Jinghai Prefecture 靜海軍 Tĩnh Hải quân | |||||||||||||
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| 866–967 | |||||||||||||
 Jinghai Prefecture at the bottom in modern Northern Vietnam and Southern China | |||||||||||||
| Status | Fanzhen of theTang dynasty(866–880) Semi-independentjiedushi nominally under Tang dynasty(905–907) Independent kingdom(939–967) | ||||||||||||
| Capital | Đại La (Hanoi)(866–939) Cổ Loa(939–967) | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | Middle Chinese,Old Vietnamese,Muong | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Vietnamese folk religion,Buddhism,Taoism | ||||||||||||
| Government | Military governor(866–938) Monarchy(939–967) | ||||||||||||
| Historical era | Postclassical Era | ||||||||||||
• Established | 866 | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 967 | ||||||||||||
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| Tĩnh Hải quân | |||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 靜海軍 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 靜海軍 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Peaceful Sea Army [Region] | ||||||||
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| Vietnamese name | |||||||||
| Vietnamese alphabet | Tĩnh Hải quân | ||||||||
| Chữ Hán | 靜海軍 | ||||||||
| Annam | |||||||||
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| Chinese | 安南 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Pacified South | ||||||||
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| Vietnamese name | |||||||||
| Vietnamese alphabet | An Nam | ||||||||
| Chữ Hán | 安南 | ||||||||
| History ofVietnam (bynames of Vietnam) |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Tĩnh Hải quân orJinghai Prefecture was an administrative division of theTang dynasty of China administered by Chinese governors, which then later became a quasi-independent regime ruled by successive local Vietnamese warlords and monarchs. It was centered around what is nownorthern Vietnam from 866 to 967 during the late Tang period and lasted until the lateFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period whenĐinh Bộ Lĩnh established theĐinh dynasty.
Jinghai Prefecture (Tĩnh Hải quân) was created in 866 by the Chinese generalGao Pian as aTangfanzhen ("buffer town") in the formerAnnan Duhufu (Protectorate General to Pacify the South) after retaking it fromNanzhao, which had invaded and captured the area in 863.[1] The area of the command was sometimes referred to as "circuit" (道,dao). In 875, theHuang Chao rebellion broke out in northern China. In 879, the rebels sackedGuangzhou, headed north, bypassingGuangxi and northern Vietnam. A campaign against local aboriginals in Jinghai was conducted from 874 to 879.[2] In 880, the army in Đại La mutinied, forcing the commander Zeng Gun to flee north, ending de facto Chinese control. Tang troops returned north in small groups of their own initiative.[3] From 880 to 905, named holders of the post never actually governed Jinghai. In 904,Zhu Wen's brother Quanyu tried to enter the region but was immediately dismissed the next year for being "stupid and without ability."[4]
In 905, the native chiefKhúc Thừa Dụ of theKhúc clan came to power and proclaimed himselfjiedushi.[5] In 907, his sonKhúc Hạo (Chu Hao) succeeded as governor and was recognized by theLater Liang dynasty in northern China.[6] In southern China, the powerfulLiu Yin ruled overGuangzhou and was a close ally ofZhu Quanzhong. In 908 Khúc Hạo sent his sonKhúc Thừa Mỹ to Guangzhou to gather information on the Liu family. When Liu Yin died in 911, Thừa Mỹ sent gifts to the Later Liang court by a naval envoy from theMin Kingdom. In the fifth month of the year, Liu Yin's brother and successor was named military governor at Guangzhou only. In the last month of the year, an imperial envoy arrived at Đại La to confirm Thừa Mỹ as military governor there. The Vietnamese Khúc family maintained a relationship with the Later Liang court through the Min state inFujian.Wang Shenzhi called Thừa Mỹ's envoys "southern barbarian merchants".[7]
In 917,Liu Yan proclaimed himself emperor ofSouthern Han. In 923, the Later Liang dynasty collapsed, so the Khúc family could no longer look north for legal and moral support. The Southern Han at Guangzhou controlled all of theXi River basin; they were eager to add Tĩnh Hải quân to their realm and to reassemble the ancient inheritance ofZhao Tuo’s kingdom ofNanyue.[8] In October 930, Liu Yan sent an army to occupyĐại La and met no resistance. Khúc Thừa Mỹ was captured and taken to Guangzhou, where he was allowed to live out his days quietly.[8][9] In 931, a former vassal of the Khúc family,Dương Đình Nghệ from Aizhou (modern-dayThanh Hoá andNghệ An), raised a 3,000-men army of retainers whom he called his adopted sons. Dương Đình Nghệ attacked the Southern Han army. The Southern Han general, Cheng Bao, failed to retake Tĩnh Hải from Dương Đình Nghệ and therefore he was decapitated.[10]
Dương Đình Nghệ ruled Tĩnh Hải for 6 years. In 937, he was assassinated byKiều Công Tiễn, a military subject who had given his allegiance to the Southern Han state and seized power.[10][6]Ngô Quyền, a former general and son-in-law of Dương Đình Nghệ, marched north from Ai to avenge the death of his patron.[11] The pro-Southern Han Kiều Công Tiễn called Liu Yan for help. Liu Yan placed his own son,Liu Hongcao, in command of the expedition, granting him the titlesJinghai jiedushi andKing of Jiao, sailed to the coast of Annam and headed inland up theBạch Đằng River, a northern arm of theRed River delta, to confront Ngô Quyền. Liu Yan himself set out fromGuangdong, following his son's fleet with additional forces.[12][13] In late 938, Ngô Quyềndefeated the Southern Han fleet on the river by using barriers of sharpened stakes. When hearing the news that Liu Hongcao was killed,Liu Yan cried bitterly and withdrew his own fleet and returned to Guangzhou.[14][12]
In February 939,Ngô Quyền abolished the title of military governor and proclaimed himself king, with theancient town ofCổ Loa as his royal capital.[15][6] Although he had defeated the Chinese dynasty of Southern Han, the government Ngô Quyền established afterward still largely followed a Chinese template down to the color of dress, which increasingly alienated his Viet subjects.[16] He died in 944 and was succeeded by his brother-in-lawDương Tam Kha, who styled himself the "King of Peace" (Binh Vuong). Tam Kha was part of the anti-Chinese faction while Ngô Quyền's sons were still part of the Chinese-influenced elite. Ngô Quyền's eldest son,Ngô Xương Ngập, fled to theNam Sách River area, which was the center of Chinese settlement and influence, and enlisted the help of Pham Bach Ho, a prominent member of a local noble family. He was also aided byKiều Công Hãn, who came from the same family as Kiều Công Tiễn and held a grudge against the Dương family. Tam Kha tried to manipulate Ngô Quyền's second son,Ngô Xương Văn, by adopting him and making him a military leader. In 950, Xương Văn enlisted the aid ofĐỗ Cảnh Thạc and deposed Tam Kha. Xương Văn declared himself the "King of Southern Jin" in imitation of Chinese dynasties. In 951, Xương Văn invited his brother Xương Ngập to rule alongside him but Xương Ngập usurped his rule and declared himself "King of the Heavenly Plan" (Thien Sack Vuong). Ngập died in 954 and Văn returned to the throne. He sent envoys toGuangzhou bearing tribute and requesting credentials fromSouthern Han. However Xương Ngập then cancelled a visit from a Southern Han official before he could arrive.[15][17]
From 951, DukeĐinh Bộ Lĩnh ofHoa Lư began challenging royal authority. As the two kings prepared to march against Hoa Lư, Bộ Lĩnh sent his sonĐinh Liễn as a hostage of good faith. The Ngô brothers responded by denouncing Bộ Lĩnh for not coming in person, securing Liễn, and proceeding to attack Hoa Lư.[18] After Liễn escaped back to Hoa Lư, Bộ Lĩnh moved to make an alliance withTrần Lãm, a merchant and warlord ofCantonese origin.[18] In 965, king Xương Văn campaigned against a pair of villages on the border ofPhong. While observing the battle from a boat in the river, he was shot and killed by a crossbowman lying in ambush.[19][17] After Xương Văn's death, warlords across northern Vietnam enlisted their own armies and took control the land. The kingdom dissolved into civil war, known as theAnarchy of the 12 Warlords.[20] In the same year, Bộ Lĩnh subdued and mobilizedÔ man tribes in the west, then attacked warlordNgô Nhật Khánh inSơn Tây with 30,000 troops.[21] Having gained the submission of Ngô Nhật Khánh, the grandson of Ngô Quyền, Bộ Lĩnh's force marched northwest in 966 and defeated warlordKiều Công Hãn. Two years later, he defeated all the warlords, proclaimed himself emperor ofĐại Cồ Việt or Đại Việt and moved the Vietnamese capital toHoa Lư.[22][23][24][25][26]
