| Time Partition Testing (TPT) | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Test case modelled with TPT | |
| Developer | Synopsys Inc. |
| Stable release | 2024.12 / December 2024; 10 months ago (2024-12) |
| Operating system | Windows |
| Available in | English |
| Type | Software testing |
| License | Proprietary |
| Website | www |
TPT (time partition testing) is a systematictestmethodology for theautomatedsoftware test andverification ofembedded control systems,cyber-physical systems, anddataflow programs. TPT is specialised on testing andvalidation of embedded systems whose inputs and outputs can be represented assignals and is a dedicated method for testing continuous behaviour ofsystems.[1] Mostcontrol systems belong to this system class. The outstanding characteristic of control systems is the fact that they interact closely interlinked with a real world environment. Controllers need to observe their environment and react correspondingly to its behaviour.[2] The system works in an interactional cycle with its environment and is subject to temporal constraints. Testing these systems is to stimulate and to check the timing behaviour. Traditional functional testing methods use scripts – TPT usesmodel-based testing.
TPT combines a systematic and graphic modelling technique for test cases with a fully automated test execution in different environments and automatic test evaluation. TPT covers the following four test activities:
In TPT tests are modelled graphically with the aid of special state machines and time partitioning.[1][3] All test cases for one system under test can be modelled using one hybrid automaton. Tests often consist of a sequence of logical phases. Thestates of thefinite-state machine represent the logical passes of a test which are similar for all tests. Trigger conditions model the transitions between the test phases. Each state and transition of the automaton may have different variants. The combination of the variants model the individual test cases.
Natural language texts become part of the graphics, supporting the simple and demonstrative readability even for non-programmers. Substantial techniques such as parallel and hierarchical branchingstate machines, conditional branching,reactivity, signal description,measured signals as well as lists of simple test steps allow an intuitive and graphic modelling even of complex test cases.
The test's complexity is hidden behind graphics. The lowest level signal description consists of either test step lists or so called direct definitions.
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Through the use of the Test-Step List, one can model simple sequences of test steps that do not need to execute in parallel, such as setting signals (Set channel), ramping signals (Ramp channel), setting parameters (Set parameter), and waiting (Wait). Requests for the expected test results can be made within the test sequence to evaluate the system under test as it runs. It is also possible to place subautomatons in the Test-Step List, which in turn contain automatons and sequences, resulting in hierarchical Test-Step Lists. The test sequences can also be combined with other modelling methods, allowing for a great deal of complexity (or simplicity) in one's test. Test sequences can also be combined and parallelised with other modelling methods.
Within the Test-Step-List it is possible to implement so-called "Direct Definitions". Using this type of modelling, one can define signals as a function of time, past variables/test events, and other signals. It is also possible to define these signals by writing "C-Style" code as well as importing measurement data and using a manual signal editor.
It is possible to definefunctions that can act as aclients orservers. Client functions are called from TPT in the system under test, where server functions implemented in TPT can be called as "stub functions" from the system under test. TPT itself may also call the server functions.
TPT was developed specifically for testing of continuous and reactive behaviour of embedded systems.[4] TPT can be seen as the extension of theClassification Tree Method in terms of timing behaviour. Because of its systematic approach intest case generation, TPT even keeps track of very complex systems whose thorough testing requires a large number of test cases thus making it possible to find failures in the system under test with an ideal number of test cases.
The underlying idea of TPT's systematic is the separation of similarities and differences among the test cases: most test cases are very similar in their structural process and can "only" be differentiated in a few, but crucial details.[5] TPT makes use of this fact by jointly modelling and using joint structures. On the one hand, redundancies are thus avoided. On the other hand, it is made very clear what the test cases actually differ in – i.e. which specific aspect they respectively test. The comparability of test cases and thus the overview is improved in this approach and the attention of the tester is focused on the essential – the differentiating features of the test cases.
The hierarchical structure of the test cases makes it possible to break complex test problems down into sub-problems thus also improving the clarity and – as a result – the quality of the test.
These modelling techniques support the tester in finding the actually relevant cases, avoiding redundancies and keeping track of even large numbers of test cases.[6]
TPT comprises several possibilities to automatically generate test cases:
With TPT, each test case can specifically react to the system's behaviour[8] during the testing process in real time – for instance to react on the system exactly when a certain system-state occurs or a sensor signal exceeds a certain threshold. If, for example, a sensor failure for an engine controller is to be simulated when the engine idling speed is exceeded, it has to be possible to react to the event "engine idling speed exceeded" in the description of the test case.
TPT test cases are made independent of its execution. The test cases can be executed in almost any environment due to the so-calledvirtual machine (VM) concept also inreal time environments. Examples areMATLAB/Simulink,TargetLink, ASCET,C-code,CAN,AUTOSAR, SystemDesk, DaVinci CT, LABCAR, INCA, Software-in-the-Loop (SiL) andHiL. Thus TPT is an integrated tool to be used in all testing phases of the development likeunit testing,integration testing,system testing andregression testing.
For analysis and measurement ofcode coverage, TPT can interact with coverage tools like Testwell CTC++ forC-code.
A configurable graphical user interface (Dashboard), based onGUI widgets, can be used to interact with tests.
The modelled test cases in TPT are compiled and during test execution interpreted by the so-calledvirtual machine (VM). The VM is the same for all platforms and all tests. Only a platformadapter realises the signal mapping for the individual application. The TPT-VM is implemented inANSI C and requires a memory of just a few kilobytes and can completely do without a dynamic memory allocation, allowing it to be applied in minimalist and environments with few resources too. There are alsoAPIs forC and.NET.
TPT's Virtual Machine is able to process tests in real time with defined response behaviour. The response times of TPT test cases are normally given within micro seconds – depending on the complexity and test hardware.
The expected system behaviour for individual test cases should also be automatically tested to assure efficient test processes. TPT offers the possibility to compute the properties for the expected behaviour online (during test execution) and offline (after test execution). While online evaluation uses the same modelling techniques as test modelling, offline evaluation offers decidedly more far-reaching possibilities for more complex evaluations, including operations such as comparisons with external reference data, limit-value monitoring, signal filters, analyses of state sequences and time conditions.
The offline evaluation is, technically speaking, based on thePython script language, which has been extended by specific syntactic language elements and a specialised evaluation library to give optimal support to the test evaluation. The use of a script language ensures a high degree of flexibility in the test evaluation: access to reference data, communication with other tools and development of one's own domain-specific libraries for test evaluation is supported. Besides of the script based test result evaluation user interfaces provide simple access to the test assessments and help non-programmers to avoid scripting.
Measurement data from other sources likeTargetLink andSimulink signal logging or MCD-3 measurement data can be assessed automatically. This data can be independent from the test execution.
TPT test documentation according toIEEE 829 presents the result of the test evaluation to the tester in a HTML, report, in which not only the pure information "success", "failed" or "unknown" can be depicted as the test result for each test case, but also details such as characteristic parameters or signals that have been observed in the test execution or computed in the test evaluation. Since the test assessment returns proper information about the timing and the checked behaviour this information can be made available in the report.The content of the test documentation as well as the structure of the document can be freely configured with the help of a template.
TPT supportstest management of TPT test projects with the following activities:
Industry norms such asIEC 61508,DO-178B, EN 50128 andISO 26262 requiretraceability of requirements and tests. TPT offers an interface torequirements tools likeTelelogic DOORS to support these activities.
TPT is amodel-based testingtool and is applied mainly in theautomotive controller development[9] and has originally been developed withinDaimler AG for their own development. Daimler coordinated the development of the testing tool for years.[10] Since 2007 PikeTec continues the development of the tool. TPT is used by many different other car manufacturers likeBMW,Volkswagen,Audi,Porsche andGeneral Motors as well as suppliers likeRobert Bosch GmbH,Continental andHella.[11]