Székely Land as envisaged by the autonomy supporters
TheSzékely Land (Szeklerland) is a historic and ethnographic region in EasternTransylvania, in the center ofRomania. The primary goal for theHungarian political organisations in Romania is to achieve Székely autonomy. TheSzeklers make up about half of theHungarians in Romania and live in a compact ethnic bloc. According to official data from Romania's 2011 census, 609,033 persons inMureș,Harghita, andCovasna counties consider themselves Hungarian (56.8% of total population of the three counties). The Székelys (Szeklers), a Hungarian sub-group, are mainly concentrated in these three counties.
The most important political organisation of ethnic Hungarians in Romania is theDemocratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania, which undertakes to represent all Hungarians in Romania (not only those living in the Székely Land). The demand for Hungarian autonomy has been part of their program since 1993.[1]
In 2014, theHungarian Civic Party signed a settlement with the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania regarding cooperation and joint support for Hungarian autonomy.[2]
In 2014 September, the Democratic Union of Hungarians presented its draft project (written jointly with the Hungarian Civic Party) for the autonomy of the Székely Land (Ținutul Secuiesc).[3][4] TheHungarian People's Party of Transylvania also supports this.[5]
ASzékely Land-based organization, theSzekler National Council held a peaceful demonstration inOdorheiu Secuiesc on March 15, 2006, in favor of autonomy[6] where 4,000[7] to 10,000[8] people took part. Five days before this,PresidentTraian Băsescu met withJenő Szász (the mayor of Odorheiu Secuiesc and president of theHungarian Civic Union), who assured the President of the peaceful character of the March 15 ceremonies, and also briefly presented the UCM's vision on autonomy.[9] On March 16, Băsescu visited the town[10] and met with local and county officials. Băsescu declared that the Romanian administrative system should be more decentralized, but only in a symmetrical way, with no more autonomy given to the Székely Land than to any other region in Romania.[11]
On February 12, 2007, Hungarian PresidentLászló Sólyom visited Romania and met with Băsescu. The discussions included the controversial topics of minority rights and autonomy. Băsescu pointed out that the situation of the Székely in Romania is in full compliance with the standards of theEuropean Union. He also mentioned that a referendum for territorial autonomy would be illegal, and characterized the Székely initiative not as a test of the public opinion, but as a test of Romanian laws.[12] Romania's Interior Ministry has said that organizing an informal poll is not illegal.[13]
On 10 March 2013, thousands gathered to demonstrate for Székely autonomy.[14]László Tőkés also participated on the march.[15] The protest was performed in theSzékely Freedom Day (Székely szabadság napja).[14][15] This holiday had been established earlier on 6 January 2012 by the Szekler National Council.[16]
In Autumn 2013, the "Great Székely's March for Autonomy" was held with thousands of people forming a 53 km (33 mi) long human chain in Székely Land.[17]
On 10 March 2014, again on the Székely Freedom Day, thousands demonstrated for Székely autonomy inTârgu Mureș.[18]
In 2015, theSzékely Autonomy Day was declared. It started being celebrated every last Sunday of October in 2016.[19][20]
In December 2019, two deputies of the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians submitted a draft legislation favoring the autonomy of Székely Land.[21] It was tacitly adopted by theChamber of Deputies (the lower house of theParliament of Romania), where theSocial Democratic Party (PSD) held most seats, on 28 April 2020. After the draft bill exceeded the 45-day deadline for debate, it was automatically adopted.[22] However, RomanianPresidentKlaus Iohannis criticized the adoption of the draft on April 29 in a television speech in which he stated "as we ... fight thecoronavirus pandemic, ... the PSD ... fights in the secret offices of parliament to giveTransylvania to the Hungarians". He also used theHungarian language in a mocking manner: "Bună ziua ("good day" inRomanian), dear Romanians;jó napot kívánok ("good day" in Hungarian), PSD".[22][23][24] The same day, theSenate rejected the draft bill.[25]
According to one of the arguments against autonomy in Romania, the initiative would be unconstitutional,[32] as Article 1 of theConstitution of Romania states "Romania is a nation state, sovereign and independent, unitary and indivisible"[33] which makes the autonomy of any part ofRomania unconstitutional. Such a view point has been adopted by theRomanian Academy,[34] lawyers in Romania[35] and many Romanian politicians, including the Mayor ofCluj-Napoca,Emil Boc.[36]
Others, including theSZNT argue that it is not against the constitution of Romania.[37]
In January 2018, Romanian Prime MinisterMihai Tudose threatened the Székely community in a television interview by saying that "If they hang the Székely flag [on institutions in Székely Land], they [the people who fly these flags] will hang alongside it. Autonomy for Székelys is out of the question."[39][40] He also declared that "As a Romanian and as prime minister, I refuse any dialogue related to the autonomy of a part of Romania. It is a violation of the Constitution of this country, which guarantees, from the first paragraph, the unity and indivisibility of the Romanian state "[41] 7 days later, Tudose was forced to resign from his position, partly due to the comments and infighting and lack of confidence via his party.[42] He was also sanctioned by the National Council for Combating Discrimination in February 2018 for his remark.[43]
Note: Forms of nationalism based primarily onethnic groups are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form ofethnic nationalism.
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