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| Syndermata | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rotifer | |
 | |
| Acanthocephalan | |
Scientific classification (disputed) | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Clade: | Gnathifera |
| Clade: | Syndermata Zrzavý, 1998 |
| Phyla | |
Syndermata is a clade of animals that, in some systems, is considered synonymous withRotifera. Older systems separateRotifera andAcanthocephala as different phyla, and group them both under Syndermata.[1][2][3] This clade is placed in thePlatyzoa.
Phylogenetic analysis of the 18Sribosomal gene has revealed that theAcanthocephala, formerly considered a separatephylum are most closely related to therotifers. They are possibly closer to the two rotifer classesBdelloidea andMonogononta than to the other class,Seisonidea, producing the names and relationships shown in thecladogram below.[citation needed]
A study of the gene order in the mitochondria suggests that Seisonidea and Acanthocephala are sister clades and that the Bdelloidea are the sister clade to this group.[4] This has since been corroborated by the discovery of a fossilstem-group acanthocephalan.[5]
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