
| Total population | |
| 28,273,666 (2020 census)[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Philippines(Metro Manila,Calabarzon,Central Luzon,Mimaropa) | |
| Languages | |
| Tagalog (Filipino),English | |
| Religion | |
| PredominantlyChristianity (mostlyCatholic), minorityIslam,Buddhism,Anitism (Tagalog religion) | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| OtherFilipino ethnic groups, otherAustronesian peoples |
TheTagalog people are an Austronesianethnic group native to thePhilippines, particularly theMetro Manila andCalabarzon regions andMarinduque province of southernLuzon, and comprise the majority in the provinces ofBulacan,Bataan,Nueva Ecija,Aurora, andZambales inCentral Luzon and the island ofMindoro.
The most popularetymology for theendonym "Tagalog" is the termtagá-ilog, which means "people from [along] the river" (the prefixtagá- meaning "coming from" or "native of"). However, the Filipino historianTrinidad Pardo de Tavera inEtimología de los Nombres de Razas de Filipinas (1901) concludes that this origin is linguistically unlikely, because thei- inilog should have been retained if it were the case.[2]
De Tavera and other authors instead propose an origin fromtagá-álog, which means "people from the lowlands", from the archaic meaning of the nounálog, meaning "low lands which fill with water when it rains". This would make the most sense considering that the name was used to distinguish the people of the lowlands of theManila region, which was formerly primarilyswamps andmarshlands, from the people living in higher elevations.[2]
Other authors, like the American anthropologistH. Otley Beyer, propose thattagá-álog meant "people of theford/river crossing", from the modern meaning of the verbalog, which means "to wade". But this has been rejected by de Tavera as unlikely.[2][3][4]
Before thecolonial period, the term "Tagalog" was originally used to differentiate lowland dwellers from mountain dwellers betweenNagcarlan andLamon Bay, thetaga-bukit ("highland dweller") ortaga-bundok ("mountain dweller", also archaicallytingues, meaning "mountain", cf.Tinguian);[5][2] as well as the dwellers of the banks ofLaguna de Bay, thetaga-doongan (people of the pier/shore where boats dock").[2] Despite the naming distinctions, all of these groups speak the same language. Further exceptions include the present-dayBatangas Tagalogs, who referred to themselves as people of Kumintang – a distinction formally maintained throughout the colonial period.[6]
Allegiance to abayan differentiated between its natives calledtawo and foreigners, who either also spokeTagalog or other languages – the latter calledsamot orsamok.[6][7]
Beginning in the Spanish colonial period, documented foreign spellings of the term ranged fromTagalos toTagalor.[8]
The Tagalog people are said to have descended from seafaringAustronesians who migrated southwards to thePhilippines from the island ofTaiwan.
Specific origin narratives of the Tagalog people contend among several theories:
LinguistR. David Zorc proposed a reconstruction of the origins and prehistory of the Tagalog language based on linguistic evidence. According to Zorc, the prehistory of the Tagalog language began slightly more than one thousand years ago, when Tagalog emerged as a distinct speech variety. Tagalog is classified as aCentral Philippine language and is therefore closely related toBikol,Bisayan andMansakan languages. Zorc theorizes that the speakers of the early Tagalog language may have originated in the general area of theEastern Visayas ornortheasternMindanao, probably around southernLeyte. He also notes that theHiligaynon language reportedly originated in Leyte, and there appears to be a special linguistic connection between Tagalog and Hiligaynon.
Subsequently, the Tagalogs made contact with theKapampangans,Sambal people and theHatang Kayi, of which contact with the Kapampangans was most intensive.[11]
Tagalog and other Philippine histories in general are highly speculative before the 10th century, primarily due to lack of written sources. Most information on precolonial Tagalog culture is documented by observational writings by early Spanish explorers in the mid-16th century, alongside few precedents from indirect Portuguese accounts and archaeological finds.
The maritime-oriented barangays of pre-Hispanic Tagalogs were shared with other coastal peoples throughout the Philippine archipelago. The roughly three-tiered Tagalog social structure ofmaginoo (royalty),timawa/maharlika (freemen usually of lower nobility), andalipin (bondsmen, slaves, debt peons) have almost identical cognates in Visayan, Sulu, and Mindanawon societies. Most barangays were networked almost exclusively by sea traffic,[12] while smaller scale inland trade was typified as lowlander-highlander affairs. Barangays, like other Philippine settlements elsewhere, practicedseasonal sea raiding for vengeance, slaves, and valuables alongsideheadhunting,[13] except for the relatively larger suprabarangaybayan of thePasig River delta that served as a hub for slave trading. Such specialization also applied to other large towns likeCebu,Butuan,Jolo, andCotabato.[14]
Tagalog barangays, especially aroundManila Bay, were typically larger than most Philippine polities due to a largely flat geography of their environment hosting extensive irrigated rice agriculture (then a prestigious commodity) and particularly close trade relations withBrunei,Malacca,China (sangley),Champa,Siam, andJapan, from direct proximity to theSouth China Sea tradewinds.[15] Such characteristics gave early Spanish impressions of Tagalogs as "more traders than warriors," although raids were practiced. NeighboringKapampangan barangays also shared these characteristics.[16]
Although at the periphery of the largerMaritime Silk Road like much ofBorneo,Sulawesi andeastern Indonesia, notable influences fromHinduism andBuddhism were brought to southwestLuzon and other parts of the Philippine archipelago by largely intermediate Bornean,Malay,Cham, andJavanese traders by this time period, likely much earlier. The earliest document in Tagalog and general Philippine history is theLaguna copperplate inscription (LCI), bearing several place names speculated to be analogous to several towns and barangays in predominantly Tagalog areas ranging from present-dayBulacan to coastalMindoro.[17]
The text is primarily inOld Malay and shows several cultural and societal insights into the Tagalogs during time period. The earliest recognized Tagalog polity is Tondo, mentioned asTundun, while several other place names are theorized to be present-dayPila or Paila, Bulacan (Pailah),Pulilan (Puliran), andBinuangan. Sanskrit, Malay, and Tagalog honorifics, names, accounting, and timekeeping were used. Chiefs were referred as eitherpamagat ortuhan, whiledayang was likely female royalty. All of the aforementioned polities seemed to have close relations elsewhere with the polities of Dewata and Mdang, theorized to be the present-day area ofButuan in Mindanao and theMataram Kingdom in Java.[18]
Additionally, several records fromSong China and Brunei mention a particular polity calledMa-i, the earliest in 971. Several places within Tagalog-speaking areas contend for its location:Bulalacao (formerlyMait),Bay, andMalolos. Ma-i had close trade relations with the Song, directly importing manufactured wares, iron, and jewelry and retailing to "other islands," evident of earlier possible Tagalog predominance of reselling Chinese goods throughout the rest of the Philippine islands before its explicit role byMaynila in the 16th century.
The growth ofMalacca as the largest Southeast Asianentrepôt in theMaritime Silk Road led to a gradual spread of its cultural influence eastward throughoutinsular Southeast Asia.Malay became the regionallingua franca of trade and many polities enculturated Islamic Malay customs and governance to varying degrees, including Tagalogs and other coastal Philippine peoples. According to Bruneian folklore, at around 1500Sultan Bolkiah launched a successful northward expedition to breakTondo's monopoly as a regional entrepot of the Chinese trade and establishedMaynila across thePasig delta, ruled by his heirs as a satellite.[19] Subsequently, Bruneian influence spread elsewhere around Manila Bay, present-day Batangas, and coastal Mindoro through closer trade and political relations, with a growingTagalog-Kapampangan diaspora based in Brunei and beyond in Malacca in various professions as traders, sailors, shipbuilders, mercenaries, governors, and slaves.[20][21]
The Pasig delta bayan of Tondo-Maynila was the largestentrepot within the Philippine archipelago primarily from retailingChinese and Japanese manufactured goods and wares throughout Luzon, theVisayan islands (where Bisaya would mistakenly call Tagalog and Bornean traders alike asSina),Palawan,Sulu, andMaguindanao. Tagalog and Kapampangan traders also worked elsewhere as far asTimor andCanton.Bruneian,Malay,Chinese,Japanese,Siamese,Khmer,Cham, and traders from the rest of the Philippine archipelago alike all conducted business in Maynila, and to a lesser extent along the Batangas[22] and Mindoro coasts. However, in a broader scope of Southeast Asian trade the bayan served a niche regional market comparable to smaller trade towns in Borneo, Sulawesi, and Maluku.[23]
On May 19, 1571,Miguel López de Legazpi gave the title "city" to the colony of Manila.[24] The title was certified on June 19, 1572.[24] Under Spain, Manila became the colonial entrepot in theFar East. The Philippines was a Spanish colony administered under theViceroyalty of New Spain and the governor-general of the Philippines who ruled from Manila was sub-ordinate to the viceroy inMexico City.[25] Throughout the 333 years of Spanish rule, various grammars and dictionaries were written by Spanish clergymen, includingVocabulario de la lengua tagala by Pedro de San Buenaventura (Pila, Laguna, 1613),Pablo Clain'sVocabulario de la lengua tagala (beginning of the 18th century),Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (1835), andArte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos (1850) in addition to early studies of the language.[26] The first substantial dictionary of Tagalog language was written by theCzechJesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century.[27] Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by P. Juan de Noceda and P. Pedro de Sanlucar and published asVocabulario de la lengua tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly[28] re-edited, with the last edition being in 2013 in Manila.[29] The indigenous poetFrancisco Baltazar (1788–1862) is regarded as the foremost Tagalog writer, his most notable work being the early 19th-centuryepicFlorante at Laura.[30]
Prior to Spanish arrival and Catholic seeding, the ancient Tagalog people used to cover the following: present-dayCalabarzon region except the Polillo Islands, northern Quezon, Alabat island, the Bondoc Peninsula, and easternmost Quezon;Marinduque; Metro Manila, except Tondo andNavotas;Bulacan except for its eastern part; southwestNueva Ecija, as much of Nueva Ecija used to be a vast rainforest where numerous nomadic ethnic groups stayed and left; and west Bataan and south Zambales, as the Tagalogs already migrated and settled there before Spanish rule. Tagalogs were minority of the residents in west Bulacan, Navotas, & Tondo before Spanish arrival. When the polities of Tondo and Maynila fell due to the Spanish, the Tagalog-majority areas grew through Tagalog migrations in portions of Central Luzon and north Mimaropa as a Tagalog migration policy was implemented by Spain. When the province of Bataan was established on January 11, 1757 out of territories belonging toPampanga and thecorregimiento ofMariveles, Tagalogs migrated to east Bataan, where Kapampangans assimilated to the Tagalogs. Kapampangans were displaced to the towns near Pampanga by that time, along with the Aetas. This happened again whenBritish occupation of Manila happened in 1762, when many Tagalog refugees from Manila and north areas of Cavite escaped to Bulacan and to neighboring Nueva Ecija, where the original Kapampangan settlers welcomed them; Bulacan and Nueva Ecija were natively Kapampangan when Spaniards arrived; majority of Kapampangans sold their lands to the newly arrived Tagalog settlers and others intermarried with and assimilated to the Tagalog, which made Bulacan and Nueva Ecija dominantly Tagalog, many of the Tagalog settlers arrived in Nueva Ecija directly from Bulacan;[31] also, the sparsely populated valley of the Zambales region was later settled by migrants, largely from theTagalog andIlocos regions, leading to the assimilation of Sambals to the Tagalog and Ilocano settlers and to the modern decline in the Sambal identity and language.[31][32] The same situation happened in modern north Quezon and modern Aurora, where it was repopulated by settlers fromTagalog and Ilocos regions, with other settlers fromCordillera andIsabela, and married with some Aeta andBugkalots, this led to the assimilation of Kapampangans to the Tagalog settlers.[33][3][34][35][36][37][38] This was continued by the Americans when they defeated Spain in a war, extending the Tagalog diaspora to the islands ofMindoro,Palawan andMindanao,[3] with most notable Tagalog settlement in the latter beingNew Bataan,Davao del Oro, which was named after Tagalog migrants'place of origin. Subsequent postwar eras also saw Tagalog migrations to those islands in vast numbers due to various economic opportunities, especially agriculture (Tagalogs already settled Mindoro during Spanish territorial rule).[citation needed] Tagalog migrations to Mindoro and Palawan are the reason for making the two areas part ofSouthern Tagalog.
The first documented Asian-origin people to arrive in North America after the beginning ofEuropean colonization were a group of Filipinos known as "Luzonians" or Luzon Indians who were part of the crew and landing party of the Spanish galleonNuestra Señora de la Buena Esperanza. The ship set sail fromMacau and landed inMorro Bay in what is now theCalifornia coast on October 17, 1587, as part of the Galleon Trade between theSpanish East Indies (the colonial name for what would become the Philippines) andNew Spain (Spain's Viceroyalty in North America).[39] More Filipino sailors arrived along the California coast when both places were part of the Spanish Empire.[40] By 1763, "Manila men" or "Tagalas" had established a settlement calledSt. Malo on the outskirts ofNew Orleans, Louisiana.[41]
The Tagalog people played an active role during the 1896Philippine Revolution and many of its leaders were either fromManila or surrounding provinces. The first Filipino president was Tagalog creoleEmilio Aguinaldo.[42] TheKatipunan once intended to name the Philippines asKatagalugan, or theTagalog Republic,[43] and extended the meaning of these terms to all natives in the Philippine islands.[42][43]Miguel de Unamuno described Filipino propagandistJosé Rizal (1861–1896) as the "TagalogHamlet" and said of him "a soul that dreads the revolution although deep down desires it. He pivots between fear and hope, between faith and despair."[44] In 1902,Macario Sakay formed his own Republika ng Katagalugan in the mountains of Morong (today, the province ofRizal), and held thepresidency withFrancisco Carreón asvice president.[45]
Tagalog was declared the official language by the first constitution in the Philippines, theConstitution of Biak-na-Bato in 1897.[46] In 1935, the Philippine constitution designated English and Spanish as official languages but mandated the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages.[47] After study and deliberation, the National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represented various regions in the Philippines, chose Tagalog as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.[48][49] PresidentManuel L. Quezon then, on December 30, 1937, proclaimed the selection of the Tagalog language to be used as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.[48] Quezon, who is also sometimes referred to as Castile, was fromBaler, Aurora, which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language aswikang pambansâ (national language) or literally,Wikang Pambansa na batay/base sa Tagalog.[49] In 1959, the language was further renamed as "Pilipino".[49] The 1973 constitution designated the Tagalog-based "Pilipino", along with English, as an official language and mandated the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino.[50] The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language mandating that as it evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.[51]
Present-dayCalabarzon, present-dayMetro Manila andMarinduque are the historical and regional native homelands of the Tagalogs, while Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, Mindoro and Palawan comprise the majority of the Tagalog population—the two latter became the part of the now-defunct region ofSouthern Tagalog (which consisted of Aurora, Calabarzon and Mimaropa) as the reasons of heavy Tagalog migration resulting the widespread of the Tagalog language as the main lingua franca—since the Spanish colonial era when a migration policy was implemented to Tagalogs.[3] This shares the same reason with Aurora, added by the event when formerly known as El Príncipe District was transferred from Nueva Ecija to Tayabas in U.S. colonial time until Tayabas renamed to Quezon Province in 1946, then Aurora was created as a sub-province of the latter in 1951 and became totally independent province in 1979. American colonial and postwar eras extended the Tagalog diaspora to Palawan and Mindanao seeking various economic opportunities, mainly agriculture. Among the Tagalog settlements in Mindanao isNew Bataan,Davao de Oro, which was named after Tagalog migrants'place of origin, though varying numbers of Tagalog settlers and their descendants reside in nearly every province in Mindanao, and formed ethnic associations such as Samahang Batangueño inGingoog,Misamis Oriental.[citation needed]
Tagalog settlements are generally lowland, commonly oriented towards banks near thedelta orwawà (mouth of a river).[52][3] Culturally, it is rare for native Tagalog people to identify themselves as Tagalog as part of their collective identity as anethnolinguistic group due to cultural differences, specialization, and geographical location. The native masses commonly identify their nativecultural group by provinces, such asBatangueño,[53][54]Caviteño,[55][56]Bulakeño[57] andMarinduqueño,[58] or by towns, such asLukbanin,Tayabasin, andInfantahin.[59][60][61] Likewise, most cultural aspects of the Tagalog people are oriented towards the decentralized characteristics of provinces and towns.
Tagalog naming customs have changed over the centuries. The 17th-century Spanish missionary Francisco Colin wrote in his workLabor Evangelica about the naming customs of Tagalogs from the pre-colonial times up to the early decades of the Spanish colonial era. Colin mentioned that Tagalog infants were given names as soon as they were born, and that it was the mother's business to give them names.[62] Generally, the name was taken from the child's circumstances at the time of birth. In his work, Colin gave an example of how names were given: "For example, Maliuag, which means 'difficult', because of the difficulty of the birth; Malacas, which signifies 'strong', for it is thought that the infant will be strong."[62]
A surname was only given upon the birth of one's first child. Fathers addedAmani (Ama ni in modern Tagalog), while mothers addedYnani (Ina ni in modern Tagalog); these names preceded the infant's name and acted as the surname. Historical examples of these practices are two of the perpetrators involved in the failedTondo Conspiracy in 1587: Felipe Amarlangagui (Ama ni Langkawi), one of the chiefs of Tondo, and Don Luis Amanicalao (Ama ni Kalaw), his son.[63] Later, in a document dated December 5, 1625, a man named Amadaha was said to be the father of aprincipalía named Doña Maria Gada.[64] Colin noted that it was a practice among Tagalogs to add-in to female names to differentiate them from men. He provided an example in his work: "Si Ilog, the name of a male; Si Iloguin, the name of a female."[62]
Colin also wrote that Tagalog people useddiminutives for children, and had appellations for various relationships. They also had these appellations for ancestors and descendants.[62]
By the time Colin wrote his work in the 1600s, the Tagalogs had mainly converted toRoman Catholic Christianity from the old religions ofanito worship andIslam. He noted that some mothers had become such devout Catholics that they would not give their children native secular names untilbaptism. Upon conversion, themononyms of the pre-colonial era had become the Tagalog people's surnames and they added aChristian name as their first name. Colin further noted that Tagalogs quickly adopted the Spanish practice of adding "Don" for prestige, when in the pre-colonial era, they would have usedLacan (Lakan) orGat for men, whileDayang would have been added for women.[62]
In Tagalog society, it was considered distasteful and embarrassing to explicitly mention one another among themselves by their own names alone; adding something was seen as an act of courtesy. This manifested in the practice of addingAmani orYnani before the first child's name. For those people of influence but without children, their relatives and acquaintances would throw a banquet where a new name would be given to the person; this new name was calledpamagat. The name given was based on the person's old name, but it reflected excellence and was metaphorical.[62]
Tagalog cuisine is not defined ethnically or in centralized culinary institutions, but instead by town, province, or even region with specialized dishes developed largely at homes or various kinds of restaurants. Nonetheless, there are fundamental characteristics largely shared with most of the Philippines:[citation needed]
Bulacan is known forchicharon (friedpork rinds), steamed rice and tuber cakes likeputo,panghimagas (desserts), likesuman,sapin-sapin,ube halaya,kutsinta,cassava cake, andpastillas de leche.[65]Rizal is also known for itssuman andcashew products.Laguna is known forbuko pie andpanutsa.Batangas is home toTaal Lake, home to 75 species of freshwater fish. Among these,maliputo andtawilis are unique local delicacies. Batangas is also known forkapeng barako,lomi,bulalo, andgoto.Bistek Tagalog is a dish of strips of sirloin beef slowly cooked insoy sauce,calamansi juice,vinegar and onions. Records have also shown thatkare-kare is the Tagalog dish that the Spanish first tasted when they landed in pre-colonial Tondo.[66]
Aside frompanaderias, numerous roadside eateries serve local specialties. Batangas is home to manylomihan,gotohan, andbulalohan.[citation needed]
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The Tagalog people are also known for theirtanaga, an indigenous artistic poetic form of the Tagalog people'sidioms, feelings, teachings, and ways of life. The tanaga strictly has four lines only, each having seven syllables only. Other literary forms include thebugtong (riddle),awit (a dodecasyllabicquatrain romance), andkorido (an ocotsyllabic quatrain romance).[67]
Religious literary forms of the Tagalog people include:[67]
Not much is known of precolonial Tagalog music, though Spanish-Tagalog dictionaries such asVocabulario de la lengua tagala in the early colonial period provided translations for Tagalog words for some musical instruments, such asagung/agong (gong),bangsi (flute), andkudyapi/cutyapi/coryapi (boat lute),[68] the last one was further described by the Spanish chronicler Fr.Pedro Chirino in hisRelación de las Islas Filipinas, which had long faded into obscurity among modern Tagalogs. In his entry, he mentioned:[69]
In polite and affectionate intercourse, [the Tagalos] are very extravagant, addressing letters to each other in terms of elaborate and delicate expressions of affection, and neat turns of thought. As a result of this, they are much given to musical practice; and although the guitar that they use, calledcutyapi, is not very ingenious or rich in tone, it is by no means disagreeable, and to them is most pleasing. They play it with such vivacity and skill that they seem to make human voices issue from its four metallic cords. We also have it on good authority that by merely playing these instruments they can, without opening their lips, communicate with one another, and make themselves perfectly understood – a thing unknown of any other nation..." (Chirino 1604a: 241).
During the 333 years of Spanish colonization, Tagalogs began to use Western musical instruments. Local adaptations have led to new instruments like the 14-stringbandurria andoctavina, both of which are part of therondalla ensemble.[70]
There are several types of Tagalog folk songs orawit according to Spanish records, differing on the general theme of the words as well as meter.
Many of these traditional songs were not well documented and were largely passed down orally, and persisted in rural Tagalog regions well into the 20th century.[71]
The Tagalog people were also crafters. The katolanan of each barangay is the bearer of arts and culture, and usually trains crafters if none are living in the barangay. If the barangay has many skilled crafters, they teach their crafts to gifted students. Notable crafts made by ancient Tagalogs are boats, fans, agricultural materials, livestock instruments, spears, arrows, shields, accessories, jewelries, clothing, houses, paddles, fish gears, mortar and pestles, food utensils, musical instruments, bamboo and metal wears for inscribing messages, clay wears, toys, and many others.
Tagalog woodworking practices includePaete carving,Baliuag furniture,Taal furniture, precolonialboat building,joinery, andPakil woodshaving andwhittling.[citation needed] Tagalog provinces practice a traditional art calledsingkaban, a craft that involves shaving and curlingbamboo through the use of sharp metal tools. This process is calledkayas in Tagalog.Kayas requires patience as the process involves shaving off the bamboo by thin layers, creating curls and twirls to produce decorations.[72] This art is mostly associated with the town ofHagonoy, Bulacan, though it is also practiced in southern Tagalog provinces likeRizal andLaguna. It primarily serves as decoration during town festivals, usually applied on arches that decorate the streets and alleyways during the festivities.[72]
Various weaving traditions exist across the Tagalog region, rattan and bamboo weaving (paglalala) is still practiced inFamy, Laguna andTagkawayan, Quezon, producingsalakot, baskets,bilao,tampipi, traditional fans (pamaypay) and other items. The art ofbuntal weaving is also practiced inLucban, Quezon andBaliwag, Bulacan, producingbuntal hats.
The towns ofLumban, Laguna,Pandi, Bulacan andTaal, Batangas are well known for their meticulous embroidery (pagbuburda), skillfully creating intricate designs found on the barong tagalog they produce. The art of knitting (gantsilyo) has also survived in Taal.
The art of weaving through handloom is a living tradition particularly inIbaan, Batangas and the towns ofMaragondon andIndang in Cavite, as well inMarinduque. The town of Pulilan in Bulacan also used to have a thriving industry but has died down since 20th century.
The majority of Tagalogs before colonization wore garments woven by the locals, much of which showed sophisticated designs and techniques. TheBoxer Codex displays the intricacies and high standards of Tagalog clothing, especially among the gold-draped high society. High society members, which include thedatu and thekatolonan, also wore accessories made of prized materials. Slaves on the other hand wore simple clothing, seldom loincloths.[citation needed]
During later centuries, Tagalog nobles would wear thebarong tagalog for men and thebaro't saya for women. When the Philippines became independent, the barong tagalog were popularised as the national costume of the country, as the wearers were the majority in the new capital, Manila.
Metalworking is one of the most prominent trades of precolonial Tagalog, noted for the abundance of terms recorded inVocabulario de la lengua tagala that is related to metalworking.
Today, metalworking still survives through the tradition ofpukpok which is closely intertwined withsanto culture prevalent among the Christianized ethnic groups including Tagalogs, the provinces of Bulacan, Laguna, Cavite and even Manila still have remainingpukpok craftsmen, usually making metal decorations forsanto andkarosas.
Goldworking in particular is of considerable significance among the Tagalogs. Gold (in Spanish,oro) was mentioned in 228 entries inVocabulario de la lengua tagala. In the 16th-century Tagalog region, the region of Paracale (modern-dayCamarines Norte) was noted for its abundance in gold. Paracale is connected to the archipelago's largest port, Manila, through the Tayabas province andPila, Laguna.[73]
The Tagalog term for gold, still in use today, isginto. The craftsman who works on metal is calledpanday bakal (metalsmith), but those who specialize in goldworks are calledpanday ginto (goldsmith).
Techniques employed in Tagalog goldworking includedilik (heating and melting),sangag (refining),sumbat (combining gold and silver),subong (combining gold, silver and copper), andpiral (bonding of silver and copper). More techniques likehibo (gilding),alat-at orgitang (splitting),batbat ortalag (hammering),lantay (beating),batak (stretching),pilipit (twisting),hinang (solder),binubo (fusing) were done to make desired forms.
The quality spectrum of gold is also mentioned inVocabulario, fromdalisay (24 karats) down tobislig (12 karats).
In Tagalog language, the general term for knives and short swords isitak orgulok, used for both utilitarian and combat purposes. The archaic term for sword iskalis which was supplanted byespada, a loanword from Spanish. Profiles likedahong palay,binakoko, andsinungot ulang/hipon are common in all Tagalog provinces. The town ofTaal, Batangas is particularly known forbalisong knives.
The method of learning is through apprenticeship which involves in making hilt and scabbards, as well as assisting on the overall process of forging.
The normal material for blade is spring steel from junkyards, as is the norm in the rest of the country. Scabbards are normally made of hardwood, some towns along the boundary ofQuezon andLaguna use carabao leather, scabbards that are made of carabao horn is rare. Hilts are either made of carabao horn or wood. Engraved brass ferrules are also commonly used inRizal and Laguna.
Tagalogs have practiced pottery since the pre-colonial period. Many fragments of such pottery were found buried among the dead. These wares are prominent in pre-colonial Tagalog society along with porcelain (kawkawan/kakawan in Tagalog) imported from Chinese traders.
By the early Spanish colonial period, Manila and nearby areas became centers for pottery production. Pottery produced from these areas was calledManila ware byH. Otley Beyer and often dated from the 16th century up to the early 19th century. They were made ofterra cotta, semi-stone material with a hard and fine-grained (typically unglazed) appearance in a brown, buff or brick-red color. Vases, small jars, bottles and goblets found in archaeological sites in Manila, Cavite and Mindoro were described by Beyer and others as fluted, combed and incised.[74]
Research and investigation discovered that Manila ware pottery was fired at kilns located in present-dayMakati. At least three defunct kilns were discovered in the vicinity of the Pasig River. Analyses of the patterns reveal that these were replicated from the style found in European wares and assumed to be intended for the elite market due to theManila-Acapulco galleon.
Tagalogs in Bulacan practice an art calledpabalat, colorful pieces ofJapanese paper cut into intricate designs. These papers are then used as wrappers forpastillas, a traditional Tagalog confection that originated fromBulacan province. Aside from their use as wrappers,pabalat are also used as centerpieces during feasts. Pabalat designs vary depending on the maker, butbahay kubo, rice fields, flowers, landscapes and figures are common motifs.[75]
InPaete, Laguna, a papercraft calledtaka is practiced. It involves a wooden mold that has various shapes like carabao, horse, or a person, it is coated with wax release agent orgawgaw (starch) then hand-painted with a rich variety of colors.[76]
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Traditional Tagalog architecture is divided into two pre-20th-century paradigms based on residential designs. Thebahay kubois a pre-colonial cube-shaped house. It is made of prefabricated wooden or bamboo siding (explaining the cube shape), and raised on thick wooden stilts to make feeding animals with disposed food waste easier and to avoid flooding during the wet season and hot soil during the dry season.[citation needed] Thebahay kubo or "cube house" features a thatched, steeply pitched roof made of dried, reinforcedpalm leaves, from species such asnipa. After Spanish colonization, wealthy Tagalog families resided in thebahay na bato or "house of stone" which kept the overall form of thebahay kubo, but incorporated elements ofSpanish andChinese architecture. The builders lined the stilts and created outer walls with stonemasonry orbricks. The ground level was used for storage space or small shops, while the windows were made of translucent, iridescentwindowpane oyster shells to control sunlight. The roof either remained thatched or was tiled similar to Chinese roofs. Churches, convents, and monasteries in the Tagalog region tended to follow thebahay na bato paradigm contemporaneously, though with additional masonry and carvings, a bell tower, and plastered walls on the inside.[citation needed]
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The Tagalog mostly practiceChristianity (majorityCatholicism,Evangelical Protestantism, andmainline Protestantism) with a minority practicingIslam. The adherence forms the minorityBuddhism,indigenous Philippine folk religions (Tagalog religion), and other religions as well asno religion.[3]
Precolonial Tagalog societies were largely animist, alongside a gradual spread of mostly syncretic forms ofIslam since roughly the early 16th century.[77] Subsequent Spanish colonization in the latter part of the same century ushered a gradual spread ofRoman Catholicism, resulting as the dominant religion today alongside widespread syncreticfolk beliefs both mainstream and rural[78] Since theAmerican occupation, there is also a small minority of Protestant and Restorationist Christians. Even fewer today are Muslim 'reverts' calledbalik-islam, and revivals of worship to pre-Hispanicizedanito.
Roman Catholicism arrived in Tagalog areas in the Philippines during the late 16th century, starting from the Spanish conquest of theMaynila and its subsequent claim for theCrown. Augustinian friars, later followed byFranciscans,Jesuits, andDominicans would subsequently establish churches and schools withinIntramuros, serving as base for further (but gradual) proselytization to other Tagalog areas and beyond inLuzon. By the 18th century, the majority of Tagalogs are Catholics; indigenous Tagalog religion was largely purged by missionaries, or otherwise undertook Catholic idioms which comprise many syncreticfolk beliefs practiced today. ThePista ng Itim na Nazareno (Feast of the Black Nazarene) of Manila is the largest Catholic procession in the nation.
Notable Roman Catholic Tagalogs areLorenzo Ruiz of Manila,Alfredo Obviar, the cardinalsLuis Antonio Tagle andGaudencio Rosales.
A minority of Tagalogs are also members of numerous Protestant and Restorationist faiths such as theIglesia ni Cristo, theAglipayans, and other denominations introduced during American rule.
A few Tagalogs practice Islam, mostly by former Christians (Balik Islam) either by study abroad or contact with Moro migrants from the southern Philippines.[79] By the early 16th century, some Tagalogs (especially merchants) were Muslim due to their links withBruneian Malays.[77] The old Tagalog-speaking Kingdom of Maynila was ruled as a Muslim kingdom,[80] Islam was prominent enough in coastal areas of Tagalog region that Spaniards mistakenly called them "Moros" due to abundance of indications of practicing Muslim faith and their close association with Brunei.[81]
Most pre-Hispanic Tagalogs at the time of Spanish advent followed indigenous polytheistic and animist beliefs, syncretized primarily with someHindu-Buddhist andIslamic expressions from a long history of trade with kingdoms and sultanates elsewhere inSoutheast Asia.Anitism is the contemporary academic term for these beliefs, which had no documented explicit label among Tagalogs themselves. Many characteristics like the importance ofancestor worship,shamanism,coconuts, swine, fowl, reptilians, and seafaring motifs share similarities with other indigenous animist beliefs not just elsewhere in the Philippines, but also much ofmaritime Southeast Asia,Taiwanese aboriginal cultures, thePacific islands, and several Indian Ocean islands.
Bathala is the supremecreator god who sends ancestor spirits and deities calledanito as delegates to intervene in earthly affairs, and sometimes as intercessors for invocations on their behalf.Katalonan and thedambana, known also aslambana in the Old Tagalog language.[82][83][84]
The indigenous language of the Tagalog people isTagalog, which has evolved and developed over time.Baybayin is the indigenous and traditional Tagalogwriting system. Although it nearly disappeared during the colonial period, there has been a growing movement to revive and preserve this script. Today, Baybayin is being integrated into various aspects of modern culture, including art, fashion, and digital platforms.[85] It is also being taught in schools and through community workshops.[86] The script can be seen on streetwear, tattoos, and even in the logos of some Philippine agencies.[87][88][89]
As of 2023[update],Ethnologue lists nine distinctdialects of Tagalog,[90] which are Lubang, Manila, Marinduque,[91] Bataan (Western Central Luzon),Batangas,[92] Bulacan (Eastern Central Luzon), Puray, Tanay-Paete (Rizal-Laguna) and Tayabas (Quezon).[93] The Manila dialect is the basis of StandardFilipino. Tagalog-speaking provinces can vary greatly in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar based on the specific region or province. These provincial dialects may retain more preserved native vocabulary and grammatical structures unfamiliar in Metro Manila.
The Tagalog elite were skilled Spanish speakers from the 18th to 19th centuries due to the Spanish colonial era. The broader Tagalog population, however, continued to speak Tagalog and its local dialects in daily life. When Americans arrived, English became the most important language in the 20th century.[citation needed] InCavite province, two varieties of the Spanish-basedcreoleChavacano exist:Caviteño (Cavite Chabacano) inCavite City andTernateño (Bahra, Ternate Chabacano, Ternateño Chavacano) inTernate.[95][96][97] Some Spanish words are still used by the Tagalog, though sentence construction in Spanish is no longer used.
From the 1970s to the 21st century, the languages of the Tagalogs have been Tagalog,Philippine English, and a mix of the two, known in Tagalog pop culture asTaglish. They use the prescribed rules of Tagalic Filipino as the basis of the Tagalog standard of correct grammar, and as thelingua franca of speakers of various Tagalog dialects.[citation needed] As English spread throughout the country, the language acquired new forms, features, and functions. It has also developed into a language of aspiration for many Filipinos.[98][99][100][101]
The Philippines was an autonomous Captaincy-General under the Viceroyalty of New Spain from 1521 until 1815[verification needed]
These people (Ilongot) scattered rancherias toward Baler and sustain trading relations with the Tagalog of that town, but are hostile with the Ilongot of Nueva Vizcaya jurisdiction... It may be that these Ilongot communicate with the Tagalog town of Kasiguran.
While Aurora is geographically northern Tagalog area which borders Bulacan & Nueva Ecija, Aurora Tagalog dialect is closely related to Tayabas Tagalog of Quezon mostly by accent & vocabulary.Archived January 31, 2024, at theWayback Machine,"Is it true that Aurora uses the Southern Tagalog dialect?".Reddit. January 21, 2016.[better source needed].
