Atachyonic antitelephone is a hypothetical device intheoretical physics that could be used to sendsignals into one's ownpast.Albert Einstein in 1907^[1][2]presented athought experiment of howfaster-than-light signals can lead to aparadox of causality, which was described by Einstein andArnold Sommerfeld in 1910 as a means "to telegraph into the past".^[3] The same thought experiment was described byRichard Chace Tolman in 1917;^[4] thus, it is also known asTolman's paradox.

A device capable of "telegraphing into the past" was later also called a "tachyonic antitelephone" byGregory Benford et al.^[5] According to the current understanding of physics, no such faster-than-light transfer of information is actually possible.

Tolman used the following variation of Einstein's thought experiment:^[1][4] Imagine a distance with endpoints${\displaystyle A}$ and${\displaystyle B}$. Let a signal be sent from A propagating with velocity${\displaystyle a}$ towards B. All of this is measured in an inertial frame where the endpoints are at rest. The arrival at B is given by:

${\displaystyle \mathrm{\Delta }t=t_1-t_0=\frac{B-A}{a}.}$

Here, the event at A is the cause of the event at B. However, in the inertial frame moving with relative velocityv, the time of arrival at B is given according to theLorentz transformation (c is the speed of light):

It can be easily shown that ifa > c, then certain values ofv can makeΔt' negative. In other words, the effect arises before the cause in this frame. Einstein (and similarly Tolman) concluded that this result contains in their view no logical contradiction; he said, however, it contradicts the totality of our experience so that the impossibility ofa > c seems to be sufficiently proven.^[1]

A more common variation of this thought experiment is to send back the signal to the sender (a similar one was given byDavid Bohm^[7]). IfAlice (A) is on aspacecraft moving away from the Earth in the positive x-direction with a speed${\displaystyle v}$, and she wants to communicate with Bob (B) back home. Assuming both of them have a device that is capable of transmitting and receiving faster-than-light signals at a speed of${\displaystyle a}$${\displaystyle c}$ with${\displaystyle a>1}$. Alice uses this device to send a message to Bob, who sends a reply. If the origin of the coordinates of Bob's reference frame,${\displaystyle S}$, coincide with the reception of Alice's message to him, then if Bob immediately sends a message back to Alice, then in hisrest frame the coordinates of the reply signal (innatural units so thatc=1) are given by:

${\displaystyle (t,x)=(t,at)}$

To find out when the reply is received by Alice, we perform aLorentz transformation to Alice's frame${\displaystyle S^{\prime }}$ moving in the positive x-direction with velocity${\displaystyle v}$ with respect to the Earth. In this frame Alice is at rest at position${\displaystyle x^{\prime }=L}$, where${\displaystyle L}$ is the distance that the signal Alice sent to Earth traversed in her rest frame. The coordinates of the reply signal are given by:

${\displaystyle t^{\prime }=\gamma \left(1-av\right)t}$

${\displaystyle x^{\prime }=\gamma \left(a-v\right)t}$

The reply is received by Alice when${\displaystyle x^{\prime }=L}$. This means that${\displaystyle t=\frac{L}{\gamma (a-v)}}$ and thus:

${\displaystyle t^{\prime }=\frac{1-av}{a-v}L}$

Since the message Alice sent to Bob took a time of${\displaystyle \frac{L}{a}}$ to reach him, the message she receives back from him will reach her at time:

${\displaystyle T=\frac{L}{a}+t^{\prime }=\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1-av}{a-v}\right)L}$

later than she sent her message. However, if${\displaystyle v>\frac{2a}{1+a^2}}$ then and Alice will receive the message back from Bob before she sends her message to him in the first place.

As an example, Alice and Bob are aboard spaceships moving inertially with a relative speed of 0.8c. At some point they pass right next to each other, and Alice defines the position and time of their passing to be at positionx = 0, timet = 0 in her frame, while Bob defines it to be at positionx′ = 0 and timet′ = 0 in his frame (note that this is different from the convention used in the previous section, where the origin of the coordinates was the event of Bob receiving a tachyon signal from Alice). In Alice's frame she remains at rest at positionx = 0, while Bob is moving in the positivex direction at 0.8c; in Bob's frame he remains at rest at positionx′ = 0, and Alice is moving in the negativex′ direction at 0.8c. Each one also has a tachyon transmitter aboard their ship, which sends out signals that move at 2.4c in the ship's own frame.

When Alice's clock shows that 300 days have elapsed since she passed next to Bob (t = 300 days in her frame), she uses the tachyon transmitter to send a message to Bob, saying "Ugh, I just ate some bad shrimp". Att = 450 days in Alice's frame, she calculates that since the tachyon signal has been traveling away from her at 2.4c for 150 days, it should now be at position x = 2.4×150 = 360light-days in her frame, and since Bob has been traveling away from her at 0.8c for 450 days, he should now be at positionx = 0.8×450 = 360 light-days in her frame as well, meaning that this is the moment the signal catches up with Bob. So, in her frame Bob receives Alice's message atx = 360,t = 450. Due to the effects oftime dilation, in her frame Bob is aging more slowly than she is by a factor of${\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma }=\sqrt{1-(v/c{)}^2}}$, in this case 0.6, so Bob's clock only shows that 0.6×450 = 270 days have elapsed when he receives the message, meaning that in his frame he receives it atx′ = 0,t′ = 270.

When Bob receives Alice's message, he immediately uses his own tachyon transmitter to send a message back to Alice saying "Don't eat the shrimp!". 135 days later in his frame, att′ = 270 + 135 = 405, he calculates that since the tachyon signal has been traveling away from him at 2.4c in the −x′ direction for 135 days, it should now be at positionx′ = −2.4×135 = −324 light-days in his frame, and since Alice has been traveling at 0.8c in the −x direction for 405 days, she should now be at positionx′ = −0.8×405 = −324 light-days as well. So, in his frame Alice receives his reply atx′ = −324,t′ = 405. Time dilation for inertial observers is symmetrical, so in Bob's frame Alice is aging more slowly than he is, by the same factor of 0.6, so Alice's clock should only show that 0.6×405 = 243 days have elapsed when she receives his reply. This means that she receives a message from Bob saying "Don't eat the shrimp!" only 243 days after she passed Bob, while she wasn't supposed to send the message saying "Ugh, I just ate some bad shrimp" until 300 days elapsed since she passed Bob, so Bob's reply constitutes a warning about her own future.

These numbers can be double-checked using theLorentz transformation. The Lorentz transformation says that if the coordinates are known to bext, of some event in Alice's frame, the same event must have the followingx′,t′ coordinates in Bob's frame:

Wherev is Bob's speed along thex-axis in Alice's frame, c is the speed of light (we are using units of days for time and light-days for distance, so in these unitsc = 1), and${\displaystyle \gamma =\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-(v/c{)}^2}}}$ is theLorentz factor. In this casev=0.8c, and${\displaystyle \gamma =\frac{1}{0.6}}$. In Alice's frame, the event of Alice sending the message happens atx = 0,t = 300, and the event of Bob receiving Alice's message happens atx = 360,t = 450. Using the Lorentz transformation, we find that in Bob's frame the event of Alice sending the message happens at positionx′ = (1/0.6)×(0 − 0.8×300) = −400 light-days, and timet′ = (1/0.6)×(300 − 0.8×0) = 500 days. Likewise, in Bob's frame the event of Bob receiving Alice's message happens at positionx′ = (1/0.6)×(360 − 0.8×450) = 0 light-days, and timet′ = (1/0.6)×(450 − 0.8×360) = 270 days, which are the same coordinates for Bob's frame that were found in the earlier paragraph.

Comparing the coordinates in each frame, we see that in Alice's frame her tachyon signal moves forwards in time (she sent it at an earlier time than Bob received it), and between being sent and received we have (difference in position)/(difference in time) = 360/150 = 2.4c. In Bob's frame, Alice's signal moves back in time (he received it att′ = 270, but it was sent att′ = 500), and it has a (difference in position)/(difference in time) of 400/230, about 1.739c. The fact that the two frames disagree about the order of the events of the signal being sent and received is an example of therelativity of simultaneity, a feature of relativity which has no analogue inclassical physics, and which is key to understanding why in relativity FTL communication must necessarily lead to causality violation.

Bob is assumed to have sent his reply almost instantaneously after receiving Alice's message, so the coordinates of his sending the reply can be assumed to be the same:x = 360,t = 450 in Alice's frame, andx′ = 0,t′ = 270 in Bob's frame. If the event of Alice receiving Bob's reply happens atx′ = 0,t′ = 243 in her frame (as in the earlier paragraph), then according to the Lorentz transformation, in Bob's frame Alice receives his reply at positionx′' = (1/0.6)×(0 − 0.8×243) = −324 light-days, and at timet′ = (1/0.6)×(243 − 0.8×0) = 405 days. So evidently Bob's reply does move forward in time in his own frame, since the time it was sent wast′ = 270 and the time it was received wast′ = 405. And in his frame (difference in position)/(difference in time) for his signal is 324/135 = 2.4c, exactly the same as the speed of Alice's original signal in her own frame. Likewise, in Alice's frame Bob's signal moves backwards in time (she received it before he sent it), and it has a (difference in position)/(difference in time) of 360/207, about 1.739c.

Thus the times of sending and receiving in each frame, as calculated using the Lorentz transformation, match up with the times given in earlier paragraphs, before we made explicit use of the Lorentz transformation. And by using the Lorentz transformation we can see that the two tachyon signals behave symmetrically in each observer's frame: the observer who sends a given signal measures it to move forward in time at 2.4c, the observer who receives it measures it to move back in time at 1.739c. This sort of possibility for symmetric tachyon signals is necessary if tachyons are to respect the first of the twopostulates of special relativity, which says that all laws of physics must work exactly the same in all inertial frames. This implies that if it's possible to send a signal at 2.4c in one frame, it must be possible in any other frame as well, and likewise if one frame can observe a signal that moves backwards in time, any other frame must be able to observe such a phenomenon as well. This is another key idea in understanding why FTL communication leads to causality violation in relativity; if tachyons were allowed to have a "preferred frame" in violation of the first postulate of relativity, in that case it could theoretically be possible to avoid causality violations.^[8]

Benford et al.^[5] wrote about such paradoxes in general, offering a scenario in which two parties are able to send a message two hours into the past:

The paradoxes of backward-in-time communication are well known. Suppose A and B enter into the following agreement: A will send a message at three o'clock if and only if he doesnot receive one at one o'clock. B sends a message to reach A at one o'clock immediately on receiving one from A at three o'clock. Then the exchange of messages will take place if and only if it does not take place. This is a genuine paradox, a causal contradiction.

They concluded that superluminal particles such astachyons are therefore not allowed to convey signals.

• Grandfather paradox
• Ansible
• Temporal paradox

• Special relativity
• Temporal paradoxes
• Tachyons
• Faster-than-light communication
• Thought experiments in physics

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