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Tachanun orTaḥanun (Hebrew:תחנון "Supplication"), also callednefilat apayim (Hebrew:נפילת אפיים "falling on the face"), is part ofJudaism's morning (Shacharit) and afternoon (Mincha) prayer services; it follows the recitation of theAmidah, the central part of the dailyJewish prayer services. It is also recited at the end of theSelichot service. It is omitted onShabbat,Jewish holidays, and a list of other celebratory occasions (e.g., in the presence of a groom in the week following his marriage). Mosttraditions[which?] recite a longer prayer on Mondays and Thursdays.
There is a short format of Tachanun and a long format. The long format is reserved for Monday and Thursday mornings, during which theTorah is read in thesynagogue. The short format, recited on other weekday mornings and afternoons, consists of three (in some communities, two) short paragraphs.
InNusach Sefard—followed by mostHasidic Jews, who may or may not be Sephardic Jews—and mostSephardic rites (which differ fromSefardic rites despite the similar names), Tachanun begins withvidui (confessional prayer) and theThirteen Attributes of Mercy; inSephardic and someMoroccan Jewish communities, these are recited only in the long Tachanun. Invidui, several specific sins are mentioned, and the heart is symbolically struck with the right fist during the mention of each.Vidui is followed by the mention ofGod's Thirteen Attributes of Mercy. By and large, the Hasidic Jews who follow Nusach Sefard do not rest their heads on their hands for reasons related toKabbalistic teachings; Sephardic and some Moroccan Jews, who do not followSefardic customs, do.
In most communities usingNusach Ashkenaz, Tachanun begins with introductory verses from2 Samuel (e.g., 24:14),[1] which is followed by a short confession—thatIsrael has sinned and God should answer the Jewish people's prayers—andPsalm 6:2-11, whichKing David is traditionally believed to have composed while sick and in pain. Most Sefardic communities also recite these verses, although only after recitingvidui and the Thirteen Attributes.
In the Sephardic,Italian, andRomaniote rites—also adopted in some Hasidic communities, includingChabad—Psalm 25 is recited as Tachanun. InBaladi-rite prayer, a prayer from a non-scriptural source is recited.
In the presence of asefer Torah, this paragraph is recited with the head leaning on the back of the left hand or sleeve (in most Ashkenazic communities, one leans on the right hand when wearingtefillin on the left).[2] The following paragraph, "שומר ישראל" ("Guardian of Israel"), is recited seated but erect (some communities recite it only onfast days).
After this point, and following the words "va'anachnu lo neida", it is customary in many communities to rise, and the remainder of the final paragraph is recited while standing. Other rites' adherents, especially those who don't recite "Guardian of Israel" daily, remain seated but erect for this passage. Tachanun is invariably followed by "halfkaddish" atShacharit and by "fullkaddish" atMincha and inSelichot.
The Talmud (Bava Kamma) marks Monday and Thursday as "eth ratzon", a time of divine goodwill during which a supplication is more likely to be received by God. On Monday and Thursday mornings, therefore, a longer prayer is recited. The order differs by custom.
InNusach Ashkenaz,[3] a long prayer beginning with "ve-hu rachum" is recited beforenefilat apayim. After Psalm 6, a few stanzas with a refrain "Hashem elokey Yisra'el" is added. The service continues withShomer Yisrael (in some communities, this is recited only on fast days), and Tachanun is concluded as usual. Other Nusach Ashkenaz communities, especially in Israel, have adopted the Sephardic custom of recitingVidui and the Thirteen Attributes at the beginning of long Tachanun.[4] In some of these places, this is omitted during theSelichot season during whichvidui and the Thirteen Attributes were recited right before the service; they revert to the older custom of not reciting it.
InNusach Sefard, the order isvidui, Thirteen Attributes,nefilat apayim, "ve-hu rachum", "Hashem elokey Yisra'el",Shomer Yisra'el, and then Tachanun is concluded as normal.[5]
In theSephardic rite, there are two variations:The older custom (maintained bySpanish and Portuguese and some Moroccan Jews) is to recite the Thirteen Attributes, "Anshei Amanah Avadu" (on Monday) or "Tamanu me-ra'ot" (on Thursday), another Thirteen Attributes, "al ta'as imanu kalah", Vidui, "ma nomar", another Thirteen Attributes, "ve-hu rachum", nefilat apayim, "Hashem ayeh chasadech ha-rishonim" (on Monday) or "Hashem she'arit peletat Ariel" (on Thursday), and Tachnun is concluded as on other days.[6]
Most Sephardic communities today have adopted a different order based on the Kabbalah of theAri. This order includes vidui, "ma nomar", Thirteen Attributes, and nefilat apayim, which is concluded as every day. After this, another Thirteen Attributes, "Anshei Amanah Avadu", another Thirteen Attributes, "Tamanu me-ra'ot", another Thirteen Attributes, "al ta'as imanu kalah", and Tachnun concludes with "ve-hu rachum".[7]
In the Italian rite, several verses from Daniel are recited - these verses are included in "ve-hu rachum" recited in other rites, but the prayer in the Italian rite is much shorter. This is followed by Thirteen Attributes, Vidui, "ma nomar", nefilat apayim, Psalm 130, a collection of verses from Jeremiah and Micah, a piyyut beginning "Zechor berit Avraham" (this is different from the famous selicha of Zechor Berit known in other rites), Psalm 20, and Tachanun is concluded as on other days.[8]
TheYemenite rite did not initially include any additions for Monday and Thursday. However, due to the influence of other communities, they have adopted the following order: nefilat apayim, Thirteen Attributes, "al ta'as imanu kalah", Vidui, "ma nomar", another Thirteen Attributes, "ve-hu rachum", "Hashem ayeh chasadech ha-rishonim" (on Monday) or "Hashem she'arit peletat Ariel" (on Thursday), and Tachnun is concluded as on other days.[9]
The source of the supplicatory prayer (Taḥanun) is inDaniel 9:3 and1 Kings 8:54, in which the text indicates that one's prayer should always be followed by supplication. Based on this, theSages developed the habit of adding a personal appeal to God following the set prayers (some examples are listed inBerakhot 16b). In the fourteenth century, these spontaneous supplications were standardized and formalized as Tachanun.[10][full citation needed]
The custom of bending over and resting one's head on the left hand is suggested by the name Tachanun took in thehalakhic literature:nefilat apayim (lit. 'falling on [the] face'). It is also reminiscent of theKorban sacrifice brought in theTemple in Jerusalem, which was laid on its left side to be slaughtered. A person's arm should be covered with a sleeve,tallit, or other covering. This posture, developed in the post-Talmudic period, symbolizes the original practice of prostrating with their faces touching the ground to show humility and submission to God. The pose was also used byMoses andJoshua, who fell on their faces before God after thesin of theGolden calf.
Because Joshua fell on his face before theArk of the Covenant, Ashkenazi custom is that one puts one's head down only when praying in front of aTorah ark containing aTorah scroll. Otherwise, it is proper to sit with the head up. One source says that if the synagogue's Torah ark can be seen from one's seat and has a valid Torah scroll within it, one puts one's head down during Tachanun.[11] The same source reports a custom of in-the-next-room, and notes that it is not universally accepted.[further explanation needed] The source also states that Tachanun is said with one's head down by some in Jerusalem; in the presence of a Torah scroll outside an ark; and at home if one "knows at exactly what time the congregation recites Tachanun in the synagogue".[11] In a different article, RabbiMoshe Feinstein is cited as ruling that "because Jerusalem is such a holy city", it is as if one is always in the presence of a Torah scroll. He also makes a case for "in the same room"[further explanation needed] and advises, "If not, then you say it sitting without putting your head down."[12]
The longer version of Tachanun recited on Mondays and Thursdays is sourced by classical sources (e.g., S. Baer'sSiddur Avodath Yisrael[citation needed]) to three sages who had escaped thedestruction of the Second Temple. While on a ship on the way to Europe, they were caught in a storm, and all three recited a personal prayer, after which the storm subsided. These sages went on to establish communities in Europe.David Abudirham writes that the words "rachum ve-chanun" ("merciful and gracious") mark the beginning of the next segment.[citation needed]
Tachanun is omitted from the prayers onShabbat (beginning from Friday afternoon), all themajor holidays and festivals (includingChol HaMoed, the intermediate days of Pesach and Sukkot),Rosh Chodesh (new moon) starting on the afternoon of the day before,Hanukkah andPurim, as these days are of a festive nature and reciting Tachanun, which is mildly mournful, would not be appropriate.
The following is a list of all the other days, "minor holidays", when tachanun is excluded from the prayers, and Psalm 126 is recited duringBirkat HaMazon. It is typically also omitted from the Mincha prayers the preceding afternoon, unless otherwise noted:
| 9 | Tishrei | The day beforeYom Kippur (but not the mincha of the day beforehand). |
| 11–14 | Tishrei | The days between Yom Kippur andSukkot. |
| 23–29 | Tishrei | From afterSimchat Torah until the conclusion of the month (universal only on isru chag, but not on the days following it). |
| 25 - 2 or 3 | Kislev-Tevet | All 8 days of Chanukah. |
| 15 | Shevat | Tu BiShvat, New Year of the Trees. Universally at Shacharit but not at mincha nor the mincha before. |
| 14–15 | Adar I | Purim Katan and Shushan Purim Katan |
| 14–15 | Adar | Purim andShushan Purim |
| 23–29 | Adar | Shivat Yemei HaMilluim - 7 inaugural/pre-inaugural days of theMishkan. Primarily a chasidic custom, and most communities do recite Tachnun this week. See Rashi, Lev. 9:1. |
| Entire month | Nisan | |
| 14 | Iyar | According to some customs,Pesach Sheni (virtually all Ashkenazic communities do not omit tachnun at themincha of the day beforehand, but some Sephardic communities do omit at the mincha before hand; not a universal custom). |
| 18 | Iyar | Lag BaOmer Universally at Shacharit but not at mincha nor the mincha before. |
| 1–5 | Sivan | The beginning of the month untilShavuot. |
| 7–12 | Sivan | TheIsru chag (universal) and compensatory week to bring an offering to theTemple in Jerusalem after Shavuot (not a universal custom). |
| 9 | Av | Tisha B'Av -Yemenite Jews do recite Tachnun on Tisha B'Av, and the original Italian rite custom (through the 19th century) was to resume the recitation of Tachanun at mincha on Tisha B'Av. |
| 15 | Av | Tu B'Av Universally at Shacharit but not at mincha nor the mincha before. |
| 29 | Elul | The day before Rosh Hashanah (but not the mincha of the day beforehand; in theSelichot in the early morning, Ashkenazim recite tachanun, but Sephardim do not). |
It is also not recited in the house of a mourner (reasons vary: either so as not to add to the mourner's grief by highlighting God's judgment, or because a mourner's house is a house of judgment, and a house of judgment is not a suitable place for requesting mercy;seebereavement in Judaism), nor is it said in the presence of a groom in thesheva yemei hamishte (the seven celebratory days subsequent to his marriage;seemarriage in Judaism). Additionally, Tachanun is omitted in a synagogue when acircumcision is taking place in the synagogue at that time, and when either the father of the baby, thesandek (the one who holds the baby during the circumcision), or themohel (the one who performs the circumcision) is present.
SomeNusach Sefard communities omit Tachanun during mincha, primarily because it was common forHasidic congregations to pray mincha after sunset, in which case some hold that Tachanun needs be omitted. Additionally, manyHasidic communities omit Tachanun on the anniversary of the death of variousRebbes (exceptLubavitch makes a point of saying), since that is considered a day for religious renewal and celebration. There is a Hasidic custom of omitting Tachanun the entire week of Purim (11-17 Adar) and the entire week of Lag BaOmer (14-20 Iyar). Some Chasidic communities omit Tachanun on 7 Adar because it is the anniversary of the death of Moses. Additionally someHasidic congregations omit Tachanun on Friday mornings (getting ready for Shabbat), and some even on Sunday mornings (revival from Shabbat).
In many congregations, it is customary to omit Tachanun on holidays established by the State of Israel:Yom Ha'atzmaut (Independence Day), 5 Iyar (most years, date changes depending on day of week); and Yom Yerushalayim (the anniversary of thereunification of Jerusalem in 1967), 28 Iyar. Some communities in theDiaspora will also omit Tachanun on civil holidays in their own country (such asThanksgiving in theUnited States).[13]
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