 | |
 Original Tabasco red pepper sauce | |
| Company type | Privately held company |
|---|---|
| Industry | Food |
| Founded | 1868 (158 years ago) (1868) |
| Founder | Edmund McIlhenny |
Key people | Harold Osborn (CEO) |
| Products | Hot sauce and othercondiments |
| Brands | Tabasco |
| Owner | McIlhenny family |
Number of employees | c. 200 (per company website, August 2014) |
| Heat |  Medium |
| Scoville scale | 2,500–5,000 SHU |
| Website | tabasco.com |
Tabasco is an American brand ofhot sauce made from vinegar,tabasco peppers, and salt. It is produced by theMcIlhenny Company ofAvery Island in southern Louisiana, having been created over 150 years ago byEdmund McIlhenny.[1] Originally, the tabasco peppers were grown only on Avery Island; they are now primarily cultivated in Central America, South America, and Africa.[2] The Tabasco sauce brand also has multiple varieties, including the original red sauce, habanero, jalapeño, chipotle, sriracha, and scorpion. Tabasco products are sold in more than 195 countries and territories, and packaged in 36 languages and dialects.
.jpg)
According to the company's official history, Tabasco was first produced in 1868 byEdmund McIlhenny,[3] aMaryland-born former banker who had moved toLouisiana around 1840. However, as Jeffrey Rothfeder's bookMcIlhenny's Gold points out, some of the McIlhenny Company's official history is disputed, and the politicianMaunsel White was producing atabasco pepper sauce two decades before McIlhenny.[4] A 2007 book review by Mark Robichaux ofThe Wall Street Journal quotes Rothfeder's book:[4]
The story actually begins in the pre-Civil War era with a New Orleans plantation owner named Maunsel White, who was famous for the food served at his sumptuous dinner parties. Mr. White's table no doubt groaned with the region's varied fare—drawing inspiration from European, Caribbean, and Cajun sources—but one of his favorite sauces was of his own devising, made from a pepper named for its origins in the Mexican state of Tabasco. White added it to various dishes and bottled it for his guests. Although the McIlhennys have tried to dismiss the possibility, it seems clear now that in 1849, a full two decades before Edmund McIlhenny professed to discover the Tabasco pepper, White was already growing Tabasco chilies on his plantation.
Rothfeder cited January 26, 1850, letter to theNew Orleans Daily Delta newspaper crediting White as having introduced "Tobasco red pepper" [sic] to theSouthern United States and asserting that the McIlhenny was at least inspired by White's recipe.[4]Jean Andrews, in her bookPeppers: The Domesticated Capsicums, goes further to declare—citing United States Circuit Court testimony from 1922—that prior to his death in 1862, "White gave some [pepper] pods, along with his recipe, to his friend Edmund McIlhenny, during a visit to White's Deer Range Plantation."[5] To distribute his, Edmund McIlhenny initially obtained unusedcologne bottles from a New Orleans glass supplier. On his death in 1890, McIlhenny was succeeded by his eldest son,John Avery McIlhenny, who expanded and modernized the business, but resigned after only a few years to joinTheodore Roosevelt's 1st US Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, theRough Riders.[6] On John's departure, brotherEdward Avery McIlhenny, a self-taughtnaturalist fresh from an Arctic adventure, assumed control of the company and also focused on expansion and modernization, running the business from 1898 until his death in 1949.Walter S. McIlhenny, in turn, succeeded his uncle Edward Avery McIlhenny, serving as president of McIlhenny Company from 1949 until his death in 1985. Edward McIlhenny Simmons then ran the company as president and CEO for several years, remaining as board chairman until his death in 2012.[7]Paul McIlhenny became company president in 1998 and was chairman until his death in 2013.[8] In 2012, McIlhenny cousin Tony Simmons assumed the company's presidency and, in June 2019, his cousin Harold Osborn was chosen as the next president and CEO.[9][10] McIlhenny was one of just a few U.S. companies to have received aroyal warrant of appointment that certified the company as a supplier toQueen Elizabeth II. McIlhenny was one of the 850 companies around the world that have been officially designated as suppliers to the queen by such warrants. The warrant held was "Supplier of Tabasco HM The Queen — Master of the Household — Granted in 2009".[11] In 2005, Avery Island was hit hard byHurricane Rita, and the family constructed a 17-foot-high (5.2 m)levee around the low side of the factory and invested inback-up generators.[12]
Originally, all peppers used in Tabasco sauce were grown on Avery Island. Over time, growers were selected throughout Louisiana to accommodate demand and during the 1960s, the company established farms in various Latin American countries. As of 2013[update], peppers grown on the island are used to produce seed stock, which is then shipped to foreign growers.[12] More predictable weather and readily available farmland in these locales allow a constant, year-round supply. This ensures the availability of peppers should severe weather or other problems occur at a particular growing location. Following company tradition, peppers are picked by hand. To ensure ripeness, pickers compare peppers to a little red stick (le petit bâton rouge); peppers that match the color of the stick are then introduced into the sauce production process. Peppers are ground into a mash on the day of harvest and placed along with salt inwhite oak barrels previously used forwhiskey of various distilleries.[13] To prepare the barrel, the inside of the barrel is decharred (top layer of wood is removed), torched, and cleaned, to minimize the presence of any residual whiskey. The barrels are then used in warehouses on Avery Island for aging the mash. After aging for up to three years, the mash is strained to remove skins and seeds. The resulting liquid is then mixed withdistilled vinegar, stirred occasionally for a month, and then bottled as a finished sauce.[14] Tabasco has released a Tabasco reserve edition with peppers aged for up to eight years, mixed withwine vinegar.[15] Tabasco Diamond Reserve Edition was a limited bottling released in 2018 to commemorate the brand's 150th anniversary. This sauce consists of peppers that have been aged for up to 15 years, then mixed with sparkling white wine vinegar.[16] For many years, the salt used in Tabasco production came from the Avery Islandsalt dome, the largest such structure along the Louisiana coast.[17]
Several sauces are produced under the Tabasco brand name.[18] A few of the varieties include:
The habanero, chipotle, and garlic sauces include the tabasco peppers blended with other peppers, whereas the jalapeño variety does not include tabasco peppers. None of these sauces, however, has the three-year aging process the flagship product uses. The brand also produces a selection of Tabasco Chocolate.
| Sauce | Scoville units[20] | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Tabasco Pepper Sauce | 2,500–5,000 | Original flagship variety |
| Habanero Sauce | 7,000-8,000 | |
| Chipotle Sauce | 1,500–2,500 | Chipotle-based sauce that also features pepper pulp created as part of the production of the original sauce |
| CayenneGarlic Sauce[21] | 1,200–2,400 | Blends milder peppers in with the tabasco peppers |
| GreenJalapeño Sauce | 600–1,200 | Green pepper sauce |
| Buffalo Style Sauce[21] | 1,200–2,500 | Like garlic, but with a tangy flavor |
| Scorpion Sauce | 40,000–60,000 | The hottest of the sauces. |
Tabasco brand pepper sauce is sold in more than 195 countries and territories and is packaged in 36 languages and dialects.[3] The Tabasco bottle is still modeled after thecologne-style bottles used for the first batch of sauce in 1868.[12][3] As many as 720,000 two-ounce (57 ml) bottles of Tabasco[22] sauce are produced daily at the Tabasco factory on Avery Island. Bottles range from the common two-ounce and five-ounce (59 ml and 148 ml) bottles, up to a 1-US-gallon (3.8 L; 0.83 imp gal) jug for food-service businesses, and down to a1⁄8-US-fluid-ounce (3.7 ml) miniature bottle. Also, 0.11-US-fluid-ounce (3.3 ml) portion-control packets of Tabasco sauce are produced. These one-eighth-ounce bottles of Tabasco, bearing thepresidential seal, are served onAir Force One.[12] The US military has included Tabasco sauce inMeals, Ready-to-Eat (MREs) since the 1980s. The Australian, British and Canadian armies also issue small bottles of Tabasco sauce in their rations.[23]
McIlhenny Company produces or has produced Tabasco brand products that contain pepper seasoning, including chocolate,[24]popcorn, nuts,olives,mayonnaise,mustard,steak sauce,Worcestershire sauce,soy sauce,teriyaki sauce,Sriracha sauce, marinating sauce, barbecue sauce, chili sauce,pepper jelly, andBloody Mary mix. McIlhenny Company also permits other brands to use and advertise Tabasco sauce as an ingredient in their products (a common marketing practice called "co-branding"), includingSpam,Hormel chili,Slim Jim beef sticks,Heinz ketchup,A1 steak sauce,Plochman's mustard,Lawry's salt,Zapp's potato chips,Heluva Good dip, andVlasic Pickles.Cheez-It crackers for a long time used McIlhenny's Tabasco Green Pepper Sauce until 2018, whenKellogg's replaced it with their own hot sauce. The original red Tabasco sauce has ashelf life of three years when stored in a cool and dry place; other Tabasco flavors have shorter shelf lives.[25] Tabasco appeared on the menu ofNASA'sSpace Shuttle program and went into orbit on the shuttles.[26] It was onSkylab and on theInternational Space Station and is popular with astronauts as a means of countering the blandness of food in space.
During theVietnam War, Brigadier GeneralWalter S. McIlhenny issuedThe Charlie Ration Cookbook. (Charlie ration or "C-rats" was the name for the field meal then given to troops.) This cookbook came wrapped around a two-ounce bottle of Tabasco sauce, placed in a water-resistant container.[27] It instructed troops on how to use C-rations to make such meals as "Combat ZoneBurgoo" and "Breast of Chicken under Bullets."[28] Soldiers also requested their families to send them Tabasco sauce in "care packages" from home. During the 1990s, the U.S. military began to include miniature bottles of Tabasco sauce in its MREs.[27] Eventually, miniature bottles of Tabasco sauce were included in two-thirds of all MRE menus. During the same period, McIlhenny Company issued a new military-oriented cookbook using characters from the comic stripBeetle Bailey. TitledThe Unofficial MRE Cookbook, it was offered free of charge to U.S. troops.
In a 1982 article titled "Pepper Sauce Toxicity", Tabasco pepper sauce's toxicity was evaluated based on red peppers and vinegar. Sprague-Dawley rats (laboratory rats) were used as test subjects. The oralmedian lethal dose in male lab rats was determined to be 23.58 mL/kg body weight (BW) with an upper limit of 29.75 mL/kg BW and a lower limit of 18.70 mL/kg BW. The median lethal dose in the female lab rats was found to be 19.52 mL/kg BW (15.64 mL/kg BW lower, 24.35 mL/kg BW upper). The sauce was found to be a mild skin irritant and a moderate to severe eye irritant. The toxicity to the eye is mainly caused by vinegar.[29]
In 1894, composerGeorge W. Chadwick wrote theBurlesque Opera of Tabasco,[30] a musical comedy that conductorPaul Mauffray revived in 2018 with support from McIlhenny Company.
Tabasco has appeared in many movies and cartoons,[31] as well as on television. It featured in twoJames Bond films in the 1970s,The Man with the Golden Gun andThe Spy Who Loved Me,[32] as well as a shot of the iconic bottle inSidney Lumet's 1974 filmMurder on the Orient Express. Some appearances date as far back as theOur Gang short "Birthday Blues" in 1932 andCharlie Chaplin'sModern Times in 1936. InBack to the Future Part III, the saloon bartender uses Tabasco as an ingredient for an instanthangover cure he calls "wake-up juice". Tabasco sauce was also an important element in the television seriesRoswell aboutalien/human hybrid teenagers who craved foods that were sweet and spicy and often carried bottles of Tabasco sauce with them. When the network tried to cancel the series in the first season, thousands of fans mailed bottles of Tabasco to the network to show their support.[33] The series continued for three seasons.
In the 2009 Disney animated filmThe Princess and the Frog, Tiana is seen using Tabasco sauce for her gumbo soup. Later on, in 2024, Tiana's Bayou Adventure also features Tabasco sauce as part of the Disneyland and Disney World attraction and is used in Tiana's Palace restaurant meals.[34]
In the "Leykis 101" segment of his talk radio show,Tom Leykis advocated for men putting Tabasco sauce in their condoms after sexual intercourse to act as aspermicide and prevent a woman potentially "stealing the sperm" and using it to impregnate herself.[35] In 2022, a story circulated widely on the internet that the rapperDrake did this after having sex with anInstagram model.[36] However, Tabasco's usefulness as a spermicide is questionable.[37]
The company was featured in a 2011 episode of the Canadian documentary seriesHow It’s Made, detailing how its signature hot sauce is produced.[38]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
| Chili sauce |
|  | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chili paste | ||||
| Ingredients |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Methods | ||
| Dishes | ||
| Chefs | ||
| See also | ||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
